Accumulation

What is money? What is an economy? Why is money so addictive?  What is accumulation? What is capitalism? What are the problems caused by capitalist accumulation. These are all question examined in this introductory overview of money, the economy, and the global financial system.

This work is suitable for introductory and even advanced courses where clarity and precision vis a vis the economic realities of this planet are a pedagogical goal.

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Hogyan képzeljük el a magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetét? Terhes babapiskótaként? Piramisként vagy körteként? Az összetett és elvont jelenségek megértését megkönnyíti, ha már ismert dolgokhoz hasonlítjuk. A metaforák egy határig mozgósítják a képzelőerőt. E könyv a félperifériás magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetét egy olyan csepphez hasonlítja, amely az elmúlt négy évtizedben mindinkább széthúzódott. Egyaránt nőtt a távolság a felül és az alul levők, az uralkodó és az alávetett helyzetűek, a tőkések és a munkások között. Vajon mi okozza az egyenlőtlenségek növekedését, az élethelyzetek eltávolodását, a társadalmi felemelkedés és lecsúszás esélyének alacsony szintjét? A kötet válaszai szerint egyfelől a globális kapitalizmus, a tőkés világrendszer dinamikája, másfelől a magyar államot elfoglaló osztályok és osztályfrakciók politikája. A magyar társadalom osztályszerkezete csepp a kapitalista világrendszer tengerében. Egyetlen apró alkotóelemként sűrítve foglalja magába az egész valamennyi feszítő ellentmondását. A könyv célja, hogy közelebb vigyen a változáshoz. A félperifériás magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetének feltérképezésével átalakításának ügyét kívánja előremozdítani. Azért akarja működését feltárni, hogy egyesült erővel, közösen változtathassuk meg.

The popularity of shoe polishes started in mid-19 th century and continued throughout the 20 th century leading to the rise of leather and synthetic shoe manufacture. Substances like wax and tallow have been used as starting materials for shoe polish hundreds of years ago, and these material combinations are still in use today. Modern shoe polish production employed a mixture of natural and synthetic materials that include wax, lanolin, naphtha, ethylene glycol; turpentine, oil soluble dyes, and gum Arabic were processed by straight forward chemical engineering method. Flow charts are drawn to show typical industrial process; the material balances are conducted through accumulation in which 70% and 30% feed solutions of MA and MB streams contained 2kg and 1kg respectively were mixed then fed into the heater unit at 100°C. The batch process showed that the law of mass conservation exists where input is equal to output. Laboratory determination of product quality was carried out, the shoe polish showed density ≤ 0.99kg/L, specific gravity of 1.01, flash point >93°C using setaflash closed cup, 84-89% of kiwi liquid wax shoe polish was volatile, shoe polish was dispersible in water. Appearance: liquid wax shoe polish can be neutral, black, brown, blue, or red.

A review of the more important aspects of geology with respect to petrophysics. A concise description of the origins of the principle types of sedimentary rocks associated with petroleum that supply the reserves for petroleum is provided. This is followed by theories on the origins of petroleum hydrocarbons, their migrations (sometimes over unusually long distances) to geologic traps where they establish the reservoirs of petroleum. The chapter ends with a discussion of the nature of the subsurface environments where petroleum is found and the properties and chemistry of petroleum and its products.

In the literature, it is argued that the Fordist regime of accumulation has gradually been replaced by a finance-driven regime. We argue that the contemporary regime in the UK could be best characterized as a finance- and real estate-driven regime. Like Fordism, the new regime is thought to fuel the economy by propping up consumption, but unlike the Fordist regime it does not seek to do so through job creation or high and steady wages, but rather through private money creation and real estate price inflation. The reliance of the economy on private housing debt rather than public debt—‘privatised Keynesianism’ (Crouch, 2009)—is a key element of the new regime. The state has not simply facilitated the rise of the new regime but has put its faith in the financial and real estate sectors—both residential and commercial—to prop up the economy. Different layers of the UK government have favoured real estate development and investment, in part enabled by disintermediation and lobbying. For a while, the finance- and real estate-driven regime seemed to create economic growth. Although the regime appeared fragile during the financial crisis of 2007–2009, the neoliberal mode and its accompanying finance- and real estate-driven regime were saved and the dominance of finance and real estate have deepened. This paper is based on the analysis of publicly available statistics, policy and advocacy documents and 39 in-depth interviews with real estate professionals. 
Key words: real estate sector; financialisation; regulation approach; economic growth; United Kingdom; in-depth interviews

