Anthony Montgomery

Burnout is a significant challenge in the workplace. Its extent is global and its unfavourable consequences are diverse, affecting the individual, the organization, and society. The aim of the present study was to examine the adaptation and assess the validity of the Greek version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). The adaptation process included the translation and back-translation of the BAT. Data were collected from 356 Greek employees from diverse sectors. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory were utilized to assess the validity of the Greek version of the BAT. According to the findings of the present research, the core symptoms scale and the secondary symptoms scale of BAT-23 and BAT-12 models demonstrated adequate structures for the analysis and measurement of burnout in the Greek context. Finally, the psychometric performance of the BAT-GR-12 compared to the BAT-GR-23 establishes it as a more optimum instrument for the assessment of burnout across Greek wo...

Globally, adolescents and young adults are calling for action from governments on global humanitarian crises, taking on leadership roles that have contributed to redefining leadership in terms of behavior and action rather than qualities and status. However, there is a significant gap with regard to the conceptual and theoretical understanding of how adolescents and young adults experience leadership. In this paper, we present the results of two qualitative studies that examined the phenomenon of leadership among adolescents and young adults. Study 1 involved interviews with young adult leaders to analyze the fit between traditional leadership theories and their experience of leadership. Following this, Study 2 utilized the results from Study 1 to design a diary study of adolescents attending a leadership program. Both studies revealed that leadership is experienced as a pathway that involves three mechanisms of transferability: sensemaking, action and reflection. The findings of th...

ehps.net/ehp The European Health Psychologist “Participative Prevention of Psychosocial Emergent Risks in SME's” (PPPSER) was a European Project, funded by the European Commission (VS/2014/0053), with the participation of four European countries -Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greeceand coordinated by BRU-IULBusiness Research Unit, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. The project, with the duration of one year, aimed at transferring knowledge on psychosocial risks prevention to a number of stakeholders with a specific emphasis on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The present article presents an overview of the project’s objectives, the description of the project’s activities and main results, as an example of a good cooperation between academia and the practitioners with regard to the prevention of psychosocial risks. More information can be found at the project’s website: http://risksinsmes.wix.com/risksinsmes

Purpose During the last years, workplace fun has emerged as a potential indicator of a healthy workplace. Congruently, organisations have become interested in enhancing positive experiences at work, such as joy in the workplace. While such trends have resulted in a growing literature on fun in the workplace, humour and play, academics and practitioners are still uncertain as to the nature of fun and its antecedents. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of fun in the modern organisation and understand the underlying elements necessary for creating environments that valorise and promote fun. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured individual interviews with open-ended questions with 34 employed individuals from a variety of professions. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings The analyses revealed organised fun as a distinct type of workplace fun that can have a significant impact through its social support function and psychol...

Burnout is often characterized by cognitive deficits and it has been associated with depression and anxiety. However, it is not clear whether cognitive impairment is a burnout consequence or employees with poor cognitive skills are more prone in developing burnout. Moreover, the exact nature of the association between burnout and depression, and burnout and anxiety is still unknown. Depression and anxiety are also related to cognitive impairments but their prospective associations are not fully understood. The aim of the present three-wave longitudinal study was to investigate the causality between cognitive functioning, burnout, depression, and anxiety among non-clinical burnout employees. The cause-effect associations of burnout with depression and anxiety were also explored. Perceived family support as a protective factor against cognitive decline, burnout, depression and anxiety was examined as well. A wide range of cognitive tasks tapping different cognitive domains were admini...

