Citizenship and Identity

מאמר זה בוחן את המושג רפובליקניזם, בפרט אל מול המושג לאומיות, ומסיק שישראל זקוקה לתודעה רפובליקנית אך כזו המחזקת את הלאומיות ולא באה תחתיה.
חלקו הראשון של מאמר זה (סעיפים א-ג) מתאר את ליבת העמדה הרפובליקנית ואת הגרסאות השונות לה זכתה במחקר ובהגות הנאו-רפובליקנית בעשורים האחרונים. עיון זה מלמד שהעמדה הרפובליקנית איננה בהכרח חלופה ללאומיות ובגרסאות מסוימות שלה היא אף השלמה נדרשת עבורה.
בחלקו השני (סעיפים ד-ה) המאמר בוחן את את היתכנותו של רפובליקניזם לאומי מתוך המסורת היהודית ומתוך המחשבה הציונית. הוא מתאר את קיומם של יסודות רפובליקניים במחשבה היהודית אך גם מבהיר מדוע נדרש מאמץ פרשני וחינוכי לשם הטמעתם בחשיבה הישראלית.
חלקו השלישי של המאמר (סעיפים ו-ז) מנתח את השימוש הכושל בשיח על רפובליקניזם סביב הדיון על לימודי האזרחות בישראל, וכן בוחן את המשמעות המיטיבה האפשרית של תודעה רפובליקנית עבור מיעוטים במדינת לאום ובפרט עבור ערביי ישראל.

Deportation has again taken a prominent place within the immigration policies of nation-states. Irregular Citizenship, Immigration, and Deportation addresses the social responses to deportation, in particular the growing movements against deportation and detention, and for freedom of movement and the regularization of status.

The book brings deportation and anti-deportation together with the aim of understanding the political subjects that emerge in this contested field of governance and control, freedom and struggle. However, rather than focusing on the typical subjects of removal – refugees, the undocumented, and irregular migrants – Irregular Citizenship, Immigration, and Deportation looks at the ways that citizens get caught up in the deportation apparatus and must struggle to remain in or return to their country of citizenship. The transformation of ‘regular’ citizens into deportable ‘irregular’ citizens involves the removal of the rights, duties, and obligations of citizenship. This includes unmaking citizenship through official revocation or denationalization, as well as through informal, extra-legal, and unofficial means. The book features stories about struggles over removal and return, deportation and repatriation, rescue and abandonment. The book features eleven ‘acts of citizenship’ that occur in the context of deportation and anti-deportation, arguing that these struggles for rights, recognition, and return are fundamentally struggles over political subjectivity – of citizenship.

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of citizenship, migration and security studies.

This paper shares the finding of a comparative analysis of the ESL/ELD curriculum Grades 9 -12 (OME, 2007a) (ESL/ELD) and the FSL curriculum Grades 9 -12 (OME, 2014) (FSL) focused on the Ontario Ministry of Education’s (OME) global citizenship goal for second language (L2) learners. Global citizenship has become a curricular goal in many educational systems around the world, including in Canada – Ontario. Learning for global citizenship in tandem with L2 has become advantageous in the 21st century because learning a new language, in addition to promoting career growth, also fosters understanding and acceptance of otherness in the global society. Therefore, it is important to understand how the OME integrates global citizenship principles in the education of English and French L2 learners. Results suggest the ESL/ELD curriculum does not promote global citizenship but aims to prepare students for the job market; however, in competitive disadvantage compared with their English speaker peers.  Additionally, the FSL curriculum’s goal to prepare students for global citizenship, through intercultural understanding, is superficial and inefficient. Findings have shown the OME needs to review the ESL/ELD and FSL curricula to promote global citizenship education and prepare learners to become caring and connected citizens of the world.

Islamophobic sentiments in the Western world have gained scientific attention, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, the effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation have rarely been studied. Using structural equation modeling, this cross-sectional study examined direct and indirect effects of different forms of religious stigma on the national affiliation of 210 Norwegian-Pakistani and 216 German-Turkish Muslims. Furthermore, the study examined the mediator role of religious identity. Our results suggest that being a Muslim in Norway is more reconcilable with affiliating with the nation than being a Muslim in Germany. However, across the samples, the results indicated that various forms of religious stigma affected Muslims’ national identity and engagement in the public and private sphere in distinct ways. These effects were both positive and negative, differed between the two samples, and in Germany, were mediated by the participants’ religious identity. The findings indicated that the ways in which religious stigma influences Muslims’ national affiliation is context and culture bound.

