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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a evolução dos conceitos e instrumentos de política e gestão ambiental nos últimos trinta anos apontando suas atuais tendências à luz das transformações sócioeconômicas em curso. Diversos... more
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a evolução dos conceitos e instrumentos de política e gestão ambiental nos últimos trinta anos apontando suas atuais tendências à luz das transformações sócioeconômicas em curso. Diversos autores e estudos vem apontando a entrada da sociedade na chamada era pós industrial ancorada numa economia cada vez mais globalizada e em transformações tecnológicas profundas.
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The sustainable development paradigm has been encouraging the current worldwide transition from fossil fuels torenewable energy sources and a more balanced approach to the social-environmental concerns against economic hegemony, which... more
The sustainable development paradigm has been encouraging the current worldwide transition from fossil fuels torenewable energy sources and a more balanced approach to the social-environmental concerns against economic hegemony, which implies changes in how decision-makers design the future electricity system. In this context, this paper explores the integration of the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) with a Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM)method, named Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks (SMARTER), in order to analyze and compare the sustainability performance of the current electricity mix with different future scenarios in Brazil, reported by The Brazilian Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan 2027. This analysis considers nine criteria distributed into environmental, social,and economic dimensions of sustainability obtained from different sources, such as literature, the Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and calculated by ReCiPe 2016 and USEtox 2 methods. Acco...
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An electrochromic copolymer based on pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) are electrodeposited on ITO electrode in aqueous micellar solution. The copolymer show blue grey in neutral state (-0.8V) and light blue in oxidized... more
An electrochromic copolymer based on pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) are electrodeposited on ITO electrode in aqueous micellar solution. The copolymer show blue grey in neutral state (-0.8V) and light blue in oxidized state(0.8V). The λmax of the copolymer in neutral state is 530nm and the onset energy for π-π* transition (Eg) is calculated to be 1.68eV by the onset wavelength. And successive cycle voltammagrams indicate that the incorporation of EDOT units into the Ppy improves the electrochemical stability of the copolymer films, which retains 89% of electroactivity after 500 cycles, the copolymer could be as a promising candidate material for electrochromic devices.
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Electrical and electronic equipment is one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy, comprising 4.5% of the Brazilian gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. This market is growing faster than the country’s GDP. Although business volumes are... more
Electrical and electronic equipment is one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy, comprising 4.5% of the Brazilian gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. This market is growing faster than the country’s GDP. Although business volumes are high, there is no formal specific structure for treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Brazil. A general law on solid waste was approved by the Congress and signed by the president in August 2010, but further enabling regulations still need to be issued.
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ABSTRACT Procurement auctions have been the main mechanism to ensure the deployment of utility-scale solar photovoltaic installations (USSPVI) in Brazil. To participate in the auction, investors must comply with all established... more
ABSTRACT Procurement auctions have been the main mechanism to ensure the deployment of utility-scale solar photovoltaic installations (USSPVI) in Brazil. To participate in the auction, investors must comply with all established requirements. In the solar case, the criteria incorporate State environmental licensing regulations (EL). The procurement auctions are a nationwide competition whereas the environmental licensing for those projects are under state jurisdiction. The lack of national guidance to licensing USSPVI might cause significant movement of projects to States whose EL procedures require fewer studies. This work examines the role of environmental licensing in the energy planning for USSPVI in Brazil. Analysing the 27 state regulations establishing the screening requirements that subject EIA to USSPVI, there are uneven threshold criteria to determine whether the plant will go through simplified licensing or regular process. There is also a need for studies tackling strategic environmental assessment for wind and solar expansion in Brazil. Specifically, incorporation of community concerns, public participation, and environmental constraints into the early stages of decision-making to prevent impacts and conflicts.
