Asian Development

Development, as an ideology and practice, has been a matter of much contestation since its inception at the enlightened period. The way development has been understood, explained and practiced has undergone various experiments and directions over the time. Yet, what development is theoretically and what it should be in practice remains as contested and vague. This article is an attempt to examine the trajectory of development from its origin in the classical modernization to the more contemporary neo-liberal and post-development discourses. It is argued that the way development has been propagated by the modernists as economic growth and positive change has been vehemently challenged by the post-modernists on the ground that development is not only hegemonic, authoritative and dependency creating mechanism that routinely fails and but also produces unintended consequences on the lives of the people. Thus, there has been a growing realization that development needs to be rethought in...

An aggressive national program of rapid modernization following the Korean War remade Seoul into one of the world’s largest cities and a twenty-first century digital metropolis. During this period, hundreds of new skyscrapers, roadways, shopping malls, and bridges characterized a transformed urban landscape and symbolized the emergence of a new urban personality among Seoul’s denizens. The 1994 Seongsu Bridge collapse shook the faith of Koreans in that new society. It fell with the fall of the physical structure, built only fifteen years earlier in 1979. Crossing the Han River and connecting the Gangbuk and Gangnam districts, the bridge was a structural link at the metropolitan center. Viewed in historical, cultural, and geographical context, the history of the Seongsu Bridge itself, from the construction to the doomsday, provides insight into Seoul’s physical transformation and the urban mindset of its residents. Drawing upon historic photographs, maps, engineering illustrations, as well as newspaper records including reports and editorial cartoons and personal experience as a resident of Seoul at that time, I examine the resilience of the city in the aftermath of the collapse, focusing on three different responses from the government, media, and citizens, including the reconstruction of the Seongsu Bridge. Using the notion of a “crack” in the city, I argue that the Seongsu Bridge collapse changed the social system of Korea, strengthened the city dweller’s mindset on safety, and broke the illusion of perfect modernization.

Мир «своих» и «чужих». По праву кровного родства: родовые структуры и брачные стратегии в прошлом и настоящем народов Евразии / The world of ‘Self’ and ‘Others’. By Right of Consanguinity: Clan structures and matrimonial strategies in past and present of Eurasian peoples

В этом выпуске мы предлагаем авторам и читателям рассмотреть проблему взаимоотношений между «своими» и «чужими» в рамках такого исследовательского направления как kinship studies.
Здесь, как ни в какой другой дисциплине, можно обнаружить нагляднейший и в то же время нетривиальный материал, который дает нам возможность изучать механизмы социального группирования и отчуждения / исключения. Различные системы родства и соответствующие им терминологии и иерархии могут показать внимательному наблюдателю как сходства, так и различия в стратегии и тактике интеграции / дифференциации сообществ, а метафоричность языка этих систем позволяет нам вернуться, возможно, на более высоком уровне обобщения, и к масштабу макро-анализа.

In this issue of “Tartaria Magna” we offer our authors and readers to consider a problem of interrelations between “insiders” and “outsiders” within kinship studies research trend. Here, as in no other scholarly discipline, one may come across most illustrative and, at the same time, unconventional research material giving us a chance to study mechanisms of social grouping and estrangement/exclusion. Various system of kinship and their relevant terminologies and hierarchies may expose to an attentive eye both similarities and differences in the strategy and tactics of community integration/differentiation. The metaphorical character of these systems allows us to return, perhaps, at a higher level of generalization, to macro-analysis.

This study empirically analyses the impact of corruption on economic growth in Nigeria, using time series data for the period 1980-2015 analyzed through the ARDL technique.  The result of the Bound test confirmed the existence of Cointegration among the variables. The ARDL results revealed that corruption has a significant negative influence on economic growth both in the short run and long run. It was further confirmed that external debt, agricultural output, and human capital development positively impact growth while FDI and inflation rate endanger growth, in both the short and long run. The result of the interacting term revealed the damaging influence of corruption on the positive impact of human capital expenditure and external debt on economic growth. Based on the findings of the study, it is obvious that achievement of growth that is sustainable will remain elusive in a corrupt environment. The study, therefore recommends that government should strengthen the activities of t...

The contribution of contemporary art practices for Timor-Leste’s national building is highly significant. Especially since the restoration of independence in 2002, both the authorities and the population have been promoting the consolidation of national identity. The change of political landscape has provided the artistic community with a valuable opportunity to identify and propose values, trends, and community symbols of the new nation. Artists have successfully forged a space of artistic and political intervention, but their input has largely been segregated from broader nation-building efforts that characterize those promoted by the official authorities. This ghettoization has enabled artists to maintain a free discourse, imbued with notions of the avant-garde. Yet, their critical messages have not reached local authorities. Instead, their impact remained mostly confined to the attention granted by the international community residing in the country as well as the artist community itself.

