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Bioarchaeolog
The Berglibalm rock shelter is located in the municipality of Muotathal in the Bisistal valley at an altitude of 1140 m a. s. l. The areas excavated in 2015 and 2019 measured 5 m2 and yielded the remains of an Early Mesolithic layer... more
The Berglibalm rock shelter is located in the municipality of Muotathal in the Bisistal valley at an altitude of 1140 m a. s. l. The areas excavated in 2015 and 2019 measured 5 m2 and yielded the remains of an Early Mesolithic layer dating from around 8766 to 7596 BC. The charcoal concentrations recorded showed that hazel and maple were the main species used for firewood. The excavation also unearthed many well-preserved faunal remains, a small quantity of plant macrofossils and a lithic assemblage comprising 535 artefacts including 15 microliths. The raw material analysis revealed that the hunter-gatherers preferred local and regional raw materials including fine-grained quartzite (»Ölquarzit«). Some long-distance imports attested to contacts to the Chur and Vorarlberg regions in the east, the Ticino in the south and the Upper Rhine Valley or southern Black Forest region in the north. The rock shelter served as a campsite for Mesolithic hunters targeting ibex, chamois, deer and wil...
medieval structures in Alpine aera, earthquake, radiocarbon, archaeology, survey
Two cores were drilled on rock glacier Lazaun in the southern Ötztal Alps (N Italy). The average ice content of core Lazaun I is 43 vol.% and of core Lazaun II is 22 vol.%. Radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossil remains of core Lazaun I... more
Two cores were drilled on rock glacier Lazaun in the southern Ötztal Alps (N Italy). The average ice content of core Lazaun I is 43 vol.% and of core Lazaun II is 22 vol.%. Radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossil remains of core Lazaun I yielded ages ranging from 8960 cal yr BP at a depth of ca. 23.5 m to 2240 cal yr BP at a depth of 2.8 m, indicating that the ice near the base is approximately 10,300 yr old. The rock glacier was intact since that time and the ice persisted even during warm periods of the Holocene. An ice-free debris layer between 16.8 and 14.7 m separates the rock glacier into two frozen bodies. Inclinometer measurements indicate that both frozen bodies are active and that deformation occurs within a shear horizon at a depth of 20–25 m at the base of the lower frozen body and to a minor extent at a depth of approximately 14 m at the base of the upper frozen body. The ice-free debris layer in the middle of the Lazaun rock glacier indicates a more than five centennia...
Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near... more
Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near the village of Ardez in the Lower Engadine Valley (Switzerland) since the Late Neolithic Period. Pollen, charcoal particles and non-pollen palynomorphs preserved in the Saglias and Cutüra peat bog stratigraphies were quantified and the results compared with the regional archaeological evidence. Anthropogenic deforestation using fire started around 4850 cal. BP at Saglias and aimed at establishing first cultivated crop fields (e.g. cereals) and small pastoral areas as implied by the positive correlation coefficients between charcoal particles and cultural and pastoral pollen indicators, as well as spores of coprophilous fungi. Pressure on the natural environment by humans and livestock continued until 3650 cal. BP and was followed by reforestation proc...
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Mesolithic site in Canton Schwyz, Muotathal, roch-shelter, early Mesolithic, animal bones, microlithes
Late Middle Ages, early modern times, archaeological Survey, Alpine pasture, deserted alpine farmsteads
Le site d'Einsiedeln-Langruti (SZ), au bord du Sihlsee, a ete identifie en 1980 grâce a la presence de nombreux silex, decouverts en surface, sur loa rive du lac. L'etude typologique de ce materiel lithique indique deux phases... more
Le site d'Einsiedeln-Langruti (SZ), au bord du Sihlsee, a ete identifie en 1980 grâce a la presence de nombreux silex, decouverts en surface, sur loa rive du lac. L'etude typologique de ce materiel lithique indique deux phases d'occupation, la premiere durant le Magdalenien final, la seconde au cours du Mesolithique ancien. Un des interets du gisement reside dans sa position geographique, en contexte prealpin, a une altitude de 889 m. En 1994, le Musee national decide d'effectuer un sondage afin d'evaluer l'etat de conservation du site, menace d'erosion sous l'effet des fortes variations saisonnieres du niveau du lac. La fouille a livre, a une profondeur de 20 cm environ, une industrie a pointes a dos du Magdalenien final, exclusivement, sans aucun element mesolithique. Les restes osseux ne sont pas conserves en raison de l'acidite du sol. Enfin, il n'a pas ete possible de deceler de niveaux d'habitat : comme le montrent les analyses pedologiques et palynologiques, la sedimentation, apres l'abandon du site a ete tres lente ; de plus des fentes de dessication ont affecte la position du materiel archeologique en provoquant des deplacements verticaux
L’interet renouvele porte aux hauts plateaux volcaniques du Velay oriental (Massif central, France) a permis de mettre en evidence une nouvelle sequence sedimentaire issue de la tourbiere de La Narce du Beage, en Ardeche. Plusieurs... more
L’interet renouvele porte aux hauts plateaux volcaniques du Velay oriental (Massif central, France) a permis de mettre en evidence une nouvelle sequence sedimentaire issue de la tourbiere de La Narce du Beage, en Ardeche. Plusieurs carottages ont ete menes afin de realiser une etude pluridisciplinaire a haute resolution. Cet article presente les donnees sedimentologiques (lithologie, estimation du taux de matiere organique, granulometrie, susceptibilite magnetique) obtenues sur la sequence D (357 cm de profondeur), extraite pres de l’exutoire de la zone humide. Ces resultats s’appuient sur une serie de dix datations radiocarbone AMS. Cette etude constitue une premiere etape du travail de reconstitution de l’evolution de l’environnement local depuis la charniere Pleniglaciaire superieur / Tardiglaciaire. L’enregistrement sedimentaire montre un atterrissement progressif de l’etendue lacustre datant du Tardiglaciaire (apres 18 000 ans cal. BP) et l’augmentation graduelle de la teneur e...
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This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.
Lake Nussbaumersee, located SW of Lake Constance (Switzerland/Germany), was studied at high temporal resolution for non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) within a calcareous gyttja sediment core from the deepest part of the lake. At the... more
Lake Nussbaumersee, located SW of Lake Constance (Switzerland/Germany), was studied at high temporal resolution for non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) within a calcareous gyttja sediment core from the deepest part of the lake. At the Nussbaumersee lakeshore, three pile-dwelling settlements have been excavated and dendrochronologically dated (to the Neolithic, 3840–3695 bc; late Early Bronze Age, 1580–1538 bc; and Late Bronze Age, 850–780 bc). The NPP study revealed three peaks of cyanobacteria, likely related to three settlement phases causing phosphate eutrophication of the lake water. The fast decline in cyanobacteria and reduction in green algae blooms after the abandonment of the Neolithic village and the quick recovery of the lake water back to oligotrophic conditions indicate a high prehistoric resilience of the lake ecosystem. After the second eutrophication phase starting around 2500 bc, the density of NPP eutrophication indicators remained at much higher levels, probably showin...
... Titre du document / Document title. Pollen and plant macrofossil evidence of vegetation change at Wallisellen-Langachermoos (Switzerland) during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition 8500 to 6500 years ago Auteur(s) / Author(s). Haas... more
... Titre du document / Document title. Pollen and plant macrofossil evidence of vegetation change at Wallisellen-Langachermoos (Switzerland) during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition 8500 to 6500 years ago Auteur(s) / Author(s). Haas Jean-Nicolas ; Revue / Journal Title. ...
Collection of conference abstracts presented at the vDEUQUA2021 (2021-09-30 to 2021-09-01), the virtual meeting of the German Quaternary Association (DEUQUA).
Mesolithic site in Canton Schwyz, Muotathal, roch-shelter, early Mesolithic, animal bones, microlithes
Late Middle Ages, early modern times, archaeological Survey, Alpine pasture, deserted alpine farmsteads
Le site d'Einsiedeln-Langruti (SZ), au bord du Sihlsee, a ete identifie en 1980 grâce a la presence de nombreux silex, decouverts en surface, sur loa rive du lac. L'etude typologique de ce materiel lithique indique deux phases... more
Le site d'Einsiedeln-Langruti (SZ), au bord du Sihlsee, a ete identifie en 1980 grâce a la presence de nombreux silex, decouverts en surface, sur loa rive du lac. L'etude typologique de ce materiel lithique indique deux phases d'occupation, la premiere durant le Magdalenien final, la seconde au cours du Mesolithique ancien. Un des interets du gisement reside dans sa position geographique, en contexte prealpin, a une altitude de 889 m. En 1994, le Musee national decide d'effectuer un sondage afin d'evaluer l'etat de conservation du site, menace d'erosion sous l'effet des fortes variations saisonnieres du niveau du lac. La fouille a livre, a une profondeur de 20 cm environ, une industrie a pointes a dos du Magdalenien final, exclusivement, sans aucun element mesolithique. Les restes osseux ne sont pas conserves en raison de l'acidite du sol. Enfin, il n'a pas ete possible de deceler de niveaux d'habitat : comme le montrent les analyses pedologiques et palynologiques, la sedimentation, apres l'abandon du site a ete tres lente ; de plus des fentes de dessication ont affecte la position du materiel archeologique en provoquant des deplacements verticaux
L’interet renouvele porte aux hauts plateaux volcaniques du Velay oriental (Massif central, France) a permis de mettre en evidence une nouvelle sequence sedimentaire issue de la tourbiere de La Narce du Beage, en Ardeche. Plusieurs... more
L’interet renouvele porte aux hauts plateaux volcaniques du Velay oriental (Massif central, France) a permis de mettre en evidence une nouvelle sequence sedimentaire issue de la tourbiere de La Narce du Beage, en Ardeche. Plusieurs carottages ont ete menes afin de realiser une etude pluridisciplinaire a haute resolution. Cet article presente les donnees sedimentologiques (lithologie, estimation du taux de matiere organique, granulometrie, susceptibilite magnetique) obtenues sur la sequence D (357 cm de profondeur), extraite pres de l’exutoire de la zone humide. Ces resultats s’appuient sur une serie de dix datations radiocarbone AMS. Cette etude constitue une premiere etape du travail de reconstitution de l’evolution de l’environnement local depuis la charniere Pleniglaciaire superieur / Tardiglaciaire. L’enregistrement sedimentaire montre un atterrissement progressif de l’etendue lacustre datant du Tardiglaciaire (apres 18 000 ans cal. BP) et l’augmentation graduelle de la teneur e...
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This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.

And 82 more

http://www.lda-lsa.de/fileadmin/pdf/Tagungen/2200-BC.pdf In diesem Posterbeitrag werden die Ergebnisse neuer Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Klimas auf die alpine Hochlagennutzung am Übergang vom Neolithikum zur frühen Bronzezeit in... more
http://www.lda-lsa.de/fileadmin/pdf/Tagungen/2200-BC.pdf

In diesem Posterbeitrag werden die Ergebnisse neuer Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Klimas auf die alpine Hochlagennutzung am Übergang vom Neolithikum zur frühen Bronzezeit in den zentralen Ostalpen - Graubünden (CH), Tirol, Vorarlberg (beide A) und Vinschgau (I) – anhand archäologischer, paläoökologischer und pedologischer Proxydaten vorgestellt.
Der hochalpine Raum reagiert besonders sensibel auf sich verändernde Umweltbedingungen. Schon geringe klimatische Variationen können das Ökosystem stark beeinflussen. Die Klimabedingungen im Alpenraum ab dem zweiten Jahrtausend v. Chr. sind in etwa mit jenen zwischen Mitte des 19. und Mitte 2o. Jahrhundert n. Chr. vergleichbar (Nicolussi 2oo9, 121). Verschiedene Proxydatensätze deuten für diesen Zeitraum auf eine sich verändernde Niederschlagssaisonalität, hin zu mehr Niederschlag im Sommer (Nicolussi 2oo9, 119).
Aus archäologischer Sicht ist der Übergang vom Neolithikum zur frühen Bronzezeit in den zentralen Ostalpen durch einen massiven Siedlungsausbau gekennzeichnet, der auch peripher gelegene Talschaften miteinbezieht. Diese Landnahme zeichnet sich im archäologischen Fundbild in einer intensivierten Nutzung der alpinen Hochlagen ab, also der Gebiete oberhalb von 2ooo m.ü.M. Bestätigt wird dieses Bild durch neue palynologische und (paläo-)pedologische Untersuchungen aus der Silvretta-Region im Grenzgebiet zwischen Österreich und der Schweiz. Diese legen für diesen Zeitabschnitt verstärkten menschlichen Eingriff im Waldgrenzbereich in Form von Brandrodung nahe, der mit einer Zunahme von Weide- und Kulturzeigerpflanzen einherging.
Die hier präsentierten Forschungen zeigen auf, dass die Intensivierung der Hochlagennutzung in den zentralen Ostalpen zu Beginn der Bronzezeit parallel mit der Aufsiedlung der inneralpinen Talschaften verlief und nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand wohl weitgehend unabhängig von etwaigen klimatischen Stressoren vor sich gegangen sein dürfte.

Literatur
K. Nicolussi, Klimaentwicklung in den Alpen während der letzten 7ooo Jahre. In K. Oeggl/M. Prast (Hrsg.), Die Geschichte des Bergbaus in Tirol und seinen angrenzenden Gebieten. Impulsreferat zum 3. Milestone-Meeting des SFB HiMAT vom 23.-26.1o.2oo8 in Silbertal. Innsbruck University Press, 2oo9, 1o9–24.


The poster will present the results of recent investigations into the impact of the climate on the use of high-altitude Alpine areas during the transition between the Neolithic period and the Early Bronze Age in the central Eastern Alps – Grisons (Switzerland), Tyrol and Vorarlberg (Austria), and Vinschgau Valley (Italy) – using archaeological, palaeoenvironmental and pedological proxy data.
High-alpine areas are particularly sensitive to environmental change. Even the slightest climatic variation can have a significant impact on the ecosystem. From the second 2nd millennium BC onwards, the climatic conditions in the Alps would have been comparable to those from the mid-19th to the mid-2oth centuries AD (Nicolussi 2oo9, 121). Various proxy datasets suggest that seasonal precipitation changed during this particular phase towards increased precipitation in summer (Nicolussi 2oo9, 119).
From an archaeological point of view the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in the central Eastern Alps was characterised by a massive settlement expansion which also included peripheral valleys. In the archaeological record this expansion manifests itself in a more intense use of high-altitude areas, i.e. areas over 2ooo m a.s.l. This is supported by palynological and (palaeo) pedological investigations recently carried out in the Silvretta region in the border area between Austria and Switzerland. They suggest that the period was characterised by increased human impact in the treeline areas as attested to by land-clearances using the slash-and-burn method, along with an increase in pasture and anthropogenic indicator plants.
The research presented here shows that the increased use of high-altitude areas in the central Eastern Alps at the beginning of the Bronze Age occurred at the same time as the settlement expansion in the inner alpine valleys and, according to the current state of research, would largely have taken place independent of any climatic stressors.

References
K. Nicolussi, Klimaentwicklung in den Alpen während der letzten 7ooo Jahre. In K. Oeggl/M. Prast (Hrsg.), Die Geschichte des Bergbaus in Tirol und seinen angrenzenden Gebieten. Impulsreferat zum 3. Milestone-Meeting des SFB HiMAT vom 23.-26.1o.2oo8 in Silbertal. Innsbruck University Press, 2oo9, 1o9–24.
Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near... more
Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near the village of Ardez in the Lower Engadine Valley (Switzerland) since the Late Neolithic Period. Pollen, charcoal particles and non-pollen palynomorphs preserved in the Saglias and Cutüra peat bog stratigraphies were quantified and the results compared with the regional archaeological evidence. Anthropogenic deforestation using fire started around 4850 cal. BP at Saglias and aimed at establishing first cultivated crop fields (e.g. cereals) and small pastoral areas as implied by the positive correlation coefficients between charcoal particles and cultural and pastoral pollen indicators, as well as spores of coprophilous fungi. Pressure on the natural environment by humans and livestock continued until 3650 cal. BP and was followed by reforestation processes until 3400 cal. BP because of climatic deterioration. Thereafter, a new, continuous cultivation/pastoral phase was recorded for the Middle to Late Bronze Age (3400–2800 cal. BP). After rather minor human impact during the Iron Age and Roman Period, intensive agriculture was recorded for the Medieval Period. The area around Ardez was used for crop cultivation from about 1000 cal. BP until the start of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (600 cal. BP). Despite a land-use reorganisation, the following gradual decrease in agricultural activities led to the extant mixture of a cultivated, grazed and forested landscape in the Lower Engadine. In addition, this study demonstrates the excellent value of the fungus Gelasinospora as a highly local marker of past and today’s fire incidents, as well as of the use of micro-charcoals from pollen slides and macro-charcoals (>150 µm) from pollen sample residues for the reconstruction of short- and long-term fire histories.
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Pfyn culture, lake-dwellings, UNESCO world heritage site, Neolithic, 3650 BC
Archaeological Research in the Seebachtal-Valley. Mesolithic, Neolithic, piledwellings, Bronze Age, Palynology, Archaeozoology, Canton Thurgau
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