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Abstract The consolidation of the biorefinery concept has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of agro-industrial regions, particularly in developing countries. The industrial symbiosis (IS) approach can leverage... more
Abstract The consolidation of the biorefinery concept has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of agro-industrial regions, particularly in developing countries. The industrial symbiosis (IS) approach can leverage this potential through industrial cooperation, fostering new businesses, innovation and job creation coupled with reduced environmental impacts. We argue that coupling the biorefinery concept and the IS approach would invigorate traditionally agricultural regions, relying on endogenous vocation to promote sustainability. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential for development of an agro-industrial symbiosis network (ISN) from the construction of a biorefinery in the Norte Fluminense region (Brazil) – a region that has become highly dependent on oil & gas revenues but still has a tradition in agriculture and agro-industry. In this paper, we present the scenario analysis performed to design the agro ISN and an initial quantification of potential benefits. Four scenarios were developed (reference, short, mid and long terms) with the support of a synergy matrix and material flow analysis. Eighteen waste streams were identified and sixteen were addressed through the scenarios. In the long-term scenario, 14 productive activities could compose the agro-industrial symbiosis network, 8 of them as newcomers. “Quick-wins” were identified as residues in the reference scenario (CO2, fusel oil and used yeast) that could be absorbed by industries currently operating in the region. The emission of respectively 350 thousand and 55 thousand tonnes per year of solid waste and CO2 would be avoided in the long term. Also, the production of succinic acid would provide additional revenue of at least US$19 per tonne of bagasse, adding higher value to the feedstock in comparison to electricity production. This study can prompt current recycling regulation towards multi-sectorial arrangements, which can better contribute to regional resilience than the single-sector reverse logistics’ arrangements that became recently mandatory with the National Policy on Solid Waste.
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ABSTRACT Obraczka, M.; Beyeler, M.; Magrini, A., and Legey, L.F., 2017. Analysis of coastal environmental management practices in subregions of California and Brazil. Globally, human and natural systems in urban coasts face multiple... more
ABSTRACT Obraczka, M.; Beyeler, M.; Magrini, A., and Legey, L.F., 2017. Analysis of coastal environmental management practices in subregions of California and Brazil. Globally, human and natural systems in urban coasts face multiple threats, most importantly from climate change. Increasingly, subnational state and local governments are being forced to include climate change impacts into coastal planning and management. Urban coastal managers are looking to more transparent and integrated coastal and environmental management regimes to better address the multiple stressors and uses, as well as to integrate public and stakeholder participation, and maximize a broad range of community economic and environmental and ecosystem benefits. This research presents a case study of coastal and environment management systems in two important coastal regions: an urbanized area of the central coast of California, United States; and the rapidly urbanizing and developing coastal lowlands of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Similarities and differences in coastal environmental governance, management, and outcomes were identified and analyzed. The contrasting federalist governance structures are compared, and the coastal management and environment assessment systems in the case study locations are analyzed. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on subnational coastal environmental management systems through the review of previous relevant studies; the examination of historical primary and secondary source official reports; and the collection, analysis, and discussion of important qualitative and quantitative interviews and survey data. The study concludes that transparency and accessibility to the decision-making process are essential to the success of coastal environmental management in both locations, with benefits arising from the presence of public participation and trust. The successful integration of broad stakeholders and public awareness in California provides an example that could possibly be replicable in Rio de Janeiro to increase stakeholder participation in the decision-making processes. The paper concludes with recommendations for further studies of governance and management alternatives, and for extending and strengthening state and local capabilities of coastal environmental processes within integrated coastal environmental management systems.
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In 1997, Brazil enacted Law NO. 9,433 on Water Resources Management, based on the following principles: water is an asset within the public domain; water is a limited natural resource with economic value; in case of shortages, the primary... more
In 1997, Brazil enacted Law NO. 9,433 on Water Resources Management, based on the following principles: water is an asset within the public domain; water is a limited natural resource with economic value; in case of shortages, the primary use of water is for human consumption and drinking water for livestock; its management should foster multiple water use; the river basin is the selected planning unit; water management should be decentralized and cooperative. Until this law came into effect, environmental management in Brazil was based on an institutional and legal structure that assigned high priority to centralized activity by Government agencies, particularly at the Federal and State level, through conventional regulatory control tools. l Main Brazilian river basin Covering 8,547,403 square kilometers, Brazil has eight major river basins, defined by their catchment areas and physical characteristics : Amazon Basin covers a catchment area of six million square kilometers (some 3....
