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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop a framework/model for the implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachA quantitative approach has been... more
PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop a framework/model for the implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachA quantitative approach has been applied. This approach is subjective, as is the data collected and compared in detailed, and the outcome is only as good as the questions developed. The research methodology employed here is based on a literature survey, a model/framework and an empirical analysis using the data collection from the structured questionnaire from SMEs located in the Province of Sindh in Pakistan.FindingsThere is a lack of engineering orientation, in‐house expertise and organizations long‐term vision to accept new technologies. The surveyed companies are giving less importance to arranging training and education facilities either in‐house or out side of the companies to their employees. Also, there is a lack of incentives and rewards scheme inside the surveyed companies.Originality/valueThe framework developed in this paper and findings of the research results will provides a road‐map to the SMEs who are in a process of implementing AMT.
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PurposeGreen, lean and six sigma (GLSS) practices are widely used and well accepted techniques that have the capability to improve the economic, social and environmental performance of Pakistani small and medium enterprises (SMEs).... more
PurposeGreen, lean and six sigma (GLSS) practices are widely used and well accepted techniques that have the capability to improve the economic, social and environmental performance of Pakistani small and medium enterprises (SMEs). However, implementation of these practices in an integrated approach has not yet been witnessed in Pakistani SMEs due to a variety of challenges. To overcome the implementation challenges, this study has analyzed the impact of GLSS implementation over the sustainability in Pakistani SMEs.Design/methodology/approachThis study consists of two phases. In phase 1, interviews were conducted to scrutinize the elements of GLSS implementation to simplify the model and in phase 2, a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the data from the SMEs. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach is used to analyze the relationships among the latent variables and constructs.FindingsResults showed that, leadership for GLSS, understanding...
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Machine Learning (ML) is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach that allows systems to adapt to their environment based on past experiences. Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are commonly used in... more
Machine Learning (ML) is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach that allows systems to adapt to their environment based on past experiences. Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are commonly used in sentiment analysis and Information Retrieval Techniques (IRT). This study supports the use of ML approaches, such as K-Means, to produce accurate outcomes in clustering and classification approaches. The main objective of this research is to explore the methods for sentiment classification and Information Retrieval Techniques (IRT). So, a combination of different machine learning algorithms is used with a dataset from amazon unlocked mobile reviews and telecom tweets to achieve better accuracy as it is crucial to consider the previous predictions related to sentiment classification and IRT. The datasets consist of user reviews ratings and algorithms utilized consist of K-Means Clustering algorithm, Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Deci...
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Polyester fabric is generally dyed using high temperature dyeing technique and carrier. Both techniques require high energy consumption while few carriers are toxic in nature. In this study, 100% polyester woven fabric was dyed by... more
Polyester fabric is generally dyed using high temperature dyeing technique and carrier. Both techniques require high energy consumption while few carriers are toxic in nature. In this study, 100% polyester woven fabric was dyed by microwave and conventional dyeing technique with disperse dye; Foron Blue RD GLN by an exhaust method for short dyeing cycle (15 and 30 min). The fabric samples were dyed using conventional high temperature dyeing technique using recommended recipe. Moreover, samples were also dyed using microwave technique with recommended recipe and by the addition of salt and urea, pre-treatment with caustic and organic solvent for improving the dye uptake value and fastness properties. The dyeing assessment; (K/S)?max value by Datacolor spectrophotometer, dye uniformity by optical microscope and washing fastness by grey scale were measured. It has been observed that over conventional dyeing method, microwave irradiation dyed sample gives almost 70% high (K/S)?max value...
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research paper was to suggest the optimum service level of queuing system of reception and the outpatient department during COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected from the reception and OPD of the ABC public... more
The purpose of this research paper was to suggest the optimum service level of queuing system of reception and the outpatient department during COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected from the reception and OPD of the ABC public hospital of Hyderabad. Data included, the arrival times, service times of patients and number of doctors and receptionist at the workplace, their salaries and waiting cost of patients. Input analysis of patients` arrivals and service was conducted by in input analyzer of Rockwell Arena software. TORA optimization software was used for the calculation of performance measures. Various costs of queuing system were calculated in MS Excel and the required graphs were also plotted. After the in-depth analysis, it was revealed that one receptionist and one doctor should be increased to bring optimality in the queuing system and patients` flow. After this decision, waiting cost of patients decreased to greater extent.