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate if the Dark Triad personality traits, Impulsivity and Honesty-Humility can predict individuals’ intended behavior in one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma Games (PDG). Method: A cross-sectional correlational design was followed, examining multiple linear regression models. A total sample of 197 Greek adults (64% women, M=35.13 years old) completed a one-shot simulated PDGs, the Dirty Dozen scale, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Honesty-Humility subscale from the HEXACO NEO-PI. Results: Significant correlations between Dirty Dozen scores and Impulsivity, and Dirty Dozen scores and Honesty-Humility (p

Surgical disciplines are popular and training places are competitive to obtain, but trainees report higher levels of burnout than either their non-surgical peers or attending or consultant surgeons. In this review, we critically summarise evidence on trends and changes in burnout over the past decade, contributors to surgical trainee burnout, the personal and professional consequences of burnout and consider the evidence for interventions. There is no evidence for a linear increase in burnout levels in surgeons over the past decade but the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be established and is likely to be significant. Working long hours and experiencing stressful interpersonal interactions at work are associated with higher burnout in trainees but feeling more supported by training programmes and receiving workplace supervision are associated with reduced burnout. Burnout is associated with poorer overall mental and physical well-being in surgical trainees and has also be...

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and cognitive functioning. The associations of depression, anxiety and family support with burnout and cognitive functioning were also examined both independently and as potential moderators of the burnout–cognitive functioning relationship. Seven different cognitive tasks were administered to employees of the general working population and five cognitive domains were assessed; i.e., executive functions, working memory, memory (episodic, visuospatial, prospective), attention/speed of processing and visuospatial abilities. Burnout, depression, anxiety and family support were assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Family Support Scale respectively. In congruence with the first and fourth (partially) Hypotheses, burnout and perceived family support are significantly associated with some aspects of cognitive functioning. Moreover, in line with ...

Many important organizational events do not lend themselves easily to experimental manipulation, and thus, one can only study them retrospectively by combining the investigative tools provided by both the social sciences and humanities. A cover-up, meaning an attempt to prevent the public from discovering information about a serious crime or mistake, is such a phenomenon. The objective of the present paper is to develop an initial taxonomy of how organizational researchers can study what happens when multiple organizations and institutions conspire to cover-up the causes of a tragedy. For this purpose, the 1989 United Kingdom Hillsborough tragedy and the 27 year cover-up will be analyzed. Hillsborough is the best (and worst) example of a cover-up, in that the objective facts were known from early on but the subjective elements (i.e., attitudes, bias, and collusion) resulted in a 27 year search for justice for the victims. It deserves special attention as an example of multiagency in...

Evidence on the association of burnout with objective indicators of performance is scarce in healthcare. In parallel, healthcare professionals ameliorate the short-term impact of burnout by prioritizing some tasks over others. The phenomenon of employee silence can help us understand the evolution of how culture is molded toward the prioritization of some tasks over others, and how this contributes to burnout. Silence in healthcare has been associated with concealing errors, reduced patient safety, and covering up errors made by others. Conversely, there is evidence that in organizations where employees are encouraged to speak up about concerns, and where concerns are responded to appropriately, better patient outcomes such as improved patient safety and patient experience occur. Interventions to promote “speaking-up” in healthcare have not been successful and are rooted in a professional culture that does not promote speaking out. In this paper, we review the evidence that exists w...

Giris Saglik hizmetlerinde yurutulen arastirmalar orgutsel kulturun hasta guvenligi ve hizmet kalitesiyle dogrudan ilgili oldugunu da gostermektedir. (Shortell et al., 1995, 2001; Wakefield et al.2001). Is yukundeki artisin ozellikle hemsirelerde ve genc hekimlerdeki olumsuz etkileri bilinmektedir. Son donemde yurutulen saglik reformlari, maas odeme sistemlerindeki degisiklikler is yukunun artmasiyla sonuclanmis, performansa dayali rekabetci anlayis ekip dinamiklerine zarar vermis, calisma barisini bozmustur. Is ortaminda sosyal dayanismanin azalmasi, orgut kulturunu zedelemistir. Sayilan tum etkenler tukenmislige neden olmaktadir. Bu arastirmanin amaclari bir universite hastanesinde saglik calisanlarinda; tukenmislikle is yuku artisinin ve orgutsel kulturun, saglik reformlariyla ilgili alginin da tukenmislik ve orgutsel baglilikla iliskisini degerlendirmektir. Arastirma AB Yedinci Cerceve Programi kapsaminda yurutulen “Hastanelerde kalite ve guvenligin gelistirilmesi: Orgutsel kult...

