Biomedical Instrumentation

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Topics of interest include but are not limited to, the following Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to  Advanced Power System and Control system  Analog and digital circuit design

This paper highlights inception with immense importance of the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) policy to promote the concept of best practices benchmarking. The Benchmarking is an increasingly popular tool applied in particular area of Higher education and is used extensively by both Developers and Providers. Best practices are those which adds the value to human life and support main cause of an institution. It helps in development of an institution as source/means to perform and undertook social responsibility. Now a days, due to increasing competition, demands for accountability and higher volumes of available information are changing the methods of how institutions of higher education operate. For higher education to enact substantial and sustainable changes in efficiency and productivity a new way of thinking or paradigm that builds efficiency and a desire for continual learning must be integrated into institutional structures. Tools are also being developed that measure or benchmark the progress and success of these efforts. Among the improvement strategies and techniques, benchmarking has emerged as a useful, easily understood, and effective tool for staying competitive.

A home energy management (HEM) system is mainly used to improve the performance of the smart grid with the help of demand response enabled application for residential customer preference. Various developing countries continuous power supply is one of the problems which prevent the growth rate. So different methods can be proposed to increase the power generation and reducing the power demand by increasing the energy efficiency .One of the innovative technique is demand shifting. This paper aims at developing a demand shifting algorithm. The HEM system is developed in order to monitor the power consumption and time requirement for operation of various equipment & tries to shift the operation of certain non-essential and monitor the power consumption of individual equipment .It act as a modern home energy meter. The main aim of the system is reduce the peak power demand and tries to keep the load curve smooth without effecting customers comfort level. The HEM is developed using MATLAB and various scenarios are inputted into it and its output and its impact on the consumer is analyzed.

Pulse oximetry has been one of the most significant technological advances in clinical monitoring in the last two decades. Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive photometric technique that provides information about the arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2) and heart rate, and has widespread clinical applications. When peripheral perfusion is poor, as in states of hypovolaemia, hypothermia and vasoconstriction, oxygenation readings become unreliable or cease. The problem arises because conventional pulse oximetry sensors must be attached to the most peripheral parts of the body, such as finger, ear or toe, where pulsatile flow is most easily compromised. Since central blood flow may be preferentially preserved, this review explores a new alternative site, the oesophagus, for monitoring blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry. This review article presents the basic physics, technology and applications of pulse oximetry including photoplethysmography. The limitations of this technique are also discussed leading to the proposed development of the oesophageal pulse oximeter. In the majority, the report will be focused on the description of a new oesophageal photoplethysmographic/SpO 2 probe, which was developed to investigate the suitability of the oesophagus as an alternative monitoring site for the continuous measurement of SpO 2 in cases of poor peripheral circulation. The article concludes with a review of reported clinical investigations of the oesophageal pulse oximeter.

Mathematics is the only word that conquers the whole world. Mathematics comprises each and every concept that exists in this world. Statistics and probability are the two main concepts that are dealing with the statistical survey of this world. Of these two concepts, Probability has one of the Main applications of dealing with mathematics that is very much useful in real life applications. In this paper, Bayes’ Theorem and its applications are discussed deeply with its application problems using the data which was collected for the company named Appin Technology during the industrial exposure training. This application helped me to give some useful ideas to the company to improve their production level.

5th International  Conference  on  Electrical  Engineering  (ELEC  2022) aims  to  bring
together  researchers  and  practitioners  from  academia  and  industry  to  focus  on  recent
systems and techniques in the broad field of Electrical Engineering.

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) has been set up to facilitate the volunteering institutions to assess their performance through introspection. NAAC is taking efforts for assessment and accreditation with an objective of continuous improvement of quality in higher education since two decade. It has made significant impact on improvement of quality in higher education. NAAC has revised its accreditation framework and made ICT enabled, objective, transparent, surmountable and robust. The self study report has been made qualitative and quantitative matrix oriented. AQAR is also proposed qualitative and quantitative matrix oriented from academic year 2020-21. This paper presents some points related to accreditation process of Indian higher education system with some of the revised accreditation framework of NAAC. This framework deals with various innovations and reforms brought in the accreditation process. The revised accreditation framework has introduced several concepts in quality assurance such as Student Satisfaction Survey (SSS), Data Validation and Verification (DVV), Quality bench-marking, Innovation, Ecosystem, Alumni Engagement, Institutional Values and Distinctiveness in the accreditation process. It is useful to all educational institutions for their quality management to create new policies of quality management and to inculcate innovation in the mind of stakeholders. It helps to improve the employing ability and new trends in the market of higher education for global competency.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) is a Quarterly peer- reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high qualitypapersontheoreticalandpracticalaspectsofElectricalandElectronics Engineering.