Las ganancias son el objetivo central de la producción y el motor de la acumulación. Es el criterio último que utiliza el capitalista en la selección de nuevas técnicas de producción, y por ende una de las variables clave que condicionan el nivel y ritmo de acumulación y crecimiento. Sin embargo, no existe una única definición de ganancias y las diversas teorías económicas suelen asignarle un disímil grado de importancia. El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar, revisar y comparar las posturas teóricas neoclásicas, keynesianas, postkeynesianas y marxistas en relación a la naturaleza de las ganancias, su rol y principales determinantes así como examinar las implicancias que tiene el abordar esta temática de modo diferente. Abstract Profits are the main goal of production and the engine of capitalist accumulation. It is the ultimate criterion used by capitalists in the selection of new production techniques, and thus one of the key variables that conditions the level and rate of accumulation and growth. However, there is no single definition of profit nor the different economic theories assign equal importance. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the neoclassical, Keynesian, Post Keynesian and Marxist theoretical frameworks regarding the nature of profits, their determinants and role in accumulation, as well as to examine the implications of approaching this issue differently.

The essay argues that a Marxist materialist analysis is fundamental in understanding and articulating the current international social/economic conjuncture. We sketch the theoretical framework underlying such an analysis, apply this framework broadly to describing the key phenomena defining our era, and draw some general strategic conclusions on what political approach and tasks revolutionary Marxists should be currently focusing on.

Excel and VBA example of the 'Perfect Withdrawal Rate (PWR) method as per Suarez, E.D., Suarez, A. and Walz D.T., (2015).

'Based on the Paper Developing a Measure of Sequence Risk by Andrew Clare et al - 'The Perfect Withdrawal Amount: A Methodology for Creating Retirement Account Distribution Strategies, Trinity University Working Paper.

A partir de finales de los años noventa  se puede detectar un verdadero giro, impulso o constante entre artistas, teóricos y comisarios de exposiciones, una constante o un giro hacia la consideración de la obra de arte “ en tanto que archivo” o “como archivo” que convive con otras tendencias o giros que centran su atención en lo etnográfico y en lo micropolítico.
Esta voluntad de liberar al archivo de su visión estandarizada que evoca  un inerte repositorio  de artefactos históricos y de convertirlo en un activo y discursivo sistema  se expresa en la voluntad de transformar el material histórico oculto, fragmentario o marginal en un hecho físico y espacial caracterizado por su interactividad: “los artistas del archivo convierten en físicamente presente una información histórica en ocasiones perdida, otras desplazada” sostiene Hal Foster. En este sentido, tanto si se hace referencia a la arquitectura del archivo ( o complejo físico de información) como a la lógica del archivo como matriz conceptual de citas y yuxtaposiciones , los materiales de la obra de arte “en tanto que archivo” pueden ser o bien encontrados (imágenes, objetos y textos) o bien construidos, públicos y a la vez privados, reales y también ficticios o virtuales.
En este último caso, el medio propio del arte del archivo sería la  cultura digital o la  red de Internet que confunde y replantea los límites entre lo privado y lo público y que obliga a un desplazamiento  del “espacio archivo”, unido a la arquitectura, al “tiempo archivo” , vinculado a la virtualidad de la red. Es entonces cuando los datos del archivo pierden su inmovilidad espacial en aras de adoptar una operatividad dinámica y convertirse en un índice temporal (Wolfgang Ernst, “The Archive as Metaphor. From Archival Space to Archival Time”, en Open. Cahier on Art and the Public Domain. Número Especial (No) Memory. Storing and recalling in contemporary art and culture, nº 7, 2004, pp. 46-53).  Más allá del archivo en su antigua cualidad “arcóntica”, la cultura digital genera, en este sentido, una nueva “cultura de la memoria”.