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Giris Izmir’de FP7 kapsaminda bir universite hastanesinde yurutulen “Hastanelerde kalite ve guvenligin gelistirilmesi: Orgutsel kultur, tukenmislik ve bakim kalitesi arasindaki iliski” isimli  projenin ilk asamasinda tukenmislik seviyeleri hem asistanlarda hem de hemsirelerde cok yuksek saptanmis, orgutsel kultur, isyuku gibi psikososyal etmenlerin tukenmislik uzerindeki etkileri ortaya konmustur. Bu arastirmada tukenmisligin yuksek ciktigi bolumlerden birinde  katilimci eylem arastirmasi teknigiyle psikososyal cevrenin iyilestirilmesi hedeflenmistir. Gerec ve Yontem Eylem arastirmasina hazirlik olarak,  hastane yoneticilerine, tukenmisligin yuksek ciktigi bolumlerdeki yonetici hemsire ve hekim calisanlari da dahil edecek sekilde is stresini azaltma tekniklerini iceren bir kurs duzenlenmistir. Kursa katilimin sayica fazla oldugu ve tukenmisligin en yuksek oldugu bes anabilim dalindan biri arastirmaya davet edilmis ve kabul etmesiyle mudahale baslamistir. Katilimci arastirma tekniginin bes basamagini icerek sekilde Anabilim Dali’nda calisan bes hemsire, alti arastirma gorevlisi ve iki kolaylastiriciyla arastirma yurutulmustur. Eylem Arastirmasi Grubu’yla (EAG) bes toplanti yapilmistir. Bunlardan ikisine mudahaledeki rolleri nedeniyle anabilim dali baskani, hastane yonetimi ve guvenlik sefi de katilmistir. Eylem arastirmasi icin, EAG tarafindan tukenmislige neden oldugu dusunulen sorunlardan saglik calisanlarina yonelik siddet ve guvenlik sorunlari secilmistir. Bulgular EAG arastirma sirasinda Beyaz Kod ve Is Sagligi Guvenligi Birimine bildirilen siddet vakalarinin gercek sayiyi yansitmadigini belirlenmistir. Bolumun sadece bir Beyaz Kod, ve 31 is kazasi bildirimi yapildigi ve calisanlarin sadece %0,05’inin is sagligi guvenligi egitimlerine katildigi belirlenmistir. Bolume giris cikislarda guvenlik gorevlisinin olmadigi, hastane girislerinin de yeterince kontrol edilmedigi, guvenlik gorevlilerinin  gorev tanimlarinin olmadigi, hastalarin hastane ve ziyaret kurallarini bilmedigi belirlenmistir. Hasta yakinlarinin, yogun bakim dahil her alana surekli girmelerinin, hekim ve saglik calisanlarina zorunlu olmayan durumlarda dahi ulasabiliyor olmalarinin hem tukenmisligi arttirdigini hem de hastalarin hizmet kalitesini olumsuz etkiledigini bildirmislerdir. Mudahaleyi agir isyukunun, personel eksikliginin, hastalarin artik musteri gibi davranmasinin, hastanede yurutulen akreditasyon calismalari nedeniyle isleyisin surekli degismesinin zorlastiracagi tartismalarda bildirilmistir.  Katilimcilar uygulanacak eylemler olarak; hastalara bilgi verme saatlerinin belirlenmesi ve duyurulmasi, her biri ayri olan hoca vizit saatlerinin standardize edilmesini, ziyaret saatlerinin siki denetlenmesi, guvenlik gorevlerinin calisma saatlerinin ve gorev tanimlarinin gozden gecirilmesi, siddet vakalarinin daha iyi kaydedilmesi olarak belirlemisler ve uygulanmasi icin girisimlerde bulunmuslardir. Surecte ozellikle asistanlarin isyukunden dolayi toplantilara katilmamasi, ilk toplantilarda kayit yapilmasinin kabul edilmemesi eylem arastirma surecinde karsilasilan engeller olmustur. Gelinen asamada iskazasi ve Beyaz Kod bildirimleri artmis, hasta odalarina bilgilendirme brosurleri asilmis, vizit saatleri standardizasyonu ve hasta bilgilendirmenin bir bolumde pilot olarak baslatilmasi,  guvenligin daha sik bu bolume ugramasi saglanmistir. Bolumde 110 kisinin katildigi ve guvenlik acisindan riskli durum, yer ve zamanlarin belirlendigi bir arastirma yapilmistir. Sonuc: Hastaneler hiyerarsik yapilari, yogun isyukleri nedeniyle katilimci eylem arastirmalari acisindan zor yerler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Arastirma buna ragmen iletisimin az oldugu bu ortamda farkindaligin arttirilmasina ve cozume yonelik dusunmenin baslamasina onemli katkida bulunmustur. Hastanelerde bu tur arastirmalarin arttirilmasi ekip calismasinin guclenmesine ve tukenmisligin azaltilmasina onemli katkida bulunabilir. Anahtar sozcukler: tukenmislik, eylem arastirmasi, saglik calisanlari, siddet /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal Tablo"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}