Machines and technology have been known for saving the efforts and so the time of the human race. Thus in the gravity of consideration to this point, companies are required to innovate their process and practices to improve productivity.... more
Machines and technology have been known for saving the efforts and so the time of the human race. Thus in the gravity of consideration to this point, companies are required to innovate their process and practices to improve productivity. The present research was conducted at ABC manufacturing company having three departments i.e. A, B, and C. The significant impact after ERP implementation in terms of time-saving has been reflected in the present research. The nature of working and nature of manufacturing is different in all the departments; that`s why each department has its business development team. The case company has implemented an industrial and financial system (IFS) in 2020 and the whole process is properly followed in IFS. In this study, the process flow of documents and time consumption on each step of obtaining approvals from various authorities is covered, and saved time after the implementation of IFS is also revealed in detail. Results indicated that, after the implem...
Research Interests: Business and Productivity
Globally, the manufacturing industries have incredible contribution in the global economic growth and it has wide recognition in the area of poverty alleviation. The manufacturing sector is also considered as one of the significant... more
Globally, the manufacturing industries have incredible contribution in the global economic growth and it has wide recognition in the area of poverty alleviation. The manufacturing sector is also considered as one of the significant economic contributor in the Asian sub-continent since last 1900 century. This study focuses on the leading industrial unit of metropolitan city of Karachi which is considered to be a HUB of manufacturing industries and the indigenous manufacturing of Hyderabad. The work study and work measurements tools generally provides the better output results and facilitates to the user to augment their performance during the manufacturing operations. The research work highlights the implementation of work study and motion study for productivity improvement methods during the manufacturing process. The designed framework was implemented in the manufacturing units for the achievement of study objectives. The report also shows that during the manufacturing operations w...
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When the decisions are analytically supported they cannot be challenged and at the same time, the quality of decision increases. This paper is about proposing such a model which provides the analytical support to the decision for the... more
When the decisions are analytically supported they cannot be challenged and at the same time, the quality of decision increases. This paper is about proposing such a model which provides the analytical support to the decision for the selection of footwear articles to be produced. This paper aimed to suggest the analytically supported decision-making for deciding the number of pairs of different articles to be produced in a way that the cost and profit could be minimized and maximized respectively. This research was conducted at the ABC leather footwear company of Lahore Pakistan. The data was collected from the costing executive of the planning and costing department. Costing and profit analysis of the collected data was conducted in Microsoft Excel as per the company`s traditional method of calculations. The linear programming (LP) model was then formulated and implemented in Microsoft Excel by using solver add-in. Outputs of both the traditional method and LP model were compared. ...
Today in order to stay in businesses and prosper, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are seeking higher electiveness and competitiveness across the entire cycle of marketing, product design, manufacture, test and sales. SMEs play an... more
Today in order to stay in businesses and prosper, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are seeking higher electiveness and competitiveness across the entire cycle of marketing, product design, manufacture, test and sales. SMEs play an increasingly important role in all aspects of competitiveness: both products and production techniques, but also management methods, the organization of the firm and human resources training. One of the ways by which SMEs can achieve a competitive advantage in manufacturing is through the implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). An increasing number of them have chosen and are choosing various levels of AMT as the solution. Realizing the importance of SMEs, an attempt has been made in this paper to review the application of AMT in SMEs. Also, a framework has been offered for the implementation of AMT in SMEs. Finally, a summary of findings and conclusions are presented.
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Entrepreneurship has long been discussed due to its capabilities to generate employment in country, tax generation and business growth. It cannot be ignored that businesses often face many troubles at different stages, including internal... more
Entrepreneurship has long been discussed due to its capabilities to generate employment in country, tax generation and business growth. It cannot be ignored that businesses often face many troubles at different stages, including internal as well as external problems which may stop company's performance without any doubt. However, entrepreneurs learn from mistakes and problems occurring in businesses therefore, they consider problems as opportunities. Furthermore, data in this paper is gathered from scholarly publications, online data, entrepreneurship and economics literature from international and domestic publications. Primary data has been obtained with the help of questionnaire and personal interactions with business owners, mangers of SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) situated in province of Sindh, Pakistan. Moreover, the data collected was only theoretical therefore, statistical tools have been applied to get the required outcome in numbers, facts and figures. In this pa...
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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the industrialization process of many developed countries and play a crucial role in increasing a country’s economy. To be able to survive and grow, SMEs must adopt strate gic... more
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the industrialization process of many developed countries and play a crucial role in increasing a country’s economy. To be able to survive and grow, SMEs must adopt strate gic technologies and innovative management to survive. During the last two decades, several factors have forced global manufacturers to make dramatic changes in th eir products, markets, as well as business and manufacturing strategies. One of the w ay by which SMEs can achieve a competitive advantage in manufacturing is through t he implementation of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). An attempt has been made in this paper to study the performance measurement of enablers of CIM in SMEs through the empirical study conducted in the province of SIndh in Pakistan.
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The implementation of AMTs (Advanced Manufacturing Technologies) has always been the high interest and core issue for the manufacturing enterprises to get rapid production for global market place. The developed countries have achieved its... more
The implementation of AMTs (Advanced Manufacturing Technologies) has always been the high interest and core issue for the manufacturing enterprises to get rapid production for global market place. The developed countries have achieved its competitive advantage by implementing this unique model of technologies with full range of systems. In developing countries, the implementation of such technologies is not much common due to so many reasons, (political, social, economical and technical) but entrepreneurs of growing economies are contemplating to reshape long term strategy to adopt Computer systems oriented technologies in their manufacturing companies to meet the growing needs of their indigenous market on one hand and to make a place in the international market on the other. Although, very few manufacturing organization do meet the global market requirements. But there is still lot of efforts to be taken for world class competition. An attempt has been made in this paper to develo...
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Decades of research concludes that the most important input to organizational success is its human resources. With rapidly increasing competition among organizations, keeping employees contented with jobs has become strenuous for... more
Decades of research concludes that the most important input to organizational success is its human resources. With rapidly increasing competition among organizations, keeping employees contented with jobs has become strenuous for managers. It is believed that the key to satisfaction of employees lies in a pleasant working environment which includes its ergonomic features as well as the socio-political scenario of the workplace. The level of pleasantness depends on individual responsesto it which are influenced by the age and designation of the employees. By clearly understanding the relationship between these demographic features and the satisfaction with theworking environment, it may be possible to make alterations in organizational culture to have more gratified employees. This research is a case study on employees of Jamshoro Power Company Limited; a public sector power generation company. The paperexploresimpact of employee demographics (age and designation) on their level of s...
The SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) have created its own place and value universally, no matter how tough global competition is there in international market. This research work was undertaken to assess the increase in importance of... more
The SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) have created its own place and value universally, no matter how tough global competition is there in international market. This research work was undertaken to assess the increase in importance of SMEs in growing nations such as Pakistan and to highlight the importance of SMEs. This paper is validated through research work undertaken by domestic and worldwide scholars. Research work was carried out in enterprises of Sindh, province of Pakistan, using questionnaire and personal discussions with business owners/entrepreneurs of enterprises. Their response was very positive on parameters which were focused towards taxation policies (Rebate), government technological support, financial support and loan facilities. In addition to this, the results were further investigated and measured through statistical measures such as mean/average, which indicate that majority of enterprises, were not happy with country's administration in terms of support ...