Democracy is in crisis around the globe. Hungary was long heralded as a champion of political and economic liberalization in postsocialist Eastern Europe. However, the country recently emerged as a striking example of the current wave of autocratization. Starting from the premise that political regimes are the results of class compromises, in this paper, I argue that Hungary’s authoritarian turn is in part rooted in the reconfiguration of the dominant power bloc and the concomitant change in the state’s strategy. The aim of this article is twofold. Firstly, I analyze the socio-economic roots of Hungary’s authoritarian turn and propose a new, theoretically driven causal narrative challenging and extending existing accounts. Relying on macro-statistics and a new dataset on the economic elite, I describe how the collapse of the class compromise that sustained the post-socialist liberal competition state engendered the revolt of the national bourgeoisie and the rise of the new authoritarian regime of accumulation. Secondly, I offer a new conceptualization regarding the political-economic nature of the new regime: the accumulative state. I empirically identify the political instruments through which the accumulative state props up capital accumulation and the ensuing social conflicts. Instead of portraying Hungary as a divergence from liberal capitalist norms based on a textbook view of markets, I situate authoritarian politics in the logic of capital accumulation. However, I stress that the post-2010 accumulative state serves only short-term capital accumulation and fails to enact long-term structural transformation.

Ursprüngliche Akkumulation, Marx’s term for the logically paradoxical phenomenon of an accumulation that is both the effect and the origin of capitalist accumulation, has been the topic of nearly endless debate since the publication of Das Kapital. Many of the analyses of this concept have centered on the place of this phenomenon in largely stage-ist accounts of national and/or epochal histories.  In this essay, I revisit those debates, and argue for a translation of the term not as “primitive accumulation,” but “originary accumulation,” on the basis that it is neither a stage nor a finite process but a recursive phenomenon that is necessarily repeated within the life-history not only of every economic system, but of every subject. Moreover, I suggest that the concept needs to be understood in terms not only of what is surpassed but of what is foreclosed. In concluding I argue that personal indebting in the era of global finance is a mode of ursprüngliche Akkumulation, precisely to the extent that it subjects individuals in a manner that forecloses the possibility of an alternative economic order.

This book presents Ibn Khaldūn's anticipatory sociology of civilizations and power. Half a millennium before the birth of modern sociology in the West, Ibn Khaldūn-scholar, political counsellor, and Malikite judge-wrote a revolutionary sociological-philosophical treatise, the Muqaddima. This book places his broad, complex, and refined treatise against the background of the Islamo-Greek culture of his time and analyses its main sociological, but also philosophical, historical, and scientific perspectives. Finally, thanks to its "universalisable" core, the author recontextualizes the teachings from the Muqaddima to reveal the deep insights it provides into the society, politics and law of contemporary liberal and multicultural civilizations. A deeper reception of Ibn Khaldūn's perspective is not only important in understanding the Arab contribution to social theory, social history and philosophy, but also diversifies the sociological project beyond the Euro-American standpoint. Given its interdisciplinary appeal, the book addresses a wide readership of students and scholars in sociology, the sociology of law, philosophy of law, philosophy of history, political philosophy, history of civilizations, political sociology, and Arabic studies.

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine Co accumulation pattern in bodies of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis Baird & Girard, 1853) at differing flow rates and concentrations following a 180 hours of exposure period. Co values in each experimental group were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). We found no differences in the mean accumulated Co level between experimental groups.

For Aristotle, a just political community has to find similarity in difference and foster habits of reciprocity. Conventionally, speech and law have been seen to fulfill this role. This article reconstructs Aristotle’s conception of currency (nomisma) as a political institution of reciprocal justice. By placing Aristotle’s treatment of reciprocity in the context of the ancient politics of money, currency emerges not merely as a medium of economic exchange but also potentially as a bond of civic reciprocity, a measure of justice, and an institution of ethical deliberation. Reconstructing this account of currency (nomisma) in analogy to law (nomos) recovers the hopes Aristotle placed in currency as a necessary institution particular to the polis as a self-governing political community striving for justice. If currency was a foundational institution, it was also always insufficient, likely imperfect, and possibly tragic. Turned into a tool for the accumulation of wealth for its own sake, currency becomes unjust and a serious threat to any political community. Aristotelian currency can fail precisely because it contains an important moment of ethical deliberation. This political significance of currency challenges accounts of the ancient world as bifurcated between oikos and polis and encourages contemporary political theorists to think of money as a constitutional project that can play an important role in improving reciprocity across society.