Systematic review protocol. The main objectives of the present systematic review are to: (1) identify through a systematic literature search, (2) provide a description of the characteristics, and (3) appraise existing evidence on all knowledge sharing approaches used in primary research studies for the promotion of agricultural sustainability.

Studies have shown strong associations between burnout and depression and burnout and anxiety but their exact interrelationships still remain unclear. Few studies have examined the psychosocial mechanisms that might underlie these two relationships. Non-work social factors such as perceived family support can affect mental health. The present study investigated the distinctiveness and the reciprocal associations between burnout and depression, and burnout and anxiety by collecting data twice over an 8 month interval. Perceived family support was examined as a mediating and a moderating factor underlying the two relationships. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, and the Julkunen Family Support Scale were administered to employees of the general working population ( N = 52). First, our results revealed moderate associations between burnout and depression, and burnout and anxiety, supporting the distinctiveness of burnout from the tw...

ABSTRACT Context Medical students are exposed during their training to a wide range of experiences and behaviors that can affect their learning regarding professionalism and their behavior and attitudes towards patient-centered care. The aim of the study is to explore learning associated with critical incidents and levels of critical reflection among medical students. Approach Medical students’ were invited to narrate a critical incident and reflect on the learning associated with it. All students’ narratives were audio-recorded and analyzed thematically. Mezirow’s theory of transformative learning was used to analyze the level of reflection reached in students’ narratives. Findings For the present analysis critical incidents narrated by 70 clinical students (4th–6th year) were included. Fifty-two of them were females. Students’ experiences are derived from three types of interactions: observed interactions between doctors and patients, personal interactions between students and patients, and interactions between doctors and students. Reflections deriving from the experiences included: behaving to patients as humans not as cases, emotional aspects of care, doctors as role models, skills needed when working under pressure, ‘tasting’ the real profession, emotional management, the importance of communication skills, teaching qualities of doctors, becoming a doctor, and reflections of future practice. Analyzing the actual level of reflection indicated that only 32 (45.7%) students were categorized as reflectors. Conclusions Student interactions with doctors and patients provide insights about; the daily experience of being a doctor, the most common challenges, what qualities are necessary for being a doctor and what do they need to develop their professional identity. However, it is noteworthy that while the majority of students shared a critical incident crucial to their professional development, there is little evidence of critical reflection.

The purpose of medical education has changed over the last 70 years. The modern doctor is expected to be a leader who will be skilled in people management, team working and patient engagement. Moreover, the burgeoning literature on the development of medical leadership competency frameworks as a way to inform curriculum development is evidence of a desire to empower physicians to be healthcare leaders. The movement towards developing medical students as leaders has to be contrasted against the fact that high school exam performance and academic achievement continues to be the primary basis for selection to medical school. Not surprisingly, the smart kids are studying medicine. Unfortunately, there is a person–job mismatch between the initial skills that allows an individual entry to medical school and what the job will actually entail. For example, higher levels of intelligence are associated with less effective leadership styles. Thus, we seem to have a conundrum concerning input a...