In today’s current, manufacturing, and business environment, the term Advanced Manufacturing Technology appears to be one of the global manufacturing icon in the business world. Its application in production has rendered tremendous and... more
In today’s current, manufacturing, and business environment, the term Advanced Manufacturing Technology appears to be one of the global manufacturing icon in the business world. Its application in production has rendered tremendous and countless progress in the worldwide economies. Presently, because of the globalization and advent of information technolgy, new trends in business and communication systems in the manufacturing, have invented the numerous technology based packages (MIS) that have facilitated the indegenous and international customers to easily access products and services of their own choice at their doorstep and in very shortest possible time.In manufacturing world, AMT implementation is not a matter of only manufacturing between the companies, but it has become competitive slogan amongst developed and developing economies in order to sweep the business potential from the turbulent and dynamic environment. The information based manufacturing technologies have not onl...
The purpose of this paper is to carryout few general strategies into consideration which can be utilized by business owners for success of their businesses. Every entrepreneur has different thinking and ideas. Strategies are developed... more
The purpose of this paper is to carryout few general strategies into consideration which can be utilized by business owners for success of their businesses. Every entrepreneur has different thinking and ideas. Strategies are developed with market familiarity and practices which make businesses sound in the market. Moreover, strategies of an entrepreneur seem to be helpful tool in business success and economic growth. The strategies discussed in this paper are helpful for SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) in their economic development. General strategies considered in this paper are product, market and process innovation, benchmarking and quality of products. In addition, this research is based on primary data which was collected from different SME's in Sindh, Pakistan through questionnaires. Moreover, data was statistically analyzed. Results indicate that entrepreneurs of SMEs consider quality of product, bench marking and market innovations as more significant whereas; produc...
This study includes the research work which was carried out to investigate the range of difficulties faced by the workers and its effects on them while working in textile based cottage industries along with their causes. This research... more
This study includes the research work which was carried out to investigate the range of difficulties faced by the workers and its effects on them while working in textile based cottage industries along with their causes. This research provides necessary tip-offs to solve those problems in a systematic way. Therefore, it was considered to know the number of machines (looms) operated by one worker, number of machines in one unit and number of operators in one unit. The minimum and maximum noise levels were recorded by using digital sound level meter to compute average noise level/ unit. To identify the health problems like respiratory, hearing/listening, irritation, heart/BP, annoyance and headache faced by the workers, the survey was conducted. In present research work the minimum noise recorded was 101.6dB (A) and maximum as 109.8dB (A), which was compared with OSHA and WHO (World Health Organization) standards. Result of this study shows that due to high intensity of noise generate...
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For all small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the long term goal is to stay in business, grow, and make profit, especially for manufacturing SMEs that must understand the dynamic changes that are taking place in the business environment.... more
For all small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the long term goal is to stay in business, grow, and make profit, especially for manufacturing SMEs that must understand the dynamic changes that are taking place in the business environment. For SMEs to remain competitive, they must deliver products to customers at the minimum possible cost, the best possible quality, and the minimum lead time starting from the product conception stage to final delivery, service, and disposal (Marri, Gunasekaran, Kobu, & Grieve, 2002). SMEs can achieve this goal by implementing computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The aim of CIM is to produce the required amount of the product of acceptable quality at the right time. If CIM technologies are fully integrated, the SMEs can respond rapidly to changes in product design, demand, or mix. The high investment required for AMT implementation is becoming a major hurdle for SMEs to cross. This is due to lack of financial resources which has stalled the initiati...
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Present study explore common supply chain management practices (SCMPs) and investigate how these practices facilitate the development of supply chain capabilities. The study adopts an exploratory case study approach with the content... more
Present study explore common supply chain management practices (SCMPs) and investigate how these practices facilitate the development of supply chain capabilities. The study adopts an exploratory case study approach with the content analysis of the data collected through semi-structured interviews, followed by site visits to 14 Australian manufacturing firms. The findings show six common SCMPs in the case study firms. Findings also demonstrate how these practices promote and further develop inter-organisational and intra-organisational integration, coordination for increased responsiveness and delivering valued services to customers in supply chain. The practices explored can be used as a supply chain framework for the manufacturing industry which can provide an effective tool for developing increased responsiveness in the supply chain through capabilities of integration, coordination and valued services delivery. Moreover, this study for the first time explores how supply chain capabilities emerge from SCMPs and how do both differ.