This paper establishes a theoretical framework addressing the long-debated issue of efficiency and equity. Empirical evidence shows that a comparative- advantage-following development strategy promotes growth and narrows the income gap, achieving both efficiency in production and equity in income distribution. A review of the past three decades of reform reveals that development in line with the comparative advantage of the

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983–2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise have no other means of gaining financial services. It has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty. The present paper measures the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh. Data have been collected through questionnaires set on five point likert scale. The sample size of the study is 150 respondents. Simple linear regression has been used as the statistical tool for data analysis. The findings revealed that microfinance played a significant role in poverty alleviation and generating employment in selected districts in Uttar Pradesh.

Christianity is one of the greatest institutions ever founded in the human race. It is a divine institution that was founded by Jesus Christ to carry out His mission in the world laying the foundation of love and salvation as a free gift to everyone. The Christian church history insulated into different periods that are separated by great events. The study focused on the historical beginnings, the rise and growth of Pentecostal Churches and contributing factors which led to its establishments, spread and expansion. It was mainly anchored on Mc Gavran’s theory on Church growth and Christian mission which discussed about the three main varieties of church growth namely: biological, transfer, and conversion growths. It utilized Qualitative and Quantitative procedures using Historical Approach. The study found out that upon the birth of Pentecostal Churches, they hold distinctive teachings yet they have some slight differences in the structure of leadership. Though they have almost the ...

Moving up the global value chain requires an enabling innovation ecosystem alongside economy-specific endowments, a mix of supportive policies in broad areas of infrastructure and institutions, and other enabling factors. Examining sample economies globally and in developing Asia, the empirical results suggest that during the transition from a low level of upgrading in a global value chain to a medium-level one, efforts should focus on increasing the scale of innovation inputs, allowing firms to improve in many areas of their capacity to innovate. To move higher up a global value chain, the design of innovation policies should gradually emphasize the production of technological, knowledge, and creative outputs.

Students’ reading comprehension was found to be one of the major concerns with all teachers worldwide. It is essential to optimize students’ performance in all courses. Yet, we claimed that gender, and reading attitudes and practices could influence reading comprehensibility. We utilized descriptive-correlational design of quantitative research. Descriptive design was used to obtain the attributes of students’ reading attitudes and practices. Moreover, we used a correlational design to determine the relationship or association between and among attributes and their level of reading comprehension skills. We found out that students have a positive attitude towards reading when reading materials are educational and entertainment. In terms of the significant relationship between reading attitudes and practices, results reveal that reading attitude does not always affect reading practices. In terms of the relationship between student’s reading attitudes and practices and their levels of ...

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) aspires to become a state-of-the-art trade agreement linking 12 countries on both sides of the Pacific. In addition to establishing a free trade agreement (FTA) among these countries, negotiators are pursuing a long list of other issues, both trade-related and non-trade related. This paper examines the likely effects of the TPP on trade alone, taking into account the fact that all of the potential members of the TPP are already participants in other FTAs. Using information from the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the existence of these FTAs plus data on the identities of countries’ major trading partners for both exports and imports, I discuss the likely effects on a list of countries in terms of trade creation, trade diversion, preference erosion, and “trade reversion”—the reversal of trade diversion that has already occurred due to existing FTAs. The list of countries includes all of the members of the TPP as well as of the Association of Sout...

This study empirically analyses the impact of corruption on economic growth in Nigeria, using time series data for the period 1980-2015 analyzed through the ARDL technique.  The result of the Bound test confirmed the existence of Cointegration among the variables. The ARDL results revealed that corruption has a significant negative influence on economic growth both in the short run and long run. It was further confirmed that external debt, agricultural output, and human capital development positively impact growth while FDI and inflation rate endanger growth, in both the short and long run. The result of the interacting term revealed the damaging influence of corruption on the positive impact of human capital expenditure and external debt on economic growth. Based on the findings of the study, it is obvious that achievement of growth that is sustainable will remain elusive in a corrupt environment. The study, therefore recommends that government should strengthen the activities of t...

This study investigates the effects of institution and macroeconomic policy on economic growth in Africa, using panel Cointegration technique to analysed data obtained from a panel  of 50 African Countries covering a period of 25years (1990-2014). The results confirm that declining growth rate in Africa is due to poor management of macroeconomic policies. A weak turning point is also confirmed to exist for government size in the short run; in the long run it becomes more pronounce. The Wald restrictions tests of causality ascertain that institutions lead economic growth performance in the short run, while poor economic growth performance impaired the capacity required in building strong institutions which in turn stunts growth in the long run. Therefore, African leaders should tilt their expenditure in favour of human capital development and strong institution, ensure intra-regional trade and adopt private sector led – economic growth strategy.

Cambodia emerged in the last decade from 20 years of civil war and revolution, having depleted or destroyed nearly all its human capital and institutions: from doctors and judges to temples and schools. Today, nearly two million Cambodians aged 15 or older are considered illiterate or nearly one third of that population. More than three quarters of Cambodia's teachers and secondary school students fled or were murdered between 1975-1979 and 36 percent of Cambodians

Growth of production in the major South Asian economies has been relatively rapid since 1980 and has accelerated compared to the 1970s. While this growth has been less rapid than that of major low-income East Asian economies, the difference in growth rates between these areas may have been exaggerated in popular discussions describing the East Asian ‘economic miracle’ (Chakravarty, 1990). However, faster population growth in most South Asian economies than in most East Asian economies has meant that per capita incomes in the former have grown at a much slower rate than in the latter. Some East Asian economies have completed demographic transition or are well on the way to doing so, even though there are notable exceptions such as the Philippines (Ogawa and Tsuya, 1993). Table 1 provides some supporting comparative data on growth of production and population in selected South and East Asian economies.

This paper seeks to outline issues arising from rapid foreign exchange reserve accumulations in Asia. Attention is paid to People’s Republic of China and India for the significance of the accumulation fed by surges in capital inflows. The paper finds that sterilization interventions by the two economies appear to be effective in curbing credit growth, but the impacts appear limited and short-lived. In this regard, adjustments of exchange rate policies are called for to have more freedom in policy options, though incentives to live with exchange rate fluctuations are still limited, and in fact the currencies have been managed more tightly than before. Therefore, the paper argues that, while maintaining the current exchange rate practices with capital controls in place, domestic reforms should be pushed further to be ready for capital account convertibility and more exchange rate flexibility in the long term.

Students’ reading comprehension was found to be one of the major concerns with all teachers worldwide. It is essential to optimize students’ performance in all courses. Yet, we claimed that gender, and reading attitudes and practices could influence reading comprehensibility. We utilized descriptive-correlational design of quantitative research. Descriptive design was used to obtain the attributes of students’ reading attitudes and practices. Moreover, we used a correlational design to determine the relationship or association between and among attributes and their level of reading comprehension skills. We found out that students have a positive attitude towards reading when reading materials are educational and entertainment. In terms of the significant relationship between reading attitudes and practices, results reveal that reading attitude does not always affect reading practices. In terms of the relationship between student’s reading attitudes and practices and their levels of ...

This paper explores the methodological differences underlying the construction of the national consumption aggregates that are used to estimate international poverty rates for South Asian countries. The analysis draws on a regional dataset of standardized consumption aggregates to assess the sensitivity of international poverty rates to the items included in the national consumption aggregates. A key feature of the standardized aggregate is that it includes the reported value of housing rent for urban Indian homeowners. Using the standardized consumption aggregates reduces the international poverty rate in South Asia by 1.3 percentage points, impacting the status of about 18.5 million people. Comparing standardized and nonstandardized monetary welfare indicators to other nonmonetary indicators suggests that the latter are more consistent with the standardized consumption aggregates. Overall, the results strongly suggest that harmonizing the construction of welfare measures, particul...

This paper examines the policy implications of adopting a development strategy anchored on inclusive growth for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In response to rising inequality, more and more developing Asian countries are embracing inclusive growth, with its focus on creating economic opportunities and ensuring equal access to them, as the goal of development policy. Inclusive growth provides an effective means to create a harmonious society in the PRC. The paper argues that an inclusive growth strategy for the PRC requires continued reforms to keep growth high and sustainable, carefully designed redistributive policy to promote equal access to opportunities, and good governance and strong institutions to ensure economic and social justice and an even playing field. The remarkable economic growth of developing Asia, including the People's Republic of China (PRC), during the last two decades has been accompanied by rapidly rising income and nonincome inequalities. Conc...

In recent years Viet Nam has been pursuing the twin goals of promoting inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and regional development in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The paper surveys transnational corporations (TNCs) with operations in ASEAN, and finds that Viet Nam has now largely achieved its initial objective of being a major FDI recipient. The regional aspect is especially manifest in consumer electronics, although most subsidiaries in Viet Nam still perform assembly- type operations oriented toward the local market. This has to change if Viet Nam is to maintain its development momentum. Under the threat of international competition and in order to maximize the dynamic gains from FDI, Viet Nam has to reorient its policies and emphasize a shift toward targeting efficiency-seeking investments and developing more advanced links with TNC regional and global value chains. This new approach would benefit from a full-scale development of the ASEA...

This study aimed to test empirically the effect of financial and non financial compensation on professionalism and lecturer’s performance. The study population was all lecturers who are certified, public and private lecturers at the private universities in Makassar (Indonesia). Stratified proportional random sampling was used to obtain the total sample of 111 lecturers’. Covariance-based SEM (SEMPLS) with a WarpPLS 5.0 used in this study. The results of the study provide evidence that financial and non financial compensation has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer’s professionalism. Financial compensation has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer performance but non financial compensation did not. The level of professionalism has a positive and significant effect on the lecturer’s performance. Professionalism can be evident as a mediating role in explained effect of financial and non financial compensation on lecturer’s performance.

In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omiss...

Foreign direct investment (FDI) may benefit local firms in the host country through various kinds of spillovers, but it may also raise competition and result in the crowding out of domestic firms. Using detailed firm-level data for the period 2001–2008, this paper examines the aggregate effect of FDI on the survival of domestic private firms in Viet Nam. We estimate the impact of both horizontal and vertical FDI and explore how the presence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) influences the exit hazard for private firms. The results suggest that horizontal and upstream FDI raise the exit hazard significantly, while downstream FDI may reduce the hazard. The presence of SOEs has a direct negative effect on the survival odds of local private firms in the same industry, but there is also an indirect impact on the exit hazard from FDI. Local firms are more vulnerable to foreign entry in sectors with high SOE shares. Looking at the net effects of FDI during the period 2001–2008, we find tha...

This article studies intergenerational occupational persistence using three recent rounds of a nationally representative sample survey from India. More than 60% of Indians are employed in the industry where their fathers are also employed. We find that individuals from Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Hindus have higher occupational persistence than those from the General Class (GEN) and Muslims, respectively. Persistence in general is higher in rural areas. We find considerable interstate and intrastate variations in the incidence across General Category States (GCSs) and Special Category States (SCSs). It has remained almost unchanged among GCSs on average, whereas it has decreased gradually for SCSs. Large inter-regional disparity exists within states between rural and urban areas and between capital and non-capital districts. Such disparity is found to be higher among GCSs. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the GCSs with large and increasing occupational persistence...

Indonesia has introduced a moratorium on the conversion of natural forests to land used for palm oil production. Using a dynamic, bottom-up, interregional computable general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy, we assess several scenarios of the moratorium and discuss its impacts on the domestic economy as well as on regional economies within Indonesia. We find the moratorium reduces Indonesian economic growth and other macroeconomic indicators, but international transfers can more than compensate the welfare losses. The impacts also vary across regions. Sumatra, which is highly dependent on palm oil and is home to forests that no longer have a high carbon stock, receives fewer transfers and suffers the greatest economic loss. Kalimantan, which is relatively less dependent on palm oil and has forests with a relatively high carbon stock, receives more transfers and gets greater benefit. This implies that additional policy measures anticipating the unbalanced impacts of the mo...

Child malnutrition is pervasive and persistent in Asia, and at present rates it will take decades to halve the prevalence—a goal common to many national plans. Nutrition-oriented programs are familiar in most countries, but have far too low coverage and resources, which is wasteful as well as ineffective. A massive expansion of community-based programs is feasible, with well-established activities (usually including support to: antenatal care, breastfeeding, caring practices including complementary feeding, growth monitoring, access to health care). Networks of local workers, ensuring individual contact with families, are the essential feature. Requirements including costs are proposed. Micronutrient deficiency control programs must also be expanded towards universal coverage. Context is crucial to success, important examples being women’s status, social exclusion, political commitment, community organizations, and literacy; policies should be directed to improving these. Assessing ...

The collection development is most essential component in all most all types of libraries more so in scientific and research institute libraries. If library wants to provide an effective library services and information services, library collection play a pivotal role. Therefore library collection (both print and electronic/digital) has been considered as heart of the library. In this paper the researchers made an attempt to study the literature on collection development in scientific and research institute libraries. For the purpose of review LISA and LISTA database are used, upto 2010. The most relevant articles are studies of thoroughly for the purpose of review various facets of collection developments are prepared and same the review the articles under appropriate headings.

The Asian Development Model and Mining Reforms in Indonesia This aim of this paper is to give readers an introduction to the Asian Development Model and use that to examine mining reforms in Indonesia. The paper argues that there is an Asian Development Model and that the Indonesian mining reforms, in particular the requirement over time for 51 percent Indonesian ownership and the ban on the export of unprocessed resources, represent an attempt by the Indonesian state to speed up industrialisation in the country and spread more of the benefits from mining to ordinary citizens in the recently democratised and politically decentralised country. In attempting to show strength however, the Indonesian state is exposing some weakness. The impact on jobs, revenue and production has been adverse although Foreign Direct Investment has increased. This latter may be because it is foreign multinational mining companies who are better placed than local mining enterprises to build smelters. The s...