3d Modelling

The use of, and interest in, total knee replacements (TKR) has been growing over the last few
decades. Loosening and migration of tibial components have been identified as one of the
primary causes of failure in the proximal tibia. Clinical studies show the use of metal
implants as one of the primary methods for the treatment of knee joints and associated bone
defects. Alignment and fixation techniques play an important role in achieving high success
rates. Defective bone stock requires the use of augments to stabilise the tibial plate. In these
cases, current clinical practice is to use an extended implant stem to ensure stability. The
problem with this is that it reduces the potential for future knee revision
In this research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been used to undertake virtual in-vivo
assessment of various configurations of augmented and non-augmented TKR that can be used
for the treatment of tibial defects. These configurations are based on a standard tibial insert,
namely a fixed bearing revision tibial tray. This has provided insight and information that can
be used to improve surgical decision making when dealing with defective bone stock.
The 3D FE models of a non-defect TKR with a fixed bearing tibial insert showed a stable
construct with stresses lying within an allowable threshold. The use of a stem extension
generally showed a reduction in stress levels in the cancellous bone contributing to an
increase in stress shielding and thus it is recommended that these are not used unless there is
some other overriding clinical requirement.
Further, the analysis demonstrated that, contrary to some clinical opinion, wedge
augmentation (rather than block augmentation) may provide a better approach to treat the
defect. This was largely due to improved cement stress distribution caused by a mechanism
termed “reverse-shear”.
The use of a cement augment was found to provide a more favourable stress distribution in
the cancellous bone. However, metal augments have been recommended as the cement
augment was shown to operate too close to its fatigue endurance limits.

Commentary on Surviving and Thriving in the 21st Century: a discussion and Call to Action on Global Catastrophic Risks (2020) arising from a roundtable of the Commission for the Human Future.
Risks? Threats? Challenges? Goals?
Initiatives articulating global threats, risks, challenges and goals?
How many global threats, risks, challenges and goals merit recognition?
Habitual use of a 10-fold strategic framework?
Systemic perspective potentially implied by "Ten Commandments"?
Eliciting a 10-fold systemic framework
Experimental animations in 3D of 10-fold configurations of strategic dimensions
Strategic comprehension and dimensional compactification
Application to insights offered by the Club of Rome
Reconciling disparate strategic frameworks

The use of digital technologies inside historical studies is not a news, but it cannot be considered completely understood as far as their potentialities are concerned.
Sometimes the use of these technologies is considered just as a different way to represent the results of the
historical researches and not a new opportunity to increase the research strategies or to develop new research methodologies, to disseminate the collected data and the obtained results to the research community.
The diffusion of Information Technology (IT) knowledge, the availability of automatic acquisition instruments for metric survey of complex shapes and the possibility to use the open source platforms mainly devoted to metric and geographic data management open the use of these technologies to an ever increasing number of specialists more involved in other disciplines.
This article will focus on the use of GIS and 3D modelling disciplines inside the historical researches by fixing for each of them the basic concepts and the main advantages/problems that can arise from this new approach.

This study presents the numerical modelling of tunnel segments under thrust loads of an EPB shielded TBM that utilised in Tabriz metro, Iran. Finite element analysis was used for 3D numerical investigations. Three different types of thrust jack configuration including French, German, and Japanese were applied to the segments and their results were compared. The numerical results indicate that the segment cracks are mainly concentrated in the circumfer-ential joints in the French and Japanese configurations while the German configuration has the possibility of crushing in the longitudinal joints. By applying the maximum thrust load, the smallest tensile cracking area was observed in the Japanese configuration in comparison to the others. In the French and German configuration under the maximum thrust load, cracks were developed at the furthest point from the loading surface. Under the minimum thrust load, no crack appears in the Japanese configuration, while tensile cracks were initiated in the French and German configuration under the same load. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of the reinforced concrete (RC) was compared with plain concrete under various thrust loading configurations. Finally, the results of the numerical modelling are compared with the field observations for verifying of them. ARTICLE HISTORY