Abstract Burnout is an established phenomenon across cultures and occupations. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is the most commonly used measure of burnout. The MBI delineates burnout according to three components (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment) and provides the opportunity to assign a classification of burnout. However, the criteria of what constitutes burnout and/or low, medium or high burnout varies considerably. In the following paper, we have systematically reviewed studies of healthcare professionals that specifically “diagnose” burnout. Results indicate multiple approaches to assigning different levels of burnout. The need for a consensus on how to classify different degrees of burnout is discussed.

BACKGROUND: Burnout results from a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal workplace stressors. The focus of research has been widened to job engagement.AIM: Purpose of the study was to examine associations between burnout, job engagement, work demands, and organisational culture (OC) and to demonstrate differences between physicians and nurses working in general hospital in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Maslach Burnout Inventory and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale were used for assessment of burnout and job engagement. Work demands and OC were measured with Hospital Experience Scale and Competing Values Framework, respectively.RESULTS: Higher scores of dedication, hierarchy OC, and organizational work demands were found in physicians. Nurses demonstrated higher scores of clan OC. Burnout negatively correlated with clan and market OC in physicians and nurses. Job engagement positively correlated with clan and market OC in nurses. Different work ...

Although it is generally accepted that burnout has an effect on cognitive functioning, very few studies have so far examined the link between cognitive functioning and job burnout. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the reported association between burnout and cognitive functioning, as assessed objectively (that is, using psychometric tests rather than self-reports). The review identified 15 English-language articles published between 2005 and 2013. The results suggest that burnout is connected to specific cognitive deficits. In particular, burnout has been found to be associated with a decline in three main cognitive functions: executive functions, attention and memory. These results have clear implications, in particular for professions that are characterized by high levels of both work pressure and cognitive demands. Due to the scarcity and heterogeneity of available articles, future longitudinal prospective studies are needed, in order to determine the cognitiv...

Background: Medical residents report high levels of burnout and low engagement, associated with high workload. We hypothesized that teamwork will mitigate the effect of job demands resulting in residents experiencing less burnout and more engagement. Methods: A quantitative survey was conducted among residents in 5 countries: Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and FYROM (N=550). Self-reported data on job demands, teamwork, job burnout/engagement and affectivity were collected. Mediation analyses, controlling for affectivity, were conducted to assess whether teamwork mediates the relationship between job demands and job burnout/engagement. Findings: Teamwork fully mediated, only, the effect of emotional demands on dedication. Partial mediation of teamwork was found between physical, emotional, cognitive demands and depersonalization; emotional, cognitive demands and emotional exhaustion; physical, cognitive, organizational demands and dedication; all types of job demands and vigor. Di...

We synthesised evidence on biological correlates of psychological stress in hospital-based healthcare professionals, and examined whether there was evidence of consistent biological changes. Electronic databases were searched for empirical studies; 16 articles (0.6%) met the inclusion criteria. Evidence of a relationship between indices of psychological stress and biological parameters was limited and inconsistent. There was some evidence of a consistent relationship between natural killer cells and lymphocyte subpopulations. Considerable heterogeneity in the methods used was seen. Future prospective studies examining the relationship between indices of psychological stress and natural killer cells, including lymphocyte subsets, is required.

Purpose – Quality of care and health professional burnout are important issues in their own right, however, relatively few studies have examined both. The purpose of this paper is to explore quality of care and health professional burnout in hospital settings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a narrative literature review of quality of care and health professional burnout in hospital settings published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and March 2013. Papers were identified via a search of PsychInfo, PubMed, Embase and CINNAHL electronic databases. In total, 30 papers which measured and/or discussed both quality of care and health professional burnout were identified. Findings – The paper provides insight into the key health workforce-planning issues, specifically staffing levels and workloads, which impact upon health professional burnout and quality of care. The evidence from the review literature suggests that health professionals face heavier and increasin...

