Carian/Karian

An inscription, discovered by chance in 2011, provides the text of the first decree of the Carian city of Pidasa, dated 321/0. The city honours officials of the satrap Asandros who were in charge of managing the finances of the city and who restored objects to one of its sanctuaries, which must be that of Toubassis – a deity thus far unknown – since it was here that the inscription was to be set up. The decree provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature of Asandros’ power in Caria.

This paper aims to investigate the painting remains and with the help of parallel examples to propose a
restitution of the original colourful look of the Maussolleion at Halikarnassos which is the monumental tomb of
Karian satrap Maussollos who died in 353/352 BC. It is known that the Maussolleion stood intact at
Halikarnassos until an earthquake in the 12th century AD. The monumentality and artistic effect of the building
influenced many architects of its time who later constructed several monumental buildings and it was listed as
one of “the Seven Wonders of the World” by the ancient writers. It is well known that ancient builders coloured
all the building parts including sculptures, and the Maussolleion was originally richly coloured. The colouring
was not only for visual effect but it also created protection layers for the monument as we know stood intact more
than fifteen centuries. Newton reported that he had observed parts of the colours were still visible on the newly
excavated fragments but he also mentioned that they quickly disappeared after the exposure. A coat of varnish
should have protected these colours, which were mostly organic based. The polychromy of the ancient buildings
and sculptures has long been in discussion because of the remains of organic colours are scarce and not easily
visible by naked eye but the advanced technics applied on the remains in recent times proved that the use of
colour in antiquity was extensively common. The investigations and analyses on the existing remains of the
Maussolleion also point to the colourful look. Blue, red and creamy white varnish were the dominant colours
used especially on the architectural details of the monument, but yellow, brown, light blue, purple and green
were also used on the mouldings and sculpture. The technique of gilding and attachments from bronze, precious
stones, gold etc. were also employed for the decoration. The use of bluish limestone on the lower parts of the
cella, podium, plinthoi and probably for chamber walls was also for decorative purpose and this enriched the
look of the monument. All of the evidence helps us to propose the best possible reconstruction on colouring of the
monument. Further investigations in the future might reveal more evidence but for now, it seems this colourful
look is quite acceptable and it is more than a hypothetical reconstruction for the most parts. The examples from
Halikarnassos, Labraunda and Priene indicate the usage of a standard way of painting and point to the unity of
the Hekatomnids’ architectural decoration as seen on many parts of the architectural progress of the region.
Keywords: Karia, Halikarnassos, Maussolleion, Polychromy, Painting, Architecture

Myndos was one of the important harbor settlements of the Caria Region and according to many ancient writers it had only one harbor. However, during the researches carried out by us in 2012, it was discovered that it had a second harbor. At this second harbor, many stone blocks, which belonged to the citadels and harbors structures, could be observed. As a result of the researches, a harbor, a breakwater for protecting harbor structures and a wreck dating back to Roman period was found. This wreck had given a lot of important information about the harbor.
Myndos, Karia Bölgesi’nin önemli liman kentlerinden birisidir ve birçok antik yazara göre tek li-manı olan kentler arasında yer almaktadır. 2012 yılında yaptığımız sualtı araştırmalarında kentin ikinci bir limanının olduğu ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Söz konusu bu limanda kent surlarına ve liman yapıla-rına ait birçok blok taş sualtında izlenebilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda liman ve liman yapılarını korumak amacıyla yapılmış dalgakıran ve Roma Dönemi’ne ait bir batık tespit edilmiştir. Bu batık, dalgakıran ve liman hakkında önemli ipuçları vermektedir.

Colloquium Overview Statement Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the study of multilingualism in ancient societies. Alongside the traditional investigation of linguistic phenomena , much more attention is now paid to multilingualism as an epiphenomenon of multiculturalism. Studies emphasize its sociolinguistic and historical implications , comprising cultural exchange, integration, and negotiation of identities. As a result, after the pioneering work of Wallace-Hadrill, the linguistic concepts of bilingualism and code-switching (itself a manifestation of bilingualism) have been applied also to the study of ethnically mixed civilizations and of their material culture. The epigraphic evidence is explicitly recognized as one of the most fruitful and revealing tools in the study of ancient multilingualism. Inscriptions enable scholars to obtain a deeper insight into the sociocultural background and, to a certain extent, into the intentionality of the producers, by virtue of the special care devoted to the preparation of epigraphic texts detectable in their physical aspects. The obvious corollary is that bilingual or multilingual inscriptions are the pre-eminent pieces of evidence in the study of identity negotiation in the context of a multilingual society. Drawing on this claim, and on the most recent acquisitions from the combination of sociolinguistic and material culture studies, the panel intends to explore the potentialities of epigraphy in the understanding of complex, multiethnic and multilingual societies in the eastern and western Mediterranean. The papers use a variety of epigraphic material and deal with several languages of the ancient Mediterranean. The first one examines the complex development of the multilingual environment of Cyprus, with particular regard to the political strategies underlying the use of syllabic Cypriot, Phoenician, and alphabetic Greek, in isolation or in combination, in the classical period. The next two papers address the various dynamics of multilingualism in ancient Lycia, focusing respectively on public decrees and private funerary inscriptions. Strategies of textual translation , power and prestige display, and identity negotiation are examined. The fourth paper integrates the discussion of multilingualism in ancient Anatolia by focusing on the relationship between textual and material aspects of the bilingual inscriptions from Caria, examined within the broader issue of Carian multicul-turalism as it emerges from the literary tradition and the archaeological material. The discussion moves then to the western Mediterranean, with the investigation of early writing practice in the multilingual and multicultural milieu of Sicily and southern Italy: elements of uniqueness and commonality are emphasized as evidence for the emergence of local epigraphic traditions in a diverse environment. The final paper, drawing primarily on the case of Rome, considers the ancient