The creative industries are a growing economic contributor to many developed and developing economies, with the expert use of technology (hardware and software) being critical components. This research sought feedback from graduates and industry supervisors in the 3D animation and modelling segment of the creative industries, regarding which aspects of learning programmes enabled graduates to be most successful when entering their profession. Both surveys and semi-structured interviews were deployed using the snowball-effect, where invitations to participate where shared by creative industry professionals with their colleagues. The survey was hosted online using Google Forms, which allowed the responses to be captured directly to a spreadsheet for analysis to assist the development of questions for the semi-structured interviews with industry supervisors. Industry supervisors were interviewed and recorded for transcription via Skype or Google Hangouts in multiple time zones; this allowed the perspectives of large studio executives to be compared with smaller start-up-firm directors and experienced virtual managers. Basic statistical analysis and standard deviations were used to identify the aspects of programmes of learning that most assisted new graduates to become successful in the industry. Three areas were found to be most impactful and these were used as themes to group the results in an accessible way for educators. The three themes under which the empirical framework is organised are: Approach to Teaching & Learning, Technical Understanding, Knowledge & Skills and Career Preparation. The framework is a unique tool that allows those people most interested in graduate success and preparation for work in the industry to focus their efforts on the areas that matter most and able to improve the state-of-the-art. The findings may encourage institutions, industry executives, students and graduates to collaborate more frequently in ways that share value with each other. The outcome of this research is a framework for the development and review of programmes of learning in the 3D animation and modelling segment of the creative industries. At the time of writing, there is no other framework available that focuses on the preparation of graduates for the 3D animation and modelling segment of the creative industries. The framework’s themes are supported by andragogy, an approach to teaching or ‘pedagogy’ for adult learners. As an approach to teaching, the framework therefore provides a way for teachers to engage with students in a purposeful way. An approach to teaching using andragogy supports educators working in the creative industries due to the problem-solution focus of both creative and commercial work. Andragogy recognises that there may exist different motivations and also constraints on young or mature adults as they pursue commercial and creative careers for financial return, personal satisfaction or both. Andragogy focuses the approach to teaching on a student’s readiness to learn in both formal and informal settings with problem-focused learning experiences, while also providing a structure for the use of self-directed learning and transformational learning. The framework is aligned to Fink’s six dimensions taxonomy for course design. Practically, the framework also recognises some of the more predatory practices found to exist in the time-pressured, client-facing areas of the creative industries. Noting procedures need to be in place for student safety and the protection of the reputation of the institution. Providers of education, particularly those focused on the combination of academic study while also completing industry or trade-specific education can use the framework as a ready-reference guide, ensuring the components that deliver the most impact on graduate success are included in learning experiences, meeting the needs of creative students that wish to pursue careers that may vary widely in the way they operate, in this dynamic and fast-changing industry. The framework is not presented as the only way for students to learn, it does not encourage education providers to restrict the experiences of students to only industry-cloned environments; the framework emphasises the learning experiences that reinforce industry practices as it is particularly focused on preparing graduates for work in the industry rather than academia or research. The framework is not solely for use in universities, as it recognises there are a number of alternatives for student learning such as private training providers, apprenticeships, industry training organisations and others. As such the framework is intended for wider use by any educational organisation that is focused on the 3D animation and modelling segment of the creative industries.

The purpose of this project was to create several methods for achieving non-photorealistic appearance of the objects or, in other words, the goal was to create several different implementations of the cartoonish shader, which can sometimes be referred to as a cel-shader or just toon-shader.

Advancements in GIS has the result of several technologies. Databases, computer mapping, remote sensing, programming, geography, mathematics, computer aided design, and computer science all played a key role in the development of GIS. Today GIS technologies serves as a major tool research studies, invention and innovations. Currently in GIS, shows that many systems are available for web-based mapping and applications, Hence the aim of this paper to discuss the possibility of developing an interactive web-based digital mapping and applications system with crime analysis and with geocoded address system eg.Campus Interactive map locator. In this paper, the datasets come the study area, i.e. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana. The university campus  Contains various facilities and landmarks such as road network, Hall of residence, Offices and Classroom buildings, plants, lamp-posts, and other point-of-interests with Level-of-Details. It is part of this paper to describe the designing and modeling of an interactive digital map with overlay crime analysis map using GIS technology to aid in safety routing, easy navigation and accessibility on the University campus.
The rest of this paper discusses methods and approach for creating the digital Interactive Web-based map Locator in section 2, hence this section forms key discussion of this paper. Section 3 highlights conclusions and some recommendations for future work.

The frequent repetition of visual assets, such as the frequent appearance of a particular game object in a game world or the repetition of a character’s animation cycle, often becomes apparent to players when they encounter such repetition within a short period of time. A certain amount of visual repetition has always been accepted by players, however as technology improves and game worlds tend towards more detail, the repetition of assets in games becomes more obvious. Particularly graphically advanced games require an increasing number of assets to hide the repetition and to create believable game worlds. This paper examines various levels of asset repetition in electronic games and addresses problems that can arise. The paper describes some contemporary approaches used by artists in the industry to hide repetition, and touches on current technologies that might be applied in game development to address this problem.