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In Brazil, Law 9,433, enacted in 1997, established the National Water Resources Policy and created the National Water Resources Management System, introducing a new integrated approach to environmental management policies. This law defi... more
In Brazil, Law 9,433, enacted in 1997, established the National Water Resources Policy and created the National Water Resources Management System, introducing a new integrated approach to environmental management policies. This law defi ned the hydrographic basin as the unit of planning, considering multiple water uses, intro-ducing many changes at the institutional and policy instruments levels. Fifteen years after the enactment of the above law, improvements still need to be done. Evidence of this is the process of revising the rules on pollutant discharge on water bodies. Despite the latest changes, there still exist improvements that could be considered. This paper aims to contribute to this effort, by comparing the Brazilian water pollution control model with the American model, which can provide valuable insights in terms of defi ning pollutant discharge limits based on industrial typologies, and especially for having pollution control instruments such as the total maximum dai...
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Large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) may cause significant changes in the environment and lead to detrimental impacts on the natural and anthropic environments. First, this paper reviews the scholarly literature to collect data regarding the... more
Large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) may cause significant changes in the environment and lead to detrimental impacts on the natural and anthropic environments. First, this paper reviews the scholarly literature to collect data regarding the different environmental impacts occurring during LSPV installation and operation. Secondly, methods used in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for LSPV are evaluated through a sample of 20 EIAs. This shows that there are faws in the methodology used in the EIAs that support environmental licensing of LSPV. In this context, this work proposes a multicriteria approach that aims to convey the main environmental and socio-economic aspects of LSPV and assess impact magnitude and importance. The method is built on the needs to improve EIA for the licensing of solar projects in Brazil. The model offers a structured approach that incorporates detailed criteria that reflect direct and indirect impacts of both terrestrial and floating PV and is designed to provide the assessment magnitude and estimate scenarios according to different stakeholder’s views.
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The term vulnerability has been more frequently used in several studies, striving to better understand the specificities and needs of different population groups. The scope of this study was to identify, characterize and analyze... more
The term vulnerability has been more frequently used in several studies, striving to better understand the specificities and needs of different population groups. The scope of this study was to identify, characterize and analyze populations in situations of socio-environmental vulnerability in Rio de Janeiro city, consolidating social, economic, environmental, health and public security indicators in a synthesis index - the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index. The data sources used were the IBGE-2010 Demographic Census, the Geo-Rio Foundation and the Public Security Institute of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The methodology integrated Multicriteria Decision Analysis into a Geographic Information System. According to our results, the socio-environmental vulnerability in Rio de Janeiro city is aggravated by risk situations and environmental degradation. Those aspects are accentuated by the population density in shantytown areas, where the most disadvantaged strata exist in a proces...
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The consolidation of the biorefinery concept has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of agro-industrial regions, particularly in developing countries. The industrial symbiosis (IS) approach can leverage this... more
The consolidation of the biorefinery concept has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of agro-industrial regions, particularly in developing countries. The industrial symbiosis (IS) approach can leverage this potential through industrial cooperation, fostering new businesses, innovation and job creation coupled with reduced environmental impacts. We argue that coupling the bio-refinery concept and the IS approach would invigorate traditionally agricultural regions, relying on endogenous vocation to promote sustainability. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential for development of an agro-industrial symbiosis network (ISN) from the construction of a biorefinery in the Norte Fluminense region (Brazil) e a region that has become highly dependent on oil & gas revenues but still has a tradition in agriculture and agro-industry. In this paper, we present the scenario analysis performed to design the agro ISN and an initial quantification of potential benefits. Four scenarios were developed (reference, short, mid and long terms) with the support of a synergy matrix and material flow analysis. Eighteen waste streams were identified and sixteen were addressed through the scenarios. In the long-term scenario, 14 productive activities could compose the agro-industrial symbiosis network, 8 of them as newcomers. "Quick-wins" were identified as residues in the reference scenario (CO 2 , fusel oil and used yeast) that could be absorbed by industries currently operating in the region. The emission of respectively 350 thousand and 55 thousand tonnes per year of solid waste and CO 2 would be avoided in the long term. Also, the production of succinic acid would provide additional revenue of at least US$19 per tonne of bagasse, adding higher value to the feedstock in comparison to electricity production. This study can prompt current recycling regulation towards multi-sectorial arrangements, which can better contribute to regional resilience than the single-sector reverse logistics' arrangements that became recently mandatory with the National Policy on Solid Waste.