This study investigates the differences between adults with visual impairments and sighted adults with regard to locus of control (LOC) and self-esteem. One hundred and eight adults with visual impairments (blindness or low vision) and fifty-five sighted adults took part in this study. Sighted adults showed a higher score on the self-esteem scale than either the individuals with low vision or with blindness. Moreover, analysis indicated no significant differences amongst the three groups of participants regarding LOC. Significant predictors of self-esteem were vision status and age at loss of sight. Significant predictors of LOC were vision status and independent movement. Findings are discussed with regard to their implications for parents, social workers, teachers, and rehabilitation specialists.

The aim of this study was to estimate the short term consequences of job insecurity associated with a newly introduced mobility framework in Greece. In specific, the study examined the impact of job insecurity on anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic and musculoskeletal symptoms, two months after the announcement of the mobility framework. In addition the study also examined the "spill over" effects of job insecurity on employees not directly affected by the mobility framework. Personal interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted for 36 university administrative employees awaiting repositioning, 36 coworkers not at risk, and 28 administrative employees of a local hospital not at risk. Compared to both control groups the employees in the anticipation phase of labor mobility had significantly worse scores for perceived stress, anxiety, depression, positive affect, negative affect, social support, marital discord, common somatic symptoms, and frequency of musc...

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and cognitive functioning. The associations of depression, anxiety and family support with burnout and cognitive functioning were also examined both independently and as potential moderators of the burnout–cognitive functioning relationship. Seven different cognitive tasks were administered to employees of the general working population and five cognitive domains were assessed; i.e., executive functions, working memory, memory (episodic, visuospatial, prospective), attention/speed of processing and visuospatial abilities. Burnout, depression, anxiety and family support were assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Family Support Scale respectively. In congruence with the first and fourth (partially) Hypotheses, burnout and perceived family support are significantly associated with some aspects of cognitive functioning. Moreover, in line with ...

VICAID (Vocational Integration through Computer Assistance for Intellectually Disabled People) is a project within the TIDE programme (Technology Initiative for Disabled and Elderly People) that aims to develop and evaluate a palmtop based system to support people with severe intellectual disabilities to perform complex work routines in integrated work settings. The development of the system will be based in a reference model, which should consider the interrelationships between human factors and technical constraints and possibilities. This paper presents and analyses the set of requirements that is being used for the definition of the reference model.

A significant amount of emotional labor takes place during teaching. Teaching is a multitasking profession that consists of both cognitive and emotional components, with teachers engaging in emotional labor on a daily basis as an instrumental part of achieving teaching goals and positive learning outcomes. The purpose of the present review was to explore the relationship between emotional labor and burnout in school settings. The review focused specifically on teachers from elementary and high schools, between January 2006 and August 2021, and 21 studies fit the inclusion criteria. Overall, the review of the literature supports the significant associations between burnout and emotional labor with the majority of results pointing to the consistent relationship between surface acting and burnout. However, the results regarding the association of deep acting and naturally felt emotions with burnout were mixed. There is considerable scope for improvement in our study of emotional labor ...

G.F. Bauer and G.J. Jenny (eds.), Salutogenic Organizations and Change: The Concepts Behind Organizational Health Intervention Research, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6470-5_3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Medical settings, especially hospitals, represent a challenging environment in which to conduct organizational health interventions. This is due to the fact that healthcare professionals tend to hold pathogenic rather than salutogenic views about health and well-being. Additionally, healthcare professional identity and sense of coherence is deeply embedded in role behaviors (i.e., I am a doctor) rather than organizational awareness (i.e., The purpose of the hospital is...). Worksite health promotion interventions in medical settings, despite their prominent character, have yielded mixed results regarding their effectiveness. One of the major challenges is to be both theoretically sound and, at the same time, context appropriate. The proposed chapter will; (1)...