CSI effect

Work of forensic personnel at the scene of crime got popularized by TV series, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its spin offs that started airing at the end of the 20 th /beginning of the 21 st century. For more than a decade CSI franchise was the most popular TV series worldwide 3 that prepared audience for more specific series, such as Dexter, Bones and alike. Until than all the credits for solving criminal cases got detectives investigating them. The vision of lonely genius solving the most difficult riddles has been awakening the imagination of general audience since the early 19 th century novels of Edgar Alan Poe, than sir Arthur Conan Doyle and later Agatha Christie to mention just those who have laid the foundation of the crime novel genre. Detectives created by them (often civilians) were using mostly their brains and logical thinking to solve cases labelled unbreakably by the 1

Television shows such as CSI have caused a phenomenon known as the ‘CSI effect’, in which the public expectation of Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Justice system have been skewed, (Cole and Dioso-Villa, 2007). Studies concerning Law Enforcement Officers perceptions in regard to the ‘CSI Effect’ have been researched in the USA, Canada and Australia, however this study aims to examine UK Officers perceptions. A questionnaire created by Stinson, Patry and Smith (2007) was used to asses these beliefs. Results suggested perceptions of Officers were not affected by the amount of Crime shows they watched per week. In which Forensic Professionals (43) and Non-Forensic Professionals (247) believed these shows affected the expectations of the public and victims of crime. Moreover, it was discovered that some Law Enforcement Officers may be changing the way they investigate and interact with the public due to these shows.

The " CSI effect " is one of the most frequently mentioned yet least understood media effects of the twenty-first century. Despite popular belief in this general media effect, most media scholars continue to refer to the phenomenon as anecdotal. The " CSI effect " is actually a misnomer because it implies the existence of a single effect that results from exposure to a single subgenre of crime-oriented television—forensics-oriented TV programs. The literature reveals that there are, in fact, numerous alleged " CSI effects. " A variety of perspectives of this media phenomenon include the following purported consequences of heavy or frequent crime-oriented television (COTV) viewing: • a heightened expectation of seeing hard, scientific evidence at trial 1 • a greatly increased interest in forensic science as a career choice and subsequent increase in forensic science academic programs 2 • an overburdening of actual forensic laboratories' personnel and financial assets around the U.S., fueled by the need to run unnecessary and expensive tests to satisfy jurors' unrealistic expectations 3 • an increase in acquittals due to the jurors' heightened levels of reasonable doubt 4 • an increase in convictions due to jurors' beliefs in scientific evidence (especially DNA) offered by the prosecution as absolute and indisputable 5 • the bestowing of the greatest credibility on expert witnesses specializing in forensic science 6 • an increase in juror confidence in the ability to properly evaluate forensic evidence because of greater knowledge learned from TV 7 • an overestimation of the accuracy of scientific evidence 8 14_067_Macey.indb 145 2/27/14 2:42 PM

The aim of this course was to introduce UK barristers, QCs, and judges to the core concepts of forensic science. In addition, a number of forensic techniques, along with their strengths and limitations were covered.  This course received very positive feedback.

In this article I argue that while above-ground dehumanisation of one human being by representatives of the same species is unambiguously negative and requires the transformation of humans into non-humans, underground dehumanisation, which transforms humans into post-humans, is a positive process from the ecological and post-anthropocentric perspective, since it enables thinking about humanity and multispecies collectives based upon and dependent upon a degree of organic commingling that takes a completely different form. In this context, dehumanisation is not equivalent to degradation or reduction. Dehumanisation through decomposition can become a site for developing new ways of thinking about the future of multispecies collectives where dehumanisation becomes an essential condition of the process of inclusion described in the text.

This study of the CSI effect, separately surveying 416 law-enforcement officers and 307 students, is an inquiry into the effects of paranormal-TV consumption on the respondents' perceptions of the utility of psychic detectives in actual crime investigations. Grounded on the gratifications/cultivation model of media cultivation theory and in addition to other significant results, the authors found a significant positive relationship between paranormal-TV viewing and belief in psy-chics' effectiveness at solving crimes among the sample of police who reported real-life experience with para-normal phenomena. This was an effect that persisted for the police after controlling for several other independent variables. The authors suggest that the " zones-of-relevance " construct that Bilandzic and Rössler (2004) pos-ited as a primary element of their effects model constitutes the pivotal psychological mechanism that accounts for the differences between the students and police.

It has been argued that the rise in popularity of crime show dramas over the past few years has led to jurors holding unrealistic expectations regarding the type of evidence presented at trial. This has been coined the CSI effect. We investigated the CSI effect and the less well-known Tech effect-assigning more weight to evidence if obtained through technological means-and the impact of crime severity on juror decision-making. However, we argue that as time progresses, such effects will no longer be found to impact juror decision-making processes. We propose that past effects reported in the literature can be explained by considering a novelty bias. Using both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks, we tested this claim. Participants were primed with a newspaper that either contained a forensic, technology, or neutral article. They were then presented with two crime scenarios and asked to provide a verdict and a confidence rating. We find that mock jurors were unaffected by either the priming manipulation or crime severity, finding no evidence for either the CSI or Tech effects. The data suggest jurors are not as easily biased as has been previously argued in the literature, indicating a potential shift in public perceptions and expectations regarding evidence.

Der Handel mit DVD und der Internetvertrieb von Filmen haben die Verwertungskette der audiovisuellen Branche auf den Kopf gestellt. Seither setzen US-amerikanische Fernsehsender immer weniger auf die Erstausstrahlung von Kinofilmen und immer mehr auf Eigenproduktionen. Zentral für die Publikumsbindung und das Image eines Senders sind die Fernsehserien. Und diese werden immer aufwändiger produziert und beworben. Nach den sexy Singles und den verzweifelten Hausfrauen machen nun auch die Chefermittler aus Miami ihren Dienst für die Quote.

This study reports the results of a questionnaire that was completed by 97 undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university. The purpose of the questionnaire was to investigate the phenomenon of the "CSI Effect"--the belief that watching TV programming that depicts criminal trials may influence viewers' expectations about the real world practice of jurisprudence. Specifically, the "CSI Effect" posits that "CSI" jurors, as opposed to those who do not watch this type of TV programming, have a: (1) greater expectation of seeing physical evidence at trial; (2) a greater need for certainty of guilt before voting for conviction; and (3) a greater likelihood of acquitting the defendant when little or no physical evidence is presented, and of convicting the defendant when a great deal of forensic evidence is presented. The results of the study reveal that: both "CSI" viewers and general TV viewers have an unrealistically high expectation of seeing forensic evidence; viewers of general TV, not crime-oriented programming, have a greater need for certainty of guilt at lower levels of evidence before convicting; and "CSI" viewers are more likely to acquit the defendant when little or no scientific evidence is presented. The research question exploring the effect of sex and crime-oriented viewing was also supported. Limitations of the study are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.

Drawing on interviews with prison inmates in Portugal, the aim of this paper is to contribute towards a more practical approach and greater sensitivity to the situatedness of the so-called CSI effect by examining the heterogeneous elements involved in the construction of meanings for forensic science and technology. It discusses the ways in which this particular group's representations of forensic genetics reveal forms of exposure to, but also distancing from, the cultural images circulated by the media. The results indicate that, given that they are in an advantageous position for acquiring knowledge of these issues, this group is relatively skeptical of fictionalized portrayals of DNA technology as infallible and as the most powerful tool that can be used to solve crime. Prison inmates construct a grounded assessment of forensic technologies that derives from the position they occupy in the real world of crime and criminal investigation.

MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO) has been a promising technique for vehicular networks to achieve faster communication. Conventional MU-MIMO transceiver is designed with One-dimensional (1-D) improper modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Multilevel Amplitude Shift Keying (M-ASK) failed to yield standard ABER (average bit error rate). To achieve high reliability, a novel MU-MIMO uplink transceiver system is designed under PAPC (Per-Antenna Power Constraint) by assuming perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). MIMO communication channels are perceptible. Hence, security of the proposed system is improved by novel pseudorandom key generation technique using randomized synthetic colour image. Analytical design for proposed systems is carried and simulated for various p-norm constraints. Simulation results show higher reliability and security than the existing system. It also satisfies the linearity constraint of a power amplifier, which makes the system more suitable for practical applications.

The impetus for Obama’s “speech on race” during the 2008 campaign was a crisis involving media representations of Obama as unpatriotic along with the online publication of the Rev. Wright’s racially incendiary and anti-American sermons. Obama delivered an apologia designed to bolster Wright’s image so as to resurrect his own image while avoiding alienation of Black and White voters. A close reading reveals a novel rhetorical device, which employs an apologia for one individual nested within the apologia for the speaker. This device, “apologia by proxy,” is clearly distinguished from another form of political communication called apology by proxy. The article explains all strategies of image restoration used on behalf of Obama and Wright after Blaney & Benoit (2001).