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Procurement auctions have been the main mechanism to ensure the deployment of utility- scale solar photovoltaic installations (USSPVI) in Brazil. To participate in the auction, investors must comply with all established requirements. In... more
Procurement auctions have been the main mechanism to ensure the deployment of utility- scale solar photovoltaic installations (USSPVI) in Brazil. To participate in the auction, investors must comply with all established requirements. In the solar case, the criteria incorporate State environmental licensing regulations (EL). The procurement auctions are a nationwide competition whereas the environmental licensing for those projects are under state jurisdiction. The lack of national guidance to licensing USSPVI might cause significant movement of projects to States whose EL procedures require fewer studies. This work examines the role of environmental licensing in the energy planning for USSPVI in Brazil. Analysing the 27 state regulations establishing the screening requirements that subject EIA to USSPVI, there are uneven threshold criteria to determine whether the plant will go through simplified licensing or regular process. There is also a need for studies tackling strategic environmental assessment for wind and solar expansion in Brazil. Specifically, incorporation of community con-
cerns, public participation, and environmental constraints into the early stages of decisionmaking to prevent impacts and conflicts.
cerns, public participation, and environmental constraints into the early stages of decisionmaking to prevent impacts and conflicts.
Research Interests:
Large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) may cause significant changes in the environment and lead to detrimental impacts on the natural and anthropic environments. First, this paper reviews the scholarly literature to collect data regarding the... more
Large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) may cause significant changes in the environment and lead to detrimental impacts on the natural and anthropic environments. First, this paper reviews the scholarly literature to collect data regarding the different environmental impacts occurring
during LSPV installation and operation. Secondly, methods used in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for LSPV are evaluated through a sample of 20 EIAs. This shows that there are faws in the methodology used in the EIAs that support environmental licensing of LSPV. In this
context, this work proposes a multicriteria approach that aims to convey the main environmental and socio-economic aspects of LSPV and assess impact magnitude and importance. The method is built on the needs to improve EIA for the licensing of solar projects in Brazil. The
model offers a structured approach that incorporates detailed criteria that reflect direct and indirect impacts of both terrestrial and floating PV and is designed to provide the assessment magnitude and estimate scenarios according to different stakeholder’s views.
during LSPV installation and operation. Secondly, methods used in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for LSPV are evaluated through a sample of 20 EIAs. This shows that there are faws in the methodology used in the EIAs that support environmental licensing of LSPV. In this
context, this work proposes a multicriteria approach that aims to convey the main environmental and socio-economic aspects of LSPV and assess impact magnitude and importance. The method is built on the needs to improve EIA for the licensing of solar projects in Brazil. The
model offers a structured approach that incorporates detailed criteria that reflect direct and indirect impacts of both terrestrial and floating PV and is designed to provide the assessment magnitude and estimate scenarios according to different stakeholder’s views.
Research Interests:
Globally, human and natural systems in urban coasts face multiple threats, most importantly from climate change. Increasingly, subnational state and local governments are being forced to include climate change impacts into coastal... more
Globally, human and natural systems in urban coasts face multiple threats, most importantly from climate change. Increasingly, subnational state and local governments are being forced to include climate change impacts into coastal planning and management. Urban coastal managers are looking to more transparent and integrated coastal and environmental management regimes to better address the multiple stressors and uses, as well as to integrate public and stakeholder participation, and maximize a broad range of community economic and environmental and ecosystem benefits. This research presents a case study of coastal and environment management systems in two important coastal regions: an urbanized area of the central coast of California, United States; and the rapidly urbanizing and developing coastal lowlands of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Similarities and differences in coastal environmental governance, management, and outcomes were identified and analyzed. The contrasting federalist governance structures are compared, and the coastal management and environment assessment systems in the case study locations are analyzed. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on subnational coastal environmental management systems through the review of previous relevant studies; the examination of historical primary and secondary source official reports; and the collection, analysis, and discussion of important qualitative and quantitative interviews and survey data. The study concludes that transparency and accessibility to the decision-making process are essential to the success of coastal environmental management in both locations, with benefits arising from the presence of public participation and trust. The successful integration of broad stakeholders and public awareness in California provides an example that could possibly be replicable in Rio de Janeiro to increase stakeholder participation in the decision-making processes. The paper concludes with recommendations for further studies of governance and management alternatives, and for extending and strengthening state and local capabilities of coastal environmental processes within integrated coastal environmental management systems.
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The need for effective construction waste management is growing in importance, due to the increasing generation of construction waste and to its adverse impacts on the environment. However, despite the numerous studies on construction... more
The need for effective construction waste management is growing in importance, due to the increasing generation of construction waste and to its adverse impacts on the environment. However, despite the numerous studies on construction waste management, recovery of construction waste through Industrial Symbiosis and the adoption of other inter-firm practices, comprised within Industrial Ecology field of study, have not been fully explored. The present research aims to investigate Industrial Ecology contributions to waste management in industrial construction. The waste management strategies adopted in two industrial construction projects in Brazil are analyzed. The main waste streams generated are identified, recycling and landfilling diversion rates are presented and waste recovery through Industrial Symbiosis is discussed. A SWOT analysis was carried out. Results demonstrate that 9% of the waste produced in one of the projects was recovered through Industrial Symbiosis, while in the other project, waste recovery through Industrial Symbiosis achieved the rate of 30%. These data reveal Industrial Symbiosis' potential to reduce landfilling of industrial construction wastes, contributing to waste recovery in construction. In addition, results show that industrial construction projects can benefit from the following synergies common in Industrial Ecology place-based approaches: centralized waste management service, shared waste management infrastructure and administrative simplification.
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Brazil, like many emerging countries, has experienced a fast growth in the demand for automobiles in recent decades. This has produced a significant increase in the amount of hazardous waste to be disposed of, including used lubricant... more
Brazil, like many emerging countries, has experienced a fast growth in the demand for automobiles in recent decades. This has produced a significant increase in the amount of hazardous waste to be disposed of, including used lubricant oil. Restrictive regulations are being used by many nations to deal with this problem, focusing on treatments, such as recycling, to avoid resource depletion. Specific rules for disposal of used lubricant oil already exist in various countries, including Brazil, but not for its containers. Using the life cycle assessment methodology, this article evaluates different management options for the destination of Lubricant Oil Plastic Containers (LOPCs), comparing recycling and incineration to disposal in an industrial landfill. Results show that reducing the proportion of LOPCs destined to the landfill has positive impacts in lowering the burdens caused in the life cycle of LOPCs. Incineration, which is not a technology used for destination of LOPCs in Brazil, proved to be a promising option when combined with recycling for treatment of this kind of waste. Combining different destinations is also a good option as long as economic, logistics and the environment are taken into consideration. The present paper concludes that emerging countries are able to manage hazardous waste provided that there is adequate legislation and political will along with cooperation from the private sector. This study can be helpful to the decision-making processes concerning hazardous waste, especially for industrial strategies and policy makers.
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On the basis of the most recent data concerning the extent of tropical deforestation and its implications for the terrestrial carbon budget, the paper describes the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in tropical regions.... more
On the basis of the most recent data concerning the extent of tropical deforestation and its implications for the terrestrial carbon budget, the paper describes the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in tropical regions. Production of biofuels (biodiesel, ethanol), through cultivation of energy crops, although does not have a direct relationship with deforestation in the current situation (in particular as concerns sugar cane cultivation in Brazil), may represent a serious concern in the coming years, due to projected increases in the demand of biodiesel and ethanol. In order to limit the environmental and social impacts of such productions, both legal restrictions and market instruments have been used: certification systems are expected to play a major role in the future, in connection with sustainability criteria. Finally, current efforts under the UNFCCC to reach a global agreement on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation may represent an ...
The city of Campos dos Goytacazes – located on the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil –,is the main beneficiary from the country´s petroleum government take in Brazil, perceiving more than 80% of the amount destined to cities.... more
The city of Campos dos Goytacazes – located on the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil –,is the main beneficiary from the country´s petroleum government take in Brazil, perceiving more than 80% of the amount destined to cities. Until 2010, Campos also held the second largest area for sugarcane crops in Brazil. However, Campos’ sugar cane industry has been facing a strong retreat since the 1970s, due to the lack of investment on research and new technologies coupled with a weak interorganizational cooperation. On the other hand, the strong reliance of Campos on the O&G revenues results in an economy based on a finite resource; a low level of economic diversity; and the atrophy of a historically sound economic sector. Hence, this study evaluates the potential for the development of sugarcane bagasse-based biorefineries for the production of high valued bioplatform Molecules (bPMs). Different schemes of distilleries were simulated aiming at estimating the potential production ...
O livro resgata a experiência acumulada nos últimos quase vinte anos pelo Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Conflitos e Gestão Ambiental (LINCA), do Programa de Planejamento Energético da COPPE/UFRJ sobre Ecologia Industrial e suas... more
O livro resgata a experiência acumulada nos últimos quase vinte anos pelo Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Conflitos e Gestão Ambiental (LINCA), do Programa de Planejamento Energético da COPPE/UFRJ sobre Ecologia Industrial e suas possíveis aplicações aos sistemas produtivos, através de simbioses industriais e parques eco industriais, visando fomentar a busca de práticas colaborativas e sustentáveis de produção e de sua relação com o ambiente e a sociedade.
Avanços metodológicos e aplicações são apresentados a partir de projetos, teses e dissertações desenvolvidos pelos pesquisadores do LINCA através de um enfoque de análise que conjuga metodologia e estudos de caso, demonstrando, assim, a validação e robustez metodológica das propostas formuladas.
O livro encerra-se com a apresentação de um panorama sobre o estado da arte da implementação de iniciativas de Ecologia Industrial em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e seus fatores de sucesso e insucesso na perspectiva de incremento da Economia Circular.
Espera-se com este livro poder auxiliar pesquisadores e tomadores de decisão, sejam eles públicos ou privados, a avançarem na direção de uma economia circular sustentável e colaborativa
Avanços metodológicos e aplicações são apresentados a partir de projetos, teses e dissertações desenvolvidos pelos pesquisadores do LINCA através de um enfoque de análise que conjuga metodologia e estudos de caso, demonstrando, assim, a validação e robustez metodológica das propostas formuladas.
O livro encerra-se com a apresentação de um panorama sobre o estado da arte da implementação de iniciativas de Ecologia Industrial em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e seus fatores de sucesso e insucesso na perspectiva de incremento da Economia Circular.
Espera-se com este livro poder auxiliar pesquisadores e tomadores de decisão, sejam eles públicos ou privados, a avançarem na direção de uma economia circular sustentável e colaborativa
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Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar a evolução dos mecanismos legais e das respectivas responsabilidades dos órgão ambientais relativos ao licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos hidrelétricos e seu... more
Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar a evolução dos mecanismos legais e das respectivas responsabilidades dos órgão ambientais relativos ao licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos hidrelétricos e seu processo de planejamento por parte do setor elétrico. Ênfase é dada a usinas hidrelétricas previstas em regiões com nenhuma ou escassa antropização, como é o caso da Bacia do Rio Amazonas. Sugestões são apontadas ao final com o intuito de aprimorar seja o processo de licenciamento ambiental desta tipologia de empreendimentos seja as modalidades para a inserção da variável ambiental e da participação das partes interessadas no planejamento do setor elétrico.