Recently the political philosophy of agonism has been applied by urban theorists to model inter-cultural urban encounters in so-called 'micro-publics', such as the workplace or the classroom. The paper examines to what extent agonism offers a viable model for dealing with urban diversity in these mundane, social encounters. I will argue that, applied to these lower-level social contexts, agonism takes the vulnerability of citizens with regard to their ethnic, cultural or religious attachments insufficiently into account. The resulting injuries will most likely be counter-productive to the goal of living with diversity. By way of a contrast, I will offer two less demanding, more practicable types of intercultural civility.

Der Begriff der Überfremdung hat die politische Kultur der Schweiz während des ganzen 20. Jahrhunderts entscheidend geprägt: Gründungen von politischen Verbänden und Organisationen, sowie behördliche Abstimmungsvorlagen und Initiativen, haben eine „qualitative und quantitative Abwehrstrategie“  gegenüber Ausländern entfaltet, die die Niederlassungs- und Einbürgerungspolitik bis nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges festlegt haben. 
In dieser Seminararbeit wird die historische Entwicklung der schweizerischen Einwanderungspolitik mit dem damit verbundenen Überfremdungsdiskurs von der Jahrhundertwende bis in den 1970er Jahren dargelegt. Es wird damit überprüft, ob gewisse Kontinuitäten bzw. Veränderungen in der schweizerischen Ausländerpolitik von verschiedenen Zeiträumen auftraten. Am Ende dieses Dokuments wird sowohl eine postkoloniale Sichtweise von diesem Themenbereich vorgebracht, als auch einen Zusammenhang mit den aktuellen Integrationsdebatten hergestellt. Bei diesem letzten Punkt soll es festgestellt werden, ob die heutigen Integrationsdiskursen von der vergangenen abwehrenden Zuwanderungspolitik deutlich  abweichen. Abschliessend werden einige allgemeine Massnahmen für die Integration von Migranten vorgebracht, die die drei institutionnellen Ebenen betreffen.

Sport annually mobilizes millions of people across Europe: as practitioners in a wide variety of competitive, educational, or recreational contexts, and as spectators, who are physically present or following events through the mass media. This book presents original research into modern sport funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Its aim is to examine the distinctive contribution made by this complex phenomenon to the construction of European identities. Attention is focused on sport's social significance, as a set of mass-mediated practices and spectacles giving rise to a network of images, symbols, and discourses. The book seeks to explore, and ultimately to explain, the processes of representation and mediation involved in the sporting construction, and subsequent renegotiation, of local, national, and, increasingly, global identities. It offers a survey of key developments in sporting Europe - from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, and from the Atlantic to the Urals - presenting findings by acknowledged international experts and emerging scholars at the level of individuals, communities, regions, nation-states, and Europe as a whole, in both its geographical and political incarnations. Its focus on representation offers a broadly conceived, and consciously inclusive, approach to issues of 'Europeanness' in modern and contemporary sport.

This article offers two readings of The Great Masters of Mexican Folk Art, a traveling exhibition of the Fomento Cultural Banamex, AC's folk art collection that coincided with Citigroup's buyout of Banamex, Mexico's second largest bank. The first, a political economic critique situates the exhibition within neoliberal economic reform of the Mexican banking system and the designs of US-based transnational banks on migrant remittances. The second, a material culture approach, focuses on the exhibitionary strategies employed to incentivize folk art consumption as a mode of cosmopolitan citizenship.

This paper reveals the deep illegitimacy of the ruling government in Hawaiʻi 1894-1898 by focusing on voting rights and laws created in a 1894 Constitutional Convention and the use of these laws by the ruling oligarchy to hold tightly to minority rule while attempting to appear democratic. Primary-source research within a prolific archive is used to reveal both specific and broad contradictions between the narrative put forward by the oligarchy and what de-facto existed

Den politiska debatt som följt i spåren av 2015 års så kallade " flyktingkris " påminner oss om något som har varit uppenbart under lång tid – nämligen att vi lever i migrationens tidevarv. Den samtida debatten om migration aktualiserar en rad viktiga utmaningar för socialt arbete, men också bredare utmaningar för välfärden och samhället i stort, nämligen problematiken kring inkludering och exkludering, rättigheter och tillhörighet i en tid av storskalig, världsomspännande migration.

The present article investigates the family in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as the intermediary institution between the individual and the state, and as the site of reproduction of the social order through the control over the woman's body. The role of the family is examined here with the theoretical contribution of Foucauldian biopolitics intended as the state's political regulation of the biological element through power consolidation and preservation strategies. Women activists' actions aiming at the reform of the guardian-ship system in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia will be critically examined in the context of the wider regional challenges and movements. The article also interrogates the role of women in the authoritarian nation-state, and how it is constructed at the intersection be- tween the family, sexuality, reproduction and religion.

This is a class on the causes and the political effects of nationalism. The first half of the course is designed to provide you with an understanding of the most prominent explanations of the emergence of nationalism across the world, and the background knowledge and tools with which to evaluate them. We will discuss the importance of conceptualization in understanding social phenomena and confront terms such as: state, nation, nationalism, patriotism, minorities, identity, ethnicity, religion, class, and race. In the second half of the course, we will focus on the effects of nationalism on political identities, patterns of political violence as well as voting, and state policies. We are going to cover cases from around the world. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, develop arguments, and evaluate hypotheses.

Following the 2005 London bombings, there is widespread public debate about diversity, integration, and multiculturalism in Britain, including the role of education in promoting national identity and citizenship. In response to official concerns about terrorism, a review panel was invited to consider how ethnic, religious and cultural diversity might be addressed in the school curriculum for England, specifically through the teaching of modern British social and cultural history and citizenship. The resultant Ajegbo report proposes a new strand on "identity and diversity: living together in the UK", be added to the citizenship education framework. While the report gives impetus to teaching about diversity, it does not strengthen the curriculum framework proposed in the Crick report. It fails to adopt a critical perspective on race or multiculturalism or adequately engage with young people's lived experiences of citizenship within a globalised world. I analyse how the review panel conceptualises identity, democracy and diversity. I then consider its assumptions about racism, human rights, and citizenship education, concluding with reflections on how citizenship education might be developed in the task of re-imagining the nation and meeting the needs of emergent cosmopolitan citizens.

While terms like "exile" and "banishment" evoke dramatic images of regimes distant in time or character from the modern liberal democracy, penal practices that rely on the geographic removal of offenders remain with such societies in the twenty-first century. This chapter evaluates the compatibility of banishment with different political orders.

The latest Bond flick No Time To Die was certainly a rollercoaster ride of exciting action scenes and great special effects, yet contained more than a quantum of longueurs. With a running time of 163 minutes it certainly tries the patience and the bladders of its audiences (who I saw popping out of the cinema throughout the film). Personally, I think 90 minutes is enough for any film, especially since the disappearance of the intermission and ice-cream selling of yore. In this case, the increased length seems to have been to incorporate backstories of some of the individuals involved. The effect of this is to attenuate Bond's appearances in the film, while adding very little to the story (hence the longueurs). By Official James Bond 007 Website One effect of this narrative style is to put more emphasis on the story of Bond and less on the usual geopolitics and action we associate with Bond films. Now this is very interesting considering that if one was to ask oneself: which country would be the most likely target and villain of the latest Bond film as a cultural representative of the world's imperialist and neocolonial powers? It would have to be: China.

ACME, Vol 2, No 2 (2003)

Table of Contents

Themed Sections: (1) Borders and Immigration (2) Critical Forum on Empire | Various Articles

Equality, Justice and the Problem of International Borders: The Case of Canadian Immigration Regulation
Harald Bauder, 167-182

Gender, Inequality and Borders
Valerie Preston, 183-187

A Borderless World: Dream or Nightmare?
Daniel Hiebert, 188-193

The EU and the Utopia and Anti-utopia of Migration: A Response to Harald Bauder
Ulrich Best, 194-200

Some Reasons and Conditions for a World Without Immigration Restrictions
Franck Düvell, 201-209

Immigration and the Spectre of Hobbes: Some Comments for the Quixotic Dr. Bauder
Michael Samers, 210-217

The Last Word … ?
Harald Bauder, 218-220

Research

Hardt and Negri's Empire and Real Empire: The Terrors of 9-11 and After
David Moore, 112-131

Negotiations and Fieldworkings: Friendship and Feminist Research
Kath Browne, 132-146

Between Being and Looking Queer Tourism Promotion and Lesbian Social Space in Greater Philadelphia
Marie Cieri, 147-166

Forum

Introduction: Critical Forum on Empire
Scott Kirsch, 221-226

Empire Goes to War, or, The Ontological Shift in the Transatlantic Divide
Claudio Minca, 227-235

Globalización o Imperio: ¿Nuevas Tendencias Del Capitalismo Contemporáneo?
Blanca Ramírez, 236-241

Globalization or Empire: New Tendencies in Contemporary Capitalism?
Blanca Ramírez, 242-247

Empire and Citizenship
Joe Painter, 248-253

Książka "Obywatelstwo w Europie. Z dziejów idei i instytucji" traktuje o narodzinach oraz ewolucji idei obywatelstwa w wybranych państwach europejskich. Wzbogaca ją obszerny indeks rzeczowy ułatwiający studiowanie jej treści. Krzysztof Trzciński – sytuując omawiane zagadnienie w kontekście ogólnych procesów politycznych i gospodarczych – ukazuje w niniejszej publikacji, iż idea obywatelstwa ulega istotnym przeobrażeniom w różnych krajach i okresach, będąc zarówno wzbogacaną o nowe elementy, jak też nierzadko zubożaną przez czasową utratę pewnych składników. W efekcie proces formowania się idei obywatelstwa na naszym kontynencie był niejednolity, nierzadko zawieszany na długi czas, czasem cofający się dramatycznie. Autor gromadził materiały do książki w kilkunastu krajach Europy. Ważną inspiracją badań były dla niego także studia prowadzone w latach 1995–2002 w wielu krajach Afryki i Azji, w których mają miejsce dynamiczne i nierzadko bardzo dramatyczne procesy kształtowania się idei i instytucji nowoczesnego obywatelstwa. "Obywatelstwo w Europie" to lektura niezbędna dla wszystkich studiujących kwestie związane z obywatelstwem, prawami człowieka i przyszłością instytucji obywatelstwa w Unii Europejskiej i na świecie. Niezastąpiona inspiracja i pomoc dla polityków, funkcjonariuszy Unii Europejskiej, studentów: politologii, prawa, europeistyki, filozofii, socjologii i stosunków międzynarodowych (profesor Jan J. Milewski).
Krzysztof Trzcinski, 'Citizenship in Europe: The History of the Idea and Institution' - this is an interdisciplinary book as the concept of citizenship is one of the key terms of the social sciences and raises questions of a legal, political, historical, philosophical, and sociological nature. The main subjects of this work are the origins and evolution of the idea and institution of citizenship in Western Europe. Doctrinal and institutional models of citizenship presented in this monograph are of different historical origins (beginning with ancient times and ending with the 20th century). This work shows that in different historical periods, the concept of citizenship underwent shifts in semantic substance and that the idea of citizenship is in permanent flux. Hence, the essence of citizenship is continually being enriched with new elements (or, at times, impoverished by the loss of other elements). According to specific conditions of a socio-political, economic, and cultural nature, the concept of citizenship has been redefined in the historical perspective. At various historical periods, the term 'citizen' referred to a broader or narrower spectrum of society. Criteria for membership in the body of citizens also evolved. Over the centuries, many models of citizenship emerged in Europe. Some of them were institutional in form. In contrast, others were the fruit of philosophers' social and political thinking at different times. The basic models emerged in ancient Athens and Rome. Later models of citizenship usually took over many traits, particular to initial models (such as the right to life). However, at the same time, they usually eliminated some of their elements (such as the enslavement of certain members of society) while simultaneously creating and adding new ones (such as electoral rights for women). In this manner, new models emerged, which were an offshoot of classical models. These models contributed to the formation of the contemporary institution of citizenship, which brings together different elements of various historical models. This book contributes to research into the evolution of the state (including research into the formation of the nation-state in Europe), as the institution of citizenship is inherently and functionally tied to the state. This work also contributes to research into the evolution of supranational European Union citizenship. The institutional development of the idea of EU citizenship could - along with the unavoidable transformation of all community structures or even the very idea of integration itself - lead to a fundamental change in the contemporary concept of state citizenship. This work could also prove helpful in research into the phenomenon of immigration in Europe, especially into the interdependence between obtaining the citizenship of the host state and the effective integration of immigrants.

In this research, we study the social dynamics that lead to the proclaimed non- participation of refugees to local political activities in the city of Nablus. From a historical perspective, the aim of this analysis is to determine how, in spite of a long process of urban integration, the system of participatory government inside the refugee camps sustainably maintains an institutional distance with the nationalization process of local institutions initiated after the Oslo agreements.

Understanding Statelessness offers a comprehensive, in-depth examination of statelessness. The volume presents the theoretical, legal and political concept of statelessness through the work of leading critical thinkers in this area.　They offer a critique of the existing framework through detailed and theoretically-based scrutiny of challenging contexts of statelessness in the real world and suggest ways forward.

The volume is divided into three parts. The first, ‘Defining Statelessness’, features chapters exploring conceptual issues in the definition of statelessness. The second, ‘Living Statelessness’, uses case studies of statelessness contexts from States across global regions to explore the diversity of contemporary lived realities of statelessness and to interrogate standard theoretical presentations. ‘Theorising Statelessness’, the final part, approaches the theorisation of statelessness from a variety of theoretical perspectives, building upon the earlier sections. All the chapters come together to suggest a rethinking of how we approach statelessness. They raise questions and seek answers with a view to contributing to the development of a theoretical approach which can support more just policy development.

Throughout the volume, readers are encouraged to connect theoretical concepts, real-world accounts and challenging analyses. The result is a rich and cohesive volume which acts as both a state-of-the-art statement on statelessness research and a call to action for future work in the field. It will be of great interest to graduates and scholars of political theory, human rights, law and international development, as well as those looking for new approaches to thinking about statelessness.

Kwame Anthony Appiah (London, 1954) is one of the most renowned philosophers of contemporary thought. His work in the field of ethics and moral reach diverse subjects as sexual orientation, nationalism, social discrimination on ethnic or religious reasons and responsibility of governments and international organizations in development and poverty eradication.

Silapathar lok pa:mín! Sok duné ope:ké kinpé-tatpénam : Gíné 6 March, 2017 do Silapathar town dok Jonai bélamlo du:né All Assam Students' Union (AASU) Gergo okumdém Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samannay Samiti (NBUSS) dé bottan kébang ko igela " procession " la:len douém lumín sula édé poriné ope:dok tani:yém démbito odokké gerko okum démsin mopen-moren bito. Udbastu dé Bengali gompiré, édém " refugee " émdo. Mo:di akolokké po:péké dungko amo:lokké ménpagla gílad langkumane tani: ém " Refugee "-pé sabla:do. Gílad dakkugomsin " refugee " lunamdé kangkan pé turra du:la:ma:yé, pésola turpa:yé. Aba:yang Bornoi (Siang/Lali/ Brahmaputra) ané kekon-kesakpé du:né Bengali British longé (1826) dokké Bangladesh (1971) lendo do:pé Osomsopé ginné. Odok lédupésin gítíla dung motum la:ma:dopé. Assam Andulon (Osom Mimag) éla: tribal opín : Osom mimag (Assam movement) dok lédupé Rajiv Gandhi bí Prime Minister pé ila du:do 15 August,1985 do sukti ko ika. Osom mimag dém igébomnédé AASU dokké supakké Asom Gono Porishad. Odo ayir do Asom Gano Songram Porishod émdagai. Amin dé Assam Accord/Asom Sukti. Édé sukti dém de:kko mé:mi-sagmi:la, sapkum-sappa:la 24 March, 1971 (yumé 12 do:pé) do Osom amo:lo gí:ané takam tani:yém " Indian citizen " émna sapyé émna to:likto. Mimak moné ope:yé Hindu dag Muslim dag appingéméi torík su:yé. Odok lédu kédém torik sula ma:yé émna adgab danna ru:sékto. Odok lédudok gia:né sékomsin torik sula:mayé émto. Édé Osom mimak dém Mising, Boro Kachari, Deori, Tiwa, Karbi, Rabha, Dimasa appingéi dité-di:rung kinma:pé gídumsula angu modilok tani:yém Osom sokké gípag pa:yéku émna appíng opíné gídumsuka. Tiwa tani:yé Morigaon district lok Nellie émkodo February,1983 do 2000 béjéyangkopé angu ope:lok tani:yém moketo. Silapothar do:sin ginga:la du:né Bengali tani:yém Arne Sapori émkolo mokeka. Sabyém Osom mimag 1979 dokké 1985 dok sukti idodo:pé Osom Mimo:so ségripé du:toma:. Tiwa tani: lok popék amongém pa:lad yékuji émna mé:la odo Tiwa tani:yé ibo-gíboka émna lédupé lusudungku. Émpige:la AASU do bottan leaders kídídé " kinma: " émpaktoku. Tiwa tribel kídídém aíké émna saptokuma:, bulu tani: mokené ope:ko émnam asinko gémoto. Gohpur do mipak tani:yé Boro-Kachari tani:yém dolu:lokké ménpagla Arunachal yumrang ara:lo dugsila du:pa:to. Indira Gandhi bi gíkal ka:dodo mipakkídídok dugra sula dungko (camp) kídí:dém léngkanka. Lubiko kama:la Boro kébangé Arunachal Chief Minister Gegong Apang mé kumna:-sola odokké bík lubinamkokki Prime Minister Gandhi bí Boro ngasodