Asian Development

This paper examines the policy implications of adopting a development strategy anchored on inclusive growth for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In response to rising inequality, more and more developing Asian countries are embracing inclusive growth, with its focus on creating economic opportunities and ensuring equal access to them, as the goal of development policy. Inclusive growth provides an effective means to create a harmonious society in the PRC. The paper argues that an inclusive growth strategy for the PRC requires continued reforms to keep growth high and sustainable, carefully designed redistributive policy to promote equal access to opportunities, and good governance and strong institutions to ensure economic and social justice and an even playing field. The remarkable economic growth of developing Asia, including the People's Republic of China (PRC), during the last two decades has been accompanied by rapidly rising income and nonincome inequalities. Conc...

In recent years Viet Nam has been pursuing the twin goals of promoting inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and regional development in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The paper surveys transnational corporations (TNCs) with operations in ASEAN, and finds that Viet Nam has now largely achieved its initial objective of being a major FDI recipient. The regional aspect is especially manifest in consumer electronics, although most subsidiaries in Viet Nam still perform assembly- type operations oriented toward the local market. This has to change if Viet Nam is to maintain its development momentum. Under the threat of international competition and in order to maximize the dynamic gains from FDI, Viet Nam has to reorient its policies and emphasize a shift toward targeting efficiency-seeking investments and developing more advanced links with TNC regional and global value chains. This new approach would benefit from a full-scale development of the ASEA...

This study aimed to test empirically the effect of financial and non financial compensation on professionalism and lecturer’s performance. The study population was all lecturers who are certified, public and private lecturers at the private universities in Makassar (Indonesia). Stratified proportional random sampling was used to obtain the total sample of 111 lecturers’. Covariance-based SEM (SEMPLS) with a WarpPLS 5.0 used in this study. The results of the study provide evidence that financial and non financial compensation has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer’s professionalism. Financial compensation has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer performance but non financial compensation did not. The level of professionalism has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer’s performance. Professionalism can be evident as a mediating role in explained effect of financial and non financial compensation on lecturer’s performance.

In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omiss...

Foreign direct investment (FDI) may benefit local firms in the host country through various kinds of spillovers, but it may also raise competition and result in the crowding out of domestic firms. Using detailed firm-level data for the period 2001–2008, this paper examines the aggregate effect of FDI on the survival of domestic private firms in Viet Nam. We estimate the impact of both horizontal and vertical FDI and explore how the presence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) influences the exit hazard for private firms. The results suggest that horizontal and upstream FDI raise the exit hazard significantly, while downstream FDI may reduce the hazard. The presence of SOEs has a direct negative effect on the survival odds of local private firms in the same industry, but there is also an indirect impact on the exit hazard from FDI. Local firms are more vulnerable to foreign entry in sectors with high SOE shares. Looking at the net effects of FDI during the period 2001–2008, we find tha...

This article studies intergenerational occupational persistence using three recent rounds of a nationally representative sample survey from India. More than 60% of Indians are employed in the industry where their fathers are also employed. We find that individuals from Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Hindus have higher occupational persistence than those from the General Class (GEN) and Muslims, respectively. Persistence in general is higher in rural areas. We find considerable interstate and intrastate variations in the incidence across General Category States (GCSs) and Special Category States (SCSs). It has remained almost unchanged among GCSs on average, whereas it has decreased gradually for SCSs. Large inter-regional disparity exists within states between rural and urban areas and between capital and non-capital districts. Such disparity is found to be higher among GCSs. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the GCSs with large and increasing occupational persistence...

Indonesia has introduced a moratorium on the conversion of natural forests to land used for palm oil production. Using a dynamic, bottom-up, interregional computable general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy, we assess several scenarios of the moratorium and discuss its impacts on the domestic economy as well as on regional economies within Indonesia. We find the moratorium reduces Indonesian economic growth and other macroeconomic indicators, but international transfers can more than compensate the welfare losses. The impacts also vary across regions. Sumatra, which is highly dependent on palm oil and is home to forests that no longer have a high carbon stock, receives fewer transfers and suffers the greatest economic loss. Kalimantan, which is relatively less dependent on palm oil and has forests with a relatively high carbon stock, receives more transfers and gets greater benefit. This implies that additional policy measures anticipating the unbalanced impacts of the mo...

Child malnutrition is pervasive and persistent in Asia, and at present rates it will take decades to halve the prevalence—a goal common to many national plans. Nutrition-oriented programs are familiar in most countries, but have far too low coverage and resources, which is wasteful as well as ineffective. A massive expansion of community-based programs is feasible, with well-established activities (usually including support to: antenatal care, breastfeeding, caring practices including complementary feeding, growth monitoring, access to health care). Networks of local workers, ensuring individual contact with families, are the essential feature. Requirements including costs are proposed. Micronutrient deficiency control programs must also be expanded towards universal coverage. Context is crucial to success, important examples being women’s status, social exclusion, political commitment, community organizations, and literacy; policies should be directed to improving these. Assessing ...

The collection development is most essential component in all most all types of libraries more so in scientific and research institute libraries. If library wants to provide an effective library services and information services, library collection play a pivotal role. Therefore library collection (both print and electronic/digital) has been considered as heart of the library. In this paper the researchers made an attempt to study the literature on collection development in scientific and research institute libraries. For the purpose of review LISA and LISTA database are used, upto 2010. The most relevant articles are studies of thoroughly for the purpose of review various facets of collection developments are prepared and same the review the articles under appropriate headings.

The Asian Development Model and Mining Reforms in Indonesia This aim of this paper is to give readers an introduction to the Asian Development Model and use that to examine mining reforms in Indonesia. The paper argues that there is an Asian Development Model and that the Indonesian mining reforms, in particular the requirement over time for 51 percent Indonesian ownership and the ban on the export of unprocessed resources, represent an attempt by the Indonesian state to speed up industrialisation in the country and spread more of the benefits from mining to ordinary citizens in the recently democratised and politically decentralised country. In attempting to show strength however, the Indonesian state is exposing some weakness. The impact on jobs, revenue and production has been adverse although Foreign Direct Investment has increased. This latter may be because it is foreign multinational mining companies who are better placed than local mining enterprises to build smelters. The s...

Universitas Harapan Medan is a leading university in Medan with four faculties divided into fourteen study programs consisting of three vocational programs, ten undergraduate programs, and a postgraduate program.This study aimed to empirically examine the influence of perceptions of accreditation, cost of education, and promotion on the decision of prospective students. It used a quantitative approach. The population and samples were 227 and 145 people respectively. The types of data used were primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires, interviews, literature review, and document review. Tests carried out in this study were validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests including normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedasticity test, hypothesis tests including F test and t test, multiple linear regression analysis, and coefficient of determination (R2). The result of multiple linear regression was Y = 3.882 + 0.294 X...

This paper examines the effects on educational attainment of assistance programs that provided typhoon-resistant secondary schools and instructional resources in the Philippines. Using the variation in the availability of assistance programs and differences in exposure across age cohorts induced by the timing of the allocation of program packages, I find positive and statistically significant impacts on education outcomes for both boys and girls. For boys, the presence of typhoon-resistant schools equipped with instructional resources led to an average increase of 0.26–0.31 years of education, while the presence of instructional resources alone led to an average increase of 0.23–0.26 years of education. For girls, the availability of both components led to an average increase of 0.23–0.32 years of education, while the availability of either component alone did not seem to have an effect.

This paper explores the methodological differences underlying the construction of the national consumption aggregates that are used to estimate international poverty rates for South Asian countries. The analysis draws on a regional dataset of standardized consumption aggregates to assess the sensitivity of international poverty rates to the items included in the national consumption aggregates. A key feature of the standardized aggregate is that it includes the reported value of housing rent for urban Indian homeowners. Using the standardized consumption aggregates reduces the international poverty rate in South Asia by 1.3 percentage points, impacting the status of about 18.5 million people. Comparing standardized and nonstandardized monetary welfare indicators to other nonmonetary indicators suggests that the latter are more consistent with the standardized consumption aggregates. Overall, the results strongly suggest that harmonizing the construction of welfare measures, particul...

Households in developing countries predominantly rely on solid fuel for cooking, which is injurious to both the environment and human health. The provision of clean energy for cooking, therefore, is essential for safeguarding the environment and human health, primarily of women and children in developing countries. Using the 2014–2015 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey and robust econometric methods, this study analyzes different types of energy used for cooking among urban households in Pakistan. The study shows that although urban households in Pakistan mostly use gas for cooking, the use of solid fuels, particularly among poor and relatively less educated households, is pervasive. The econometric findings confirm that households with a higher level of education and wealthy families mainly use clean energy, such as gas, and are less likely to use dirty solid fuels, such as cake dung and crop residue for cooking. Considering the expansion of middle-class househ...

Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise have no other means of gaining financial services. It has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty. The present paper measures the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh. Data have been collected through questionnaires set on five point likert scale. The sample size of the study is 150 respondents. Simple linear regression has been used as the statistical tool for data analysis. The findings revealed that microfinance played a significant role in poverty alleviation and generating employment in selected districts in Uttar Pradesh.

The study investigates the existing scenario of disaster risk reduction (DRR) principles and practices in the schools of developing urban settlement. Bangladesh, being vulnerable due to disaster, has severe condition in some coastal areas due to climate change. People migrate to the capital city, Dhaka for better opportunity. In the last few years, DRR agenda is included in education programs to decrease the number of casualties and distressed people and reduce disaster losses. Increasing susceptibility begets higher risk; hence the study has been conducted focusing on urban disasters, especially Earthquake and Fire hazard. This study follows comprehensive global school safety framework (GADRRRES, 2017) to find out the school safety plan of schools in Dhaka city. It apprehended the viewpoints of children, teachers and local people about the situation of DRR education, plan and practices in schools by conducting FGD, Questionnaire survey. It has been observed although all respondents...

We measure the impact of extreme weather events—droughts and floods—on health-care utilization and expenditures in Sri Lanka. We find that frequently occurring local floods and droughts impose a significant health risk when individuals are directly exposed to these hazards. Individuals are also at risk when their communities are exposed even if they themselves are unaffected. These impacts, especially the indirect spillover effects to households not directly affected, are associated with land use in affected regions and access to sanitation and hygiene. Finally, both direct and indirect health risks associated with floods and droughts have an economic cost: our estimates suggest that Sri Lanka spends $19 million per year directly on health-care costs associated with floods and droughts. This cost is divided almost equally between the public purse and households, with 83% of it spent on flood-related health care and the rest on drought-related health care. In Sri Lanka, both the freq...

The Asian Development Model and Mining Reforms in Indonesia This aim of this paper is to give readers an introduction to the Asian Development Model and use that to examine mining reforms in Indonesia. The paper argues that there is an Asian Development Model and that the Indonesian mining reforms, in particular the requirement over time for 51 percent Indonesian ownership and the ban on the export of unprocessed resources, represent an attempt by the Indonesian state to speed up industrialisation in the country and spread more of the benefits from mining to ordinary citizens in the recently democratised and politically decentralised country. In attempting to show strength however, the Indonesian state is exposing some weakness. The impact on jobs, revenue and production has been adverse although Foreign Direct Investment has increased. This latter may be because it is foreign multinational mining companies who are better placed than local mining enterprises to build smelters. The success of industrialising mining might be at the expense of local capital. In other words state intervention does not always produce all of the desired outcomes. It is not a panacea.

Abstract-- The main purpose of this paper is to present draft guidelines for best practice to form online Three Dimensional (3D) Multi-Users Virtual Environments (MUVE) for education in developing countries. The researcher has introduced Second Life (SL) to graduate students in Bangkok for educational purposes. The best practices refined from relevant documents and research results are presented under four aspects of its management: human, instruction, technology and social (HITS model). The situation in Thailand is similar to other developing countries where the capital city has good and sufficient infrastructure but most people find it more convenient to use the national language rather than English. The obvious barrier, namely, insufficient Internet bandwidth when accessed online 3D MUVE has been found as one of the fundamental issues. Keywords- 3D, best practice, education in developing countries, multi-users virtual

Foreign direct investment (FDI) may benefit local firms in the host country through various kinds of spillovers, but it may also raise competition and result in the crowding out of domestic firms. Using detailed firm-level data for the period 2001–2008, this paper examines the aggregate effect of FDI on the survival of domestic private firms in Viet Nam. We estimate the impact of both horizontal and vertical FDI and explore how the presence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) influences the exit hazard for private firms. The results suggest that horizontal and upstream FDI raise the exit hazard significantly, while downstream FDI may reduce the hazard. The presence of SOEs has a direct negative effect on the survival odds of local private firms in the same industry, but there is also an indirect impact on the exit hazard from FDI. Local firms are more vulnerable to foreign entry in sectors with high SOE shares. Looking at the net effects of FDI during the period 2001–2008, we find tha...

The aim of this research is to identify the voices of women, about their sub- ordination, oppression that has been practiced in Nepalese society and culture through the analysis of lyrics of Ratauli songs. The contradictions between the myths about gender and real experienced (by suffered in realist manner) is also over looked and tried to analyze the situation experience by Women and non-women in Nepali society. To understand the socio-cultural feeling, emotion, aspiration, lyrics of music may be the probable means to analyze what message is provided, what is understood by the people. How message can help to unite the people and what is the role performed by these lyrics of music in society and culture in physical as well as socio-cultural sphere in society and culture.General objectives of this research are to identify the nature, types and dimension of Ratauli songs. Specifically, the formation of Ratauli songs, their contents with various dimensions, culture, social context and ...

In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omiss...

Qingqing Chen is financial economist in the Office of the Controller of the Currency. Chor-Ching Goh and and Lixin Colin Xu are both lead economists in the World Bank. Bo Sun is economist in the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and assistant professor of ...

This study investigates the effects of institution and macroeconomic policy on economic growth in Africa, using panel Cointegration technique to analysed data obtained from a panel  of 50 African Countries covering a period of 25years (1990-2014). The results confirm that declining growth rate in Africa is due to poor management of macroeconomic policies. A weak turning point is also confirmed to exist for government size in the short run; in the long run it becomes more pronounce. The Wald restrictions tests of causality ascertain that institutions lead economic growth performance in the short run, while poor economic growth performance impaired the capacity required in building strong institutions which in turn stunts growth in the long run. Therefore, African leaders should tilt their expenditure in favour of human capital development and strong institution, ensure intra-regional trade and adopt private sector led – economic growth strategy.

The study investigates the importance of poor local labor market conditions in explaining the labor market behavior of married women in urban India. Using nationally representative employment data, we empirically test for the existence of a discouraged worker effect arising from either of two mechanisms: (i) unexplained gender wage gap, or (ii) degree of underemployment. A three-stage, district-level analysis of female labor market behavior was undertaken, and selectivity bias was controlled for by using censored probit in the second stage and trivariate probit with Geweke–Hajivassiliou–Keane smooth recursive simulator technique in the third stage of this multilevel framework. We find evidence that the wage gap discourages women from participating in the labor market and the prevalence of underemployment, in terms of overqualification by occupation, discourages them from exploring better job opportunities by making on-job search efforts.

The construction of dams and reservoirs often comprises the displacement of not only communities but also the livelihood of the communities itself. This study aims to explore the effects of Saguling Dam construction on the livelihood re-establishment of the displaced people, by paying more attention on the sociographic localities of the new settlement, i.e. the rural and peri-urban areas. A survey was conducted on two groups of resettlers equiped with structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the project has imposed hardship on the displaced people in the process of livelihood re-establishment. Beside changes and lost of occupation, lost of resources, and insufficient cash compensation, sociographic localities of the two groups determined their social capital, which was also vital to their livelihood reconstruction.

A debatable consensus on and appropriate approaches to literature review function as the theoretical background of the paper. It redefines the literature review substance, synthesis, and procedure to literature matrix, and literature review assessment. In addition, some implications are to interpret the discussion. Finally, finding of the present study is applicable to any study fields at it generally provides matrix for which writing literature review can be easily conducted. Suggestions, identical to the potential of further studies and its application by on-going researcher and writer, are holistically provided.

The key objectives of current empirical research study to examines the Factors making the change in the current academic performance of business students at the University level as a mediators role of Curriculum, English competency, Students Facilities, Faculty quality and Fee Remission. For this key purpose, primary data was collected by respondents via self-administrative questionnaire. Following econometric models have entertained to expose actual phenomenon: Reliability test was taken to test the consistency among the questions; descriptive statistics were used to determine the data visualizing and data normality; a correlation matrix was applied to quantify individual significance; the linear regression model was used to examine the per-unit and overall volatility in the model; mediation regression test was used for diagnosing the mediation effect and sobal test was used for robustness check of the mediation effect. The result indicates that the previous academic performance of...

The Asian Development Model and Mining Reforms in Indonesia This aim of this paper is to give readers an introduction to the Asian Development Model and use that to examine mining reforms in Indonesia. The paper argues that there is an Asian Development Model and that the Indonesian mining reforms, in particular the requirement over time for 51 percent Indonesian ownership and the ban on the export of unprocessed resources, represent an attempt by the Indonesian state to speed up industrialisation in the country and spread more of the benefits from mining to ordinary citizens in the recently democratised and politically decentralised country. In attempting to show strength however, the Indonesian state is exposing some weakness. The impact on jobs, revenue and production has been adverse although Foreign Direct Investment has increased. This latter may be because it is foreign multinational mining companies who are better placed than local mining enterprises to build smelters. The success of industrialising mining might be at the expense of local capital. In other words state intervention does not always produce all of the desired outcomes. It is not a panacea.