The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control
Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles
which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modelling,
Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering.
IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of
Scientific Computing, Modelling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science,
Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal
is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced
techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory
and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Remote health monitoring system is one of the most challenging tasks in medical filed, there is an increase in the need of continuous health monitoring system, and to design an efficient module to monitor the patient health. In the proposed system the integration of pulse oximetry sensor with ECG and blood pressure sensor for efficient health monitoring system. Oxygen saturation is one of essential biomedical parameter used to monitor the oxygen content in the human blood. The module is integrated with Arduino board for signal processing and for data transmission and reception the Zigbee module is implemented. A MATLAB software tool is used for data analysis at both transmitter and receiver side. From the result section, it is proved that the integration of pulse oximetry sensor with ECG and blood pressure sensor enhances the system performance in real time application.

Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine approach uses pulse signals obtained from radial artery as a means for diagnosis of diseases. These conventional techniques are nowadays been replaced by devices using various sensors for detecting pulse signal from radial artery at wrist position. This paper gives a brief review on such diagnosing techniques developed till now for diagnosis of various diseases using the concepts of Nadi Vigyan. The use of different sensors and their results will also be discussed in this paper.

Physical stimulus commonly employed in the practice of physiotherapy is in the form of heat, either by simple heat radiation or by the application high frequency energy obtained from special generators. The use of high frequency energy in thermotherapy has the advantage of considerable penetration as compared with "simple" heat application. Thus with high frequency energy, deeper lying tissues, e.g. muscles, bones, internal organs etc. can be provided heat. High frequency heat therapy is based on the fact that the dipole molecules of the body are normally placed randomly. Under the influence of an electric field lines, the positively charged end of the dipole then orients itself to the minus pole and the negatively charged end of the plus pole. Since the polarity of the electric field alternates, a micro-heating effect results from the continuous realignment of the molecules. High frequency energy for heating is obtained by various ways. It may be from the shortwave theraphy unit making use of either the condenser field or the indicator field method. Microwaves and ultrasonic waves are also used for heating purposes in special cases.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gaining popularity in our day-today lives because of its wide range of applications in health care monitoring, industrial applications, control networks, environmental sensing, etc. In this paper, we present a brief review on wireless technologies for choosing better, faster and reliable data transmission of medical parameters in health care monitoring systems of WSN. The sensors, which can be either wearable over body or implanted or embedded inside the body, help to monitor the health condition of a person in wireless body area networks (WBANs). WBAN assist in facilitating the on-demand services for patients at home (outpatients) and in clinic\hospital (in-patients), by providing the agile and better results of physiological status to nursing stations or monitoring sites with efficient utilization of wireless network technologies.

Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to

10th International Conference on Instrumentation and Control Systems (CICS 2022) will
provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory,
methodology and applications of Instrumentation and Control Systems and Applications.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive electro-optical technique widely used in the monitoring of the pulsations associated with changes in blood volume in a peripheral vascular bed. The technique is based on the absorption properties of vascular tissue when it is transilluminated by light. Photoplethysmography is also used in the estimation of arterial blood oxygen saturation ðSpO 2 Þ by pulse oximetry where the technique relies on the presence of adequate peripheral arterial pulsations. The aim of this study was to investigate (14 healthy volunteers) the effect of pressure cuff-induced hypoperfusion on PPG signals and SpO 2 s using a custom made finger blood oxygen saturation PPG=SpO 2 sensor and a commercial finger pulse oximeter. PPG signals with high signal-to-noise ratios were obtained from all induced pressures prior to full brachial occlusion. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on ranks showed that there are statistically significant differences ðp < 0:05Þ between the PPGs in the low pressures (0–80 mmHg) than those in the upper pressures (90–150 mmHg). Both pulse oximeters showed gradual decrease of saturations during induced hypoperfusion which demonstrate the direct relation between blood volumes (PPG amplitudes), arterial vessel stenosis and blood oxygen saturation. The custom made pulse oximeter was found to be more sensitive to SpO 2 changes than the commercial pulse oximeter especially at high occluding pressures.

Endotracheal tube (ETT) is a widely used lifesaving tool in case of moderate to severe medical predicaments. It enables an alternative means of mechanical ventilation for tranced or comatose patients. The gadget also helps in ventilation in case of giving general anaesthesia during major surgical procedures. Along the symbiotic use of the system comes the delicate maintenance and adequate monitoring of the instrument. One of the important features of the system is the air-filled cuffs or simply the air balloons that are availed to sustain the optimal intrinsic conditions of the pharmacological actions desired for the patient. The mechanism is to prevent aspiration of secretion of nasal mucosa. Because these secretions can cause aspiration pneumonia which is a life-threatening complication of these morbid patients. However, this requires periodic monitoring of pressure levels and facile adjustments to avoid aspiration, which might be even fatal. The subtlety of the course of action i...

A base-4 leading zero detector (LZD) design is proposed in this paper. The design is similar to the approach originally proposed by V.G. Oklobdzija with a different technique. The circuit modules used in the base-4 LZD approach are designed and several N-bit LZD circuits are implemented with a standard-cell realization in the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.65um CMOS process. The performance and layout area of the base-4 LZD realization is compared for implementations that contain only 4-to-1 and 2-to-1 multiplexers.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ)&lt;br&gt; ISSN : 2200-5846&lt;br&gt; Webpage Link : https://wireilla.com/engg/eeeij/contact.html…&lt;br&gt; Submission Deadline : 10.10.2020&lt;br&gt; Submission Link :http://allcfps.com/wireilla/submission/index.php…&lt;br&gt; Contact Us : elelijjournal@wireilla.com

This paper presents a simple, low-cost, speedy and non-invasive method using Force Sensing Resistors (FSR) strategically placed over the Carotid and Radial arteries to evaluate various arterial wave pulse parameters like heart-rate, Stiffness Index (SI), Reflectivity Index (RI) and Pulse Wave velocity. The pulse rate and shape is used as an estimate of heart-rate. This is used for diagnosis of arrhythmias, tachycardia and bradycardia. The proposed method could be employed as a cheap and effective Cardiovascular disease screening technique, to be later integrated with small wrist watch-like monitors for suitable commercial purposes.

Electrical Engineering: An International Journal (EEIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refered open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Electrical Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical Engineering.

The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Engineering.

This paper describes the structure for ubiquitous healthcare system by means of wireless biosensors. In this system the wireless biosensor network has been used for monitoring vital signals. It consists of two sections; first biomedical sensor wireless network has been used to collect the body parameter signals, the signals then processed using wireless communication system that utilizes a number of biosensors and in the second section local base station transmits the collected biosensor signal using ZigBee transreceiver. The base station is constituted using a receiver ZigBee modem. The system has been tested in real time where data was processed, recorded and displayed successfully.

Endotracheal tube (ETT) is a widely used lifesaving tool in case of moderate to severe medical predicaments. It enables an alternative means of mechanical ventilation for tranced or comatose patients. The gadget also helps in ventilation in case of giving general anaesthesia during major surgical procedures. Along the symbiotic use of the system comes the delicate maintenance and adequate monitoring of the instrument. One of the important features of the system is the air-filled cuffs or simply the air balloons that are availed to sustain the optimal intrinsic conditions of the pharmacological actions desired for the patient. The mechanism is to prevent aspiration of secretion of nasal mucosa. Because these secretions can cause aspiration pneumonia which is a life-threatening complication of these morbid patients. However, this requires periodic monitoring of pressure levels and facile adjustments to avoid aspiration, which might be even fatal. The subtlety of the course of action is often overlooked and negligence gives rise to unsought fatality in some patients. To reverse the course of this mishap, we came about our vocational modification to the conventional endotracheal tubes and air cuffs. The embodiment of automation ensures the inviolability as well as omission of professional lapse. The automatic apparatus facilitates the automatic detection of the pressure distortion and alarms the designated healthcare expert as a forewarning and hence the patient is bypassed any associated threat.

Background A pilot investigation was undertaken to assess the performance of a novel fiber-optic cerebral pulse oximetry system. A fiber-optic probe designed to pass through the lumen of a cranial bolt of the type used to make intracranial pressure measurements was used to obtain optical reflectance signals directly from brain tissue. Methods Short-duration measurements were made in six patients undergoing neurosurgery. These were followed by a longer duration measurement in a patient recovering from an intracerebral hematoma. Estimations of cerebral arterial oxygen saturation derived from a frequency domain-based algorithm are compared with simultaneous pulse oximetry (SpO 2) and hemoximeter (SaO 2) blood samples. Results The short-duration measurements showed that reliable photoplethysmographic signals could be obtained from the brain tissue. In the long-duration study, the mean (±SD) difference between cerebral oxygen saturation (ScaO 2) and finger SpO 2 (in saturation units) was-7.47(±3.4)%. The mean (±SD) difference between ScaO 2 and blood SaO 2 was-7.37(±2.8)%. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that arterial oxygen saturation may be estimated from brain tissue via a fiber-optic pulse oximeter used in conjunction with a cranial bolt. Further studies are needed to confirm the clinical utility of the technique.

A simple, compact and low-cost device is presented. It is able to measure, store and transfer to a computer the beat-to-beat interval of the heart, using a POLAR chest belt and receiver. The conception of this device is based on a microcontroller 8051 associated with flash memory and a real time clock. The statistical error on this interval is below one millisecond. The device suits particularly well for studying the heart rate variability (HRV) at rest in athletes.

This paper describes a model to convert a conventional pulse oximeter into a wireless device. It uses mesh ZigBee sensor network. ZigBee is far simple and inexpensive than other short range Wireless Personal Area Network such as Bluetooth working with low data transfer rate operated on radio frequency. ZigBee is also incorporated with low power for working resulting in long battery life. It assures reliability and security in data transfer. It is low-cost, low-power, secured communication wireless mesh networking standard. Samples have been taken from a commercial NellcorDS-100A probe using an FPGA. This programmable device is integrated with ZigBee wireless modem; using ZigBee protocol, data is sent through the wireless network to a central server. The system generates alarms to the medical caregiver when vital signals are critical. Data can be saved in a database allowing the review of monitored data furthermore, with these data; future research on medicine can be started.

The study presented here targets the development of a low power hearing aid that helps an individual, with conductive type of deafness, to hear naturally, clearly and intelligibly. It uses a piezoelectric actuator that helps in direct oscillation of the stapes with the arrival of sound wave resulting in sound demonstration much superior to that of conventional hearing aid. The hydraulic amplification of the piezoelectric device generates sufficient stapes displacement and an ICP sensor detects corresponding sound pressure level. Additionally, in order to avoid the unwanted interference of the incoming sound frequency with the vibrating frequency of the piezoelectric element, the later is kept within acceptable limits by resonant frequency bandwidth control technique. Owing to its micro power consumption, the proposed design undoubtedly has the potential to replace the battery powered conventional hearing aids, thereby diminishing the recurring losses and making the system cost-effective.

5th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE-2021) aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical Electronics Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical Engineering: An International Journal (EEIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refered open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Electrical Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical Engineering.

The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advancements, and stablishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Engineering.

Pulse oximetry utilizes the technique of photoplethysmography to estimate arterial oxygen saturation (SpO 2) values. During hypothermia, the amplitude of the photoplethysmograph (PPG) is compromised which can lead to inaccurate estimation of SpO 2. A new mutlimode PPG/pulse oximeter sensor was developed to investigate the behaviour of PPGs during conditions of induced hypothermia (hand immersed in an ice bath). PPG measurements from 20 volunteers were conducted and SpO 2 values were estimated at all stages of the experiment. Good quality PPG signals were observed from the majority of the volunteers at almost all hand temperatures. At low temperature ranges, from 13 to 21 • C, the failure rate to estimate SpO 2 values from the multimode transreflectance PPG sensor was 2.4% as compared to the commercial pulse oximeter with a failure rate of 70%.

This method takes benefit of the Ridgelet transform property. This approach is fast and capable to estimate the OF with a low-complexity. However, the use of real wavelet in this approach suffers from two main problems. The lack of shift invariance and poor directionalselectivity.Ridgelet transform overcame these two troubles and still desired to provide special characteristics that wavelets cannot provide. The technique is suitable for video compression, and can be used for stereo vision, robotics and vision computer.

There is a need for reliable continuous monitoring of abdominal organ oxygen saturation (SpO 2). Splanchnic ischaemia may ultimately lead to cellular hypoxia and necrosis and contribute to the development of multiple organ failure and increased mortality. A reflectance electro-optical photoplethysmographic (PPG) probe and signal processing system were developed. Satisfactory PPG signals from abdominal organs (bowel, liver and kidney) and the finger were obtained from 12 anaesthetised patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the average PPG amplitudes recorded from the abdominal organs and those obtained simultaneously from the finger. These observations suggest that pulse oximetry can be a valid monitoring technique for abdominal organs such as the bowel, liver and kidney.

Area can be detected in cancer images by using MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimation). Also this helps to find out the area of tumor affecting portions. DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) also used determine the values. '0' is denoted by black in color and '1' will be shown as white in color.Breast cancer is the mostharmful cancer for women in the todayworld. Early detection of the breast cancer can reduce mortality rate. The breast Tumor are of two types first is Benign and second is Malignant, Benign Tumor which is non-cancerous and not life threatening and Malignant Tumor are cancerous and life threatening. Detection of breast cancer can be determined by using Digital Mammography. The classification of breast tumor is denoted as Malignant or Benign.