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... can be eliminated with the help of technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI), computer aided ... To establish a suitable incentive scheme to promote the application of ABC. ... (OECD), "1993",... more
... can be eliminated with the help of technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI), computer aided ... To establish a suitable incentive scheme to promote the application of ABC. ... (OECD), "1993", Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: Technology and Competitiveness ...
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Abstract An empirical study was undertaken to identify the relationship between occupational health and safety measures (OHSMs) and performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Survey data was collected from 35 SMEs located... more
Abstract An empirical study was undertaken to identify the relationship between occupational health and safety measures (OHSMs) and performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Survey data was collected from 35 SMEs located at S.I.T.E. Kotri, Sindh Pakistan, through questionnaire. Appropriate sampling of the collected data was carried out and analyzed in two stages using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) software. Initially, reliability of the data was checked with the help of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which was 0.80; and that reflects good and consistent. Afterward, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and then inferential statistics techniques (Pearson correlation and simple regression) were used. Results revealed a moderate positive correlation among OHSMs and performance of SMEs. This reflects that OHSMs were not properly carried out which influenced the performance of SMEs. Therefore; Pakistani SMEs need to pay a serious attention towards proper implementation of the OHSMs.
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Considering the contribution of small and medium enterprises to the national economic development, employment opportunities generation and total manufacturing output, their role cannot be overemphasized. SMEs have more ability to innovate... more
Considering the contribution of small and medium enterprises to the national economic development, employment opportunities generation and total manufacturing output, their role cannot be overemphasized. SMEs have more ability to innovate and flexibility as compared to large organizations irrespective of their size as well as organizational structure. Therefore, it is important to improve their competitiveness and performance. This may be done by the implementation of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), because it plays a vital role in SMEs from all aspects of competitiveness both in terms of products and production techniques. An effort has been made in this paper to develop a model by considering four parameters such as top-management support and strategic alliance, business structure, structural attributes and integration of systems. Furthermore, multiple case studies have been conducted in British SMEs to explore the potential of CIM with the help of the proposed model. The result shows that there is lack of long-term strategic vision of the top management in HHW company. Whereas, a survey of SMEs have pointed out increase in reliability of delivery date, throughput/production volume, level of product customisation, reduction in manufacturing costs, WIP inventory and improvement in the image of the companies with the implementation of CIM.
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ABSTRACT A parametric study of a vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform the transition manoeuvres for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle is presented in this paper. The vehicle... more
ABSTRACT A parametric study of a vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform the transition manoeuvres for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle is presented in this paper. The vehicle dynamic model is based on the continuous-time domain and simulates the real dynamics of the sub-vehicle models for steady-state and transient operations. The nonlinear ACC vehicle has been analysed during a cut-in manoeuvre, i.e., when another vehicle comes in between the ACC and preceding vehicles during vehicle-following operation. The simulation results show that the proposed model predictive controller can be used for the similar critical scenarios and can execute the transition manoeuvre successfully in the presence of complex dynamics within the constraint boundaries.
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ABSTRACT
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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the national economy. Since manufacturing has become global, the competition is high among manufacturing/service industries to provide quality goods and services at competitive... more
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the national economy. Since manufacturing has become global, the competition is high among manufacturing/service industries to provide quality goods and services at competitive prices. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a generic term for a group of manufacturing technologies that combine both scope and scale capabilities that are making fundamental changes to manufacturing industry. The enablers of CIM play an important role in the implementation of CIM by SMEs to compete in the global market. Considering the importance of enablers of the successful implementation of CIM, the critical success factors for the implementation of CIM in SMEs have been identified with the help of an empirical study conducted with British SMEs.
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ABSTRACT Globalization can have a dramatic impact on manufacturing sector due to the fact that the majority of establishments in this industry are small to medium manufacturing companies. The role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in... more
ABSTRACT Globalization can have a dramatic impact on manufacturing sector due to the fact that the majority of establishments in this industry are small to medium manufacturing companies. The role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the national economy has been emphasized all over the world, considering their contribution to the total manufacturing output and employment opportunities. The lack of marketing forces to regulate the operation of SMEs has been a fundamental cause of low efficiency for a long time. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is emerging as one of the most promising opportunities for shrinking the time delays in information transfer and reducing manufacturing costs. CIM is the architecture for integrating the engineering, marketing and manufacturing functions through information system technologies. SMEs in general have not made full use of new technologies although their investments in CIM technology tended to be wider in scale and scope. Most of the SMEs only focus on the short-term benefit, but overlook a long- term and fundamental development on applications of new technologies. With the help of suitable information systems, modularity and low cost solutions, SMEs can compete in the global market. Considering the importance of marketing, information system, modularity and low cost solutions in the implementation of CIM in SMEs, a model has been developed and studied with the help of an empirical study conducted with British SMEs to facilitate the adoption of CIM. Finally, a summary of findings and recommendations are presented.
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... The present paper will discuss this issue with the help of a conceptual model and some case experiences. ... As stated before there are some major advantages for the introduction of an advanced cost system, especially ABC system. ...... more
... The present paper will discuss this issue with the help of a conceptual model and some case experiences. ... As stated before there are some major advantages for the introduction of an advanced cost system, especially ABC system. ... Measurement costs. ...
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Electronic commerce (EC) is possibly the most promising application of information technology witnessed in recent years. It is revolutionizing supply-chain management and has enormous potential for manufacturing, retail and service... more
Electronic commerce (EC) is possibly the most promising application of information technology witnessed in recent years. It is revolutionizing supply-chain management and has enormous potential for manufacturing, retail and service operations. The tremendous importance of ...
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The integration of software tools in industrial environment, under standardization of information modelling is addressed. The results achieved and the knowledge acquired during utilization of the STEP STandard to Exchange Product data... more
The integration of software tools in industrial environment, under standardization of information modelling is addressed. The results achieved and the knowledge acquired during utilization of the STEP STandard to Exchange Product data models-ISO10303-based integration ...
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... Many SMEs have to respond to these challenges and supply competitive goods and services ... While logicians have devoted relatively little attention to managing the chain of supply upstream ... flow, and simplify-ing the logistics and... more
... Many SMEs have to respond to these challenges and supply competitive goods and services ... While logicians have devoted relatively little attention to managing the chain of supply upstream ... flow, and simplify-ing the logistics and decision-making and information-pro-cessing ...
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This study includes the research work which was carried out to investigate the range of difficulties faced by the workers and its effects on them while working in textile based cottage industries along with their causes. This research... more
This study includes the research work which was carried out to investigate the range of difficulties faced by the workers and its effects on them while working in textile based cottage industries along with their causes. This research provides necessary tip-...
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ABSTRACT The close relationship among the Government, industries and universities is one of the major reasons for the economic success in Taiwan. This paper presents the co-operation procedure of how advanced manufacturing technology is... more
ABSTRACT The close relationship among the Government, industries and universities is one of the major reasons for the economic success in Taiwan. This paper presents the co-operation procedure of how advanced manufacturing technology is being implemented to provide the industry with competitive advantage. Several case studies are also provided to illustrate the details of the procedure. For most of the people outside Taiwan, an understanding of the current status in Taiwan is certainly a basis for future international co-operation. The objective of this paper is to provide this basis through the introduction of the authors' understanding and experience.
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... deals with five different dimensions such as market forces, strategies, technology, people and ... Defining activities and determining cost, drivers Multiple performance measures, EDI, compare activities ... 4) establish a suitable... more
... deals with five different dimensions such as market forces, strategies, technology, people and ... Defining activities and determining cost, drivers Multiple performance measures, EDI, compare activities ... 4) establish a suitable incentive scheme to promote the application of ABC. ...