This poster will provide a summary of the two most common techniques archaeologists employ when making digital 3D models of artefacts – photogrammetry and laser scanning. While the models produced by each method are comparable the methods used to make them are fundamentally different. The required equipment and the workflow involved will be outlined for each method, and the pros and cons in terms of cost, time investment, difficulty and the quality of the end results will be presented.

The need to safeguard and preserve Cultural Heritage (CH) is increasing and especially in Italy, where the amount of historical buildings is considerable, having efficient and standardized processes of CH management and conservation becomes strategic. At the time being, there are no tools capable of fulfilling all the specific functions required by Cultural Heritage documentation and, due to the complexity of historical assets, there are no solution as flexible and customizable as CH specific needs require. Nevertheless, BIM methodology can represent the most effective solution, on condition that proper methodologies, tools and functions are made available. The thesis work, presented here, aims to give a concrete answer to the lack of specific tools tailored for Cultural Heritage documentation. It addresses the implementation of a BIM system aimed at maintenance, conservation and restoration of Cultural Heritage. BIM methodology is addressed from a geomatics perspective, giving on the one hand a contribution especially to survey and database implementation, and, on the other hand, interfacing with other disciplines actors, in order to collaborate and share objectives and strategies. In particular, a specifically designed database was implemented, where all data about the historical building can be stored. A tailored database is necessary to organize historical data that generally are not standardized, have a complex structure and are fuzzy in their description. The application was implemented with the specific aim of providing tools also for non-AEC experts: it gives user-friendly graphical interfaces to access the data and makes available tools for data entry, element modelling, attribute query and thematic mapping. It can be integrated into the main commercial BIM software (at the moment the experimentation has been limited to Revit) or accessed via web. One of the main goals was not to be bounded to a specific software and to make the system usable on a larger scale. Database design and system usability have been the most investigated topics, since to date there are still few studies concerning the organization of semantic data, system usability and data sharing. Nevertheless, all the aspects concerning the application of BIM process to historical assets (level of accuracy, compliance with the surveyed data, parameterization of complex elements, management of deformations and irregularities, integration of pre-existing databases) have been addressed, in order to define a complete methodology. The Cathedral of Parma was chosen as case study to test the methodology, but the system was implemented to be flexible and customizable, in order to apply this methodology to a wide range of historical assets.

The use of computers in the design process depends on the level of development of software that used in the performance of activities in the design process, drawing is perhaps the most important of these activities, digital drawing applications emerged in the beginning of the sixties of the last century, with the emergence of Sketch pad and Architecture, then CAD applications the most famous one in the world of digital drawing are emerged, which is an acronym for Computer-Aided Drafting, those applications had developed to other type of applications that called Graphics Raster, then Object-Oriented Graphics applications , which opened the way for the emergence of a new style of applications to help in the process of drawing that called Building Information modeling internationally known acronym BIM, BIM changed the way of drawing from just point, lines and polygons, to a group of intelligent objects, that means all of the objects that used in BIM applications are architectural objects, consists of a large data base with all information needed to this object, such as object material, finish, acoustics insulation and dimension, by this way, the process of drawing a building using BIM applications done through building complete 3D virtual model, consists of all architecture, structure, mechanical and electrical objects, that led to more productive efficacy in the design process, such as working drawings, table of opening, BOQs and construction time schedules, BIM applications are totally different from CAD applications, Because CAD applications are only drawing applications, but BIM application are complete model of application that can drive with its Possibilities all the stages of the productive dimension in the design process.

Additive manufacturing (AM) or, more commonly, 3D printing has grown in double digits in past years. It has shown its potential example in the medical, automotive, aerospace, and spare part sectors. Personal manufacturing, complex and optimized parts, short series manufacturing and local on-demand manufacturing are some of the current benefits. The development of new materials and equipment has opened up new application possibilities, and equipment is quicker and cheaper using the new materials launched by vendors and material developers. AM has become more critical for the industry but also for academics. Since AM offers more design freedom than any other manufacturing process, it provides designers with a new challenge to design better and more efficient products.