Link to this article: https://englishkyoto-seas.org/2018/12/vol-7-no-3-jeff-tan/ View the table of contents for this issue: https://englishkyoto-seas.org/2018/12/vol-7-no-3-of-southeast-asiasn-studies/ Subscriptions: http://englishkyoto-seas.org/mailing-list/ For permissions, please send an

Analysis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster and the accumulatory decline of BP demonstrates both the analytical efficacy of the capital-as-power (CasP) approach to value theory, and the irreducible role of objects in the process of accumulation. Rather than productivity per se, accumulation depends on control of productivity. Owners’ control is over both the human and non-human components of systems of production, which transcend the standard categories of culture/politics/economics/technology. Capitalization translates the irreducible social order, things and all, that bear on accumulation into commensurable units of capital. The decline of BP in the wake of the disaster expressed the market’s falling confidence in the obedience of the entities that bear on its profits, including the things that comprise its productive capacity.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to quantify three major non-biodegradable solid wastes (NBDSW) viz. plastics, synthetic rubber and glass in the Mithi river of Mumbai. The results of present investigation indicates that in initial collection, contribution due to plastic materials varies from minimum 34.3% to maximum 62.7%, synthetic rubber materials between 35.0% and 59.5%, while glass materials between 2.2% to 6.2%. Similarly in final collection, contribution of plastic materials was minimum 23.4% and maximum 34.7%, that of synthetic rubber was between 62.0% and 70.1%, while glass contributes to minimum 3.5% and maximum 6.9%. These NBDSW materials where one of the major factor for water logging along Mithi river causing havoc among the urban people in general, and the poor, in particular, especially those living in substandard housing in the most vulnerable locations along the Mithi river during 26 July, 2005 deluge in Mumbai. The accumulation of most of NBDSW materials can be controlled by clearing them at the point source itself, by relocating the small scale processing unit, controlling the encroachment by hutments along the River, by recycling and incineration.

Following its global emergence, the blue economy agenda is now touted as a mechanism through which the Republic of Namibia can achieve long-term sustainable and equitable growth. In (re)defining the ocean, seabed mining has been central to these discussions. Drawing on fieldwork and semi-structured interviews undertaken with key actors in Namibia and South Africa, between 2016 and 2017, as well as recent policy debates and discourse surrounding the potential extraction of marine phosphate in Namibia this article critically examines the framing of the marine environment as an extractive space. The blue economy presents opportunities for new forms of capitalist accumulation and this has resulted in struggles over who can accumulate in the marine sphere. This article therefore analyses the emerging and competing claims to sovereignty over this "new" resource frontier, including by state and non-state actors, and identifies which actors have been included or excluded from the blue economy agenda. In discussing sovereignty over this frontier and resources therein, it undertakes a rigorous analysis of the complications created by the ocean as a three-dimensional, voluminous, "borderless" space. Résumé Après son émergence à l'échelle mondiale, le programme de l'économie bleue est désormais présenté comme un mécanisme permettant à la République de Namibie de réaliser une croissance durable et équitable à long terme. Dans la (re) définition de l'océan, l'exploitation des fonds marins a été au centre de ces discussions. À l'aide de travaux sur le terrain et d'entretiens semi-structurés menés entre 2016 et 2017 avec des acteurs clés en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, ainsi que des débats politiques récents concernant le potentiel d'extraction du phosphate marin en Namibie, cet article examine de manière critique le rôle du «espace extractif». S'appuyant sur les récents débats politiques et débats entourant l'extraction potentielle de phosphate marin en Namibie, cet article examine de manière critique le cadrage de l'environnement marin en tant qu'espace d'extraction. L'économie bleue offre de nouvelles possibilités d'accumulation capitaliste, ce qui a entraîné des conflits pour déterminer qui peut s'accumuler dans le monde marin. Cet article analyse donc les revendications de souveraineté émergentes et concurrentes sur cette «nouvelle» frontière de ressources, notamment d'acteurs étatiques et non étatiques, et identifie les acteurs qui ont été inclus ou exclus du programme de l'économie bleue. En discutant de la souveraineté sur cette frontière et des ressources qui s'y trouvent, il entreprend une analyse rigoureuse des complications créées par l'océan en tant qu'espace tridimensionnel, volumineux et «sans frontières». Mots clés: Namibie, exploitation minière des fonds marins, souveraineté, frontière, économie bleue, ZEE Resumen Tras su surgimiento global, la agenda económica azul es ahora publicada como un mecanismo con el que la República de Namibia puede alcanzar un crecimiento sustentable y equitativo de largo plazo. Al (re)definir el océano, la explotación minera de fondos marinos ha sido central en estas discusiones. Utilizo el trabajo de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores clave en Namibia y Sudáfrica entre 2016 y 2017, y el análisis de los recientes debates sobre políticas en torno a la posible extracción de fosfato marino en Namibia, para examinar críticamente el marco del entorno marino como "espacio extractivo." Con base en los recientes debates sobre políticas y discursos de la potencial extracción de fosfato marino en Namibia, este artículo hace un examen crítico del marco del ambiente marino como espacio de extracción. La economía azul presenta oportunidades para nuevas formas de acumulación capitalista, lo que ha resultado en una lucha para quienes pueden acumular en la esfera marina. Por lo tanto, este artículo analiza la emergencia y la variedad de demandas de soberanía por parte de actores oficiales y no oficiales, sobre este "nuevo" recurso de la última frontera; además, identifica qué actores han sido incluidos o excluidos de la agenda de la economía azul. En la discusión de la soberanía sobre esta frontera y los recursos que ahí se encuentran, se hace un riguroso análisis de las complicaciones creadas por el océano como un espacio tridimensional, voluminoso y "carente de fronteras." Palabras clave: Namibia, explotación minera del fondo marino, soberanía, frontera, economía, EEZ

In this introduction, we aim to demystify the concept of wealth, too entangled in financial discourses, which have generally reduced it to ‘accumulated assets’. This is at odds with the intricate cultural history of wealth as a concept, as well as with abundant anthropological accounts, instead defining wealth as a question of reproduction, relational flows and life vitality. When we view wealth as firstly a product of relational capacities, we begin to understand the processes wherein it is constantly being pulled at from forces that demand appropriation, be that finance, community or state. We therefore outline wealth as a triangular phenomenon between capital, the commons, and power. Careful at the dynamics between such forces, we structure our analysis around the paradoxical social processes where wealth, originating in every day relationships and human reproduction, is continually exposed to claims – such as market alienation, but also ‘commoning’, or governmental state control.

Soil and plant samples (root and shoot) of Prosopis juliflora were collected in the vicinity of metal based foundry units in Coimbatore and assessed for their heavy metal content (Cu and Cd) to ascertain the use of P. juliflora as a green solution to decontaminate soils contaminated with Cu and Cd. The results showed that Cu and Cd content was much higher in plant components compared to their extractable level in the soil. Furthermore, there exist a strong correlation between the distance of the sources of industrial units and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. Accumulation of Cd in roots is comparatively higher than that of shoots. However, in case of Cu no such clear trend is seen. Considering the accumulation efficiency and tolerance of P. juliflora to Cd and Cu, this plant can be explored further for the decontamination of metal polluted soils. On the other hand, in view of heavy metal accumulate the practice of providing foliage and pods as fodder for live stock should be avoided.

Ancient Greece, coinage, growth, limits, Solon, Xenophon In this essay I look for glimpses of growth ideology in Classical Athens, a society in the throes of monetisation. I ask whether the Ancient Greeks knew, in any meaningful sense, the growth paradigm-by which I mean the proposition that economic growth is good, imperative, essentially limitless, and the indispensable remedy for an array of social ills. The sources from which I prepare the argument commence in the Archaic period with Hesiod, and move on to Solon, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Xenophon and Aristotle. Through textual analysis I explore changing attitudes to wealth and accumulation in a society experiencing the expansion and diffusion of all-purpose money and coinage. Forming the core of the essay is a discussion of Xenophon's belief that silver mining opened a path to the infinite expansion of wealth. In this sense of money's limitlessness do we see a premonition of what in modernity became the growth paradigm? Perhaps. However, the economies of Classical Greece were not seedbeds of growth ideology. Xenophon's silver was intended for the polis, and not for continual reinvestment in capital accumulation.

Boat harbours are an increasingly common form of artificial habitat. This paper presents a comparative study of contaminants and foulers of a habitat-forming native kelp (Saccharina latissima) in four marinas and four reference locations along the south-west coast of the UK. Fouling of algal laminae was light (<2% cover) in reference locations, while epibiota cover ranged from 25% to 80% of laminae in marinas. Metals associated with antifouling paints were up to six times more concentrated in algal tissues from marinas than from the reference locations. Marinas also carried the greatest cover and diversity of non-indigenous epibiota on the kelp laminae. This indicates not only a potential stress to kelps in these environments, but also the possibility that detached laminae will act as vectors for the dispersal of non-indigenous species.
The development of boat harbours creates habitats that are high risk source localities for pollution-tolerant fouling organisms.

Per la critica della società che trae ispirazione dal pensiero di Marx, la questione oggi decisiva appare essere come la valorizzazione del forza-lavoro e del capitale, quindi la riproduzione allargata della società, avvenga attraverso il capitale finanziario. Tale questione si pone per l’espansione quantitativa del capitale finanziario e per le nuove forme che esso assume, ma anche per il lavoro. Tal lato del lavoro, infatti, non solo fanno ingresso forme di occupazione
precaria, ma è il lavoro stesso che si dà sempre più in forme e ambiti che vanno oltre la classica produzione industriale. Se dunque capitale e lavoro si valorizzano attraverso nuove forme che sostituiscono quelle classiche della produzione industriale, non è chiaro come tale creazione di valore si realizzi. In particolare, non è chiaro come e se tutte le tecniche che possono essere ricomprese sotto il termine generico di tecniche finanziarie o dallo sganciamento dal gold standard e dal sistema dei cambi fissi all’espansione del sistema del credito
e della creazione di denaro, dall’emissione di azioni e titoli di proprietà di ogni sorta fino ai derivati Ö abbiano contribuito all’ampliamento della riproduzione del capitale e della società nel suo insieme. Non è chiaro come le tecniche e i cicli del capitale finanziario entrino nella valorizzazione della forza-lavoro, e come l’accumulazione del capitale finanziario venga assicurata attraverso il lavoro - o come il finanzcapitalismo si sia sganciato da quella che viene chiamata,
proprio sulla base di tale presunto sganciamento, “economia reale”.

In 1939, the De Beers diamond company faced a dire situation. The company’s accumulation had been dwindling for decades. The Great Depression not only pushed diamond sales to historic lows, it shifted American attitudes around consumption and thriftiness to the detriment of the luxury object. In this article, I bring together Liz McFall’s assertion that advertising needs to be studied as a “specific commercial device” with Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler’s capital-as-power theory of value (CasP), which emphasizes differential accumulation. Both McFall and CasP challenge analyses that treat capitalism as an undifferentiated totality. It is from this perspective of differentiated commercial struggle that I analyze De Beers’ early advertising campaigns as well as the market research by N.W. Ayer that preceded them. My analysis focuses on an educational component intended to transform the diamond knowledge of the masses. The analysis demonstrates how the research informed the campaign that emerged in contingent relation with various facets of American society and was transformed by changes emergent with WWII.

Contemporary anthropological accounts of economic uncertainty often use the concept of hope as a means of recovering human agency in relation to broader socioeconomic structures. At times, however , the emphasis anthropologists place on hope can appear too generically existential. This article argues for a more specific emphasis on the object of hope-an appreciation of more concrete desires held by marginal persons, orienting their economic activity. In the case I unfold from peri-urban central Kenya, low-status male youth are shown to lack the money they require to unlock pleasurable experiences of drinking, a sign of having wealth and the living of a good life. Rendered hopeless, young men turn to crime as an alternative means of realizing their desires for consumption in the short term.

Marx'ın "ursprüngliche akkumulation"kavramı kapitalizmin tarih öncesini değil; şimdisini imleyen, kapitalizmin kurucu öğesidir. Bu makalede kapitalist birikimin nasıl bir süreklilik arz ettiğini, işçi sınıfı ile üretim araçlarının ayrılığını ifade eden "ursprüngliche akkumulation"un sınıf, sınıf savaşı­ mı ve devletle nasıl da iç ilişkili olduğu, kapitalist birikiminin olmazsa olmazının burjuva devleti olduğu tartışılacaktır. Yazının "ek" kısmında "ursprüngliche akkumulation" kavramına Türkçe bir karşılık önerilecektir.

Marx's concept of "ursprüngliche akkumulation' is a constituent of capitalism, which does not signify the prehistory of capitalism as much as it signifies its present.This article argues the con-tinuityofcapitalistaccum ulation process, theessential interrelation between the class, the class struggle, the State and 'ursprüngliche akkumulation", vvhere the latter signifies the separation of the immediate producers from the means of production, and the bourgeois State as a non-sine qua constituent of capitalist accumulation. In the "appendix"section, a nevvTurkish term will be proposed as a proper equivalent to "ursprüngliche akkumulation".

Collecting energy from the time-dependent electrodynamic fields into a vacuum volume can be substantially assisted by spherical metasurfaces wrapped around the respective domains. The combinations of sizes and surface admittances that lead to maximal concentration of power into the cells are identified and enhancement by several orders of magnitude has been recorded. The spatial distribution of the signals in the vicinity of these meta-bubbles unveils the nature of the sustained resonances and demonstrates their ability to wirelessly couple with other equipment nearby. The reported optimal regimes of operation can be employed in integrated photonic systems involving an extensive range of applications from energy storage and optical memory to electromagnetic filtering and power accumulation.

El objetivo del artículo es analizar el ciclo de desarrollo económico iniciado en Argentina tras el colapso de la Convertibilidad en 2001, resultado de la crisis más profunda de la historia del país. En este ciclo, la
economía argentina logró altas tasas de crecimiento entre 2003 y 2008, sin encontrarse con la restricción externa que interrumpía los períodos de crecimiento en décadas anteriores. Describimos las características
de la crisis iniciada a fines de 1998, analizamos los cambios en las políticas económicas del Estado en 2002-2003 y la evolución de las nuevas condiciones de acumulación en 2004-2008, teniendo en cuenta
la influencia de los precios internacionales. Presentamos finalmente las líneas fundamentales del proceso posterior a 2008, que llevaron a la pérdida de competitividad y la desaceleración de la economía en los
últimos dos años, y finalizaron en el actual giro ortodoxo del Gobierno.

In this article the accumulative aspect of rock art is discussed.
In light of the simple fact that we are seeing rock art panels in their final form, questions concerning the interrelation between figures deriving from different time periods are addressed. The author’s aim is to draw attention to the long continuity of rock art sites and show how greater awareness of this aspect will affect
the way we comprehend this material in general. The continuity of rock art sites is exemplified by means of a case study of Nämforsen, located in the province of Ångermanland, northern Sweden.

Neoclassical economics has been built on the assumption of limitless human needs and limited natural resources. The essay aims at challenging this thesis by presenting how scarcity is the result of the surplus production. It introduces the notions of initial advantage, cumulative advantage, and class surplus. It highlights that the way of producing surplus has undergone a basic change when capitalism has become the ruling mode of production: the production of surplus has become subordinated to the objective laws of the market competition instead of the subjective needs of the holders of advantage. This has allowed an enormous increase of the production of surplus expropriated by the propertied class, which is other than the working class. As a result, nowadays enough class surplus is produced to eliminate scarcity overall. The necessity of this elimination is emphasised by the fact that accumulation of advantages based on surplus production that coincides with the production of scarcity and accumulation of disadvantages perpetually rushes to crisis and has devastating impacts both on the society and nature.