The objective of this Special Issue was to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange their latest achievements and to identify critical issues and challenges for future investigations of the design and applications of additive manufacturing. The Special Issue consists of 5 original full-length articles on the topic

In situ measurements and model simulations were used to analyse the spatial variations of wind speed (U) and leaf boundary layer conductance (g H b), and their effects on leaf transpiration and photosynthesis within the crown of a 20-year-old walnut tree (Juglans regia L.). Wind speed attenuation within the tree crown was strongly correlated to the cumulative leaf area along the wind path into the crown, as deduced from the 3D distribution of the tree foliage, obtained by the combined use of digitizing and allometric relationships. Simulations by the RATP model, i.e., a 3D numerical model of radiation transfer, leaf transpiration and photosynthesis (Sinoquet et al., 1999), were used (i) to study the spatial variations of transpiration, photosynthesis and leaf-to-atmosphere coupling within the tree crown; and (ii) to analyse coupling at tree level, in order to evaluate the sensitivity of total transpiration to climate variations. The main results of the simulations were: (i) spatial variations of stomatal conductance were mainly responsible for the important spatial variation of the leaf-to-air decoupling factor () within the tree crown; (ii) high coupling was observed at tree level, so that whole tree transpiration was primarily controlled by air VPD and secondarily by radiation; (iii) wind velocity and direction influenced only weakly the local transpiration, and had no effect on photosynthetic rates.

Terminological preamble regarding tone-of-voice
Recognized importance of tone-of-voice in a variety of contexts
Recognition of the variety of tones-of-voice
Confrontation of human values and checklists of tones-of-voice
Tone-of-voice clustering in terms of value polarities
Higher order integration of strategic voice
Evoking imaginative appreciation of possibilities of tone-of-voice coherence
Insights from diamond as symbolic of the highest value
Tone-of-voice insights from music and the organization of the Tonnetz
Relevance of tone-of-voice to global strategy presentation
Reframing Spaceship Earth as Toneship Earth?

Articulation of global governance through the language of flowers?
Self-similarity design patterns as exponential bullshit?
Global governance bullshit combining exponential growth and suboptimal distribution?
Lessons from nature on exponential growth and optimal distribution
Possibility of "psychosocial photosynthesis"?
Optimization of psychosocial "light capture"
Turn-taking as the psychosocial analogue of phyllotaxis?
Variety of suggestions for construction of the Fibonacci spiral in 3D
Experimental construction of the Fibonacci spiral in 3D
Expression and constraint as framed by Fibonacci spiral in 3D
From "on the square" through "in the box"
Spiralling transition comprehended through metaphor
Implication in multiple spirals -- spiral complementarity
Comprehensibility and appreciation of psychosocial phyllotaxis in governance

3D DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN THE UNDERWATER PARK OF BAIAE
F. Bruno, A. Lagudi, A. Gallo, M. Muzzupappa, B. Davidde Petriaggi, S. Passaro

This paper presents some experimentations, which have been conducted in the submerged archeological Park of Baiae, aimed to identify the problems related to the underwater 3D documentation process. The first test has been addressed to verify if a dense stereo mapping technique, usually employed in terrestrial and aerial applications, might be employed in critical underwater conditions by assessing the influence of different factors on the results. In the second test, the accuracy of the 3D model obtained through this technique has been evaluated. The third test deals with the geo-localization of the 3D models, conducted by merging the optical and acoustic data, through a multi-resolution bathymetric map of the site as a reference.

Cup-and-rings, cup-marks, penannulars and wavy lines, are some of the main motifs composing Atlantic Rock Art’s iconography. These symbols were extensively carved, during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, on outcrops and boulders of many regions across western Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. The homogenous morphology of the imagery was identified by a few authors in the 1950s (e.g. Eóin MacWhite) and it was used to argue for a common origin of the tradition, a suggestion that had never been systematically assessed. This chapter discusses the results of a research project set out to investigate the unity of Atlantic Rock Art in western Europe, through a multiscalar and interdisciplinary methodology. It will emphasise the results obtained at its smaller scale, encompassing different components of the rock art’s imagery, scrutinizing in detail the motifs, their shapes, morphological characteristics, carving techniques, which provided an interesting insight into the making process and Atlantic Art’s chaîne operatoire. The study demonstrated that there are many ways of achieving a similar visual result and that many of these techniques and other particularities of the designs are present simultaneously in distant regions. Furthermore, it argued that only a process of intentional teaching could explain the wide distribution of the carvings. This chapter focuses on the regions of the Machars Peninsula (Scotland) and Iveragh Peninsula (Co. Kerry, Ireland), whose rock was studied in depth, and whose similarities and differences demonstrated that these areas maintained a strong connection with each other, but also regional personalities.

The model RATP (radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis) is presented. The model was designed to simulate the spatial distribution of radiation and leaf-gas exchanges within vegetation canopies as a function of canopy structure, canopy microclimate within the canopy and physical and physiological leaf properties. The model uses a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the canopy (i.e. an array of 3D cells, each characterized by a leaf area density). Radiation transfer is computed by a turbid medium analogy, transpiration by the leaf energy budget approach, and photosynthesis by the Farquhar model, each applied for sunlit and shaded leaves at the individual 3D cell-scale. The model typically operates at a 20–30 min time step. The RATP model was applied to an isolated, 20-year- old walnut tree grown in the field. The spatial distribution of wind speed, stomatal response to environmental variables, and light acclimation of leaf photosynthetic proper- ties were taken into account. Model outputs were compared with data acquired in the field. The model was shown to simulate satisfactorily the intracrown distribution of radiation regime, transpiration and photosynthetic rates, at shoot or branch scales.

This dissertation work describes a methodology for the analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete (RC) tall bridge piers with various cross sections (Solid Circular and Double Cylindrical) and its foundation, which are typically used in deep valley bridge viaducts. Piers are usually considered tall when the shaft has a height of 30 m or more. Three different cross sections of tall piers have been studied for road bridges varying 30m and 100m in height and also varying grade of concrete from M40, M50, M60 and M70 of pier. Cost comparison has been carried out of tall pier road bridges. The aim of this study is to generate database for preliminary design of tall pier R.C. bridges under seismic loading. Using the database, the user would be able to establish design of the bridges, given the structural scheme and other design parameters, Understanding the behaviour of tall pier bridges under seismic condition and also Design of Pier as per IRC: 112-2011 (Limit State) and Design of Pile Foundation as per IS: 2911-2010 part-II. The study report contains charts that represent material quantities and cost for initial estimates for different types of pier forms for tall bridges. From the study it seems that most suitable pier height for tall bridges is in between 70 m to 80 m. It also represent that most efficient L/D Ratio is in between 21 to 22.5.

The project developed to valorise the history of the ex-church of St Ponziano consists of a virtual environment system for the fruition and the communication of spatial data, through techniques of 3D modelling and animation. We collected and produced very high quality graphic material, that might be used as a support for future applications, according to the needs of public fruition.

Dipartimento di Architettura e Disegno Industriale "Luigi Vanvitelli", Corso di Laurea in Design e Comunicazione, aa 2015-16, Corso di Abilità Informatiche, docente arch. Pasquale Argenziano
Materiale didattico sui fondamenti essenziali dell’elettronica e dell'informatica

Palaeolithic stone plaquettes are a type of mobiliary art featuring engravings and recovered primarily from Magdalenian sites, where they can number from single finds to several thousand examples. Where context is available, they demonstrate complex traces of use, including surface refreshing, heating, and fragmentation. However, for plaquettes with limited or no archaeological context, research tends to gravitate toward their engraved surfaces. This paper focuses on 50 limestone plaquettes excavated by Peccadeau de l'Isle from Montastruc, a Magdalenian rockshelter site in southern France with limited archaeological context; a feature common to many art bearing sites excavated across the 19th and early 20th Centuries. Plaquette use at Montastruc was explored via a programme of microscopy, 3D modelling, colour enhancement using DStretch©, virtual reality (VR) modelling, and experimental archaeology, the latter focusing on limestone heating related to different functional and non-functional uses. While the limited archaeological context available ensures the results remain only indicative, the data generated suggests plaquettes from Montastruc were likely positioned in proximity to hearths during low ambient light conditions. The interaction of engraved stone and roving fire light made engraved forms appear dynamic and alive, suggesting this may have been important in their use. Human neurology is particularly attuned to interpreting shifting light and shadow as movement and identifying visually familiar forms in such varying light conditions through mechanisms such as pareidolic experience. This interpretation encourages a consideration of the possible conceptual connections between art made and experienced in similar circumstances, such as parietal art in dark cave environments. The toolset used to investigate the Montastruc assemblage may have application to other collections of plaquettes, particularly those with limited associated context.

Negli ultimi anni, grazie ai nuovi sensori e alle nuove tecniche di rilevamento tridimensionale sono stati avviati importanti progetti di rilevamento e restituzione di Beni culturali in forma digitale; in ambito archeologico sono però emerse alcune criticità nella definizione di scopi e precisi obiettivi. L’articolo si concentra su alcuni problemi emersi nell’applicazione delle tecnologie 3D in contesti archeologici e in generale sul ruolo dell’archeologia nel rilevamento e nella modellazione tridimensionale. Sono presentati anche alcuni spunti per un approccio metodologico alla descrizione semantica di elementi archeologici, basati sia su riflessioni teoriche che su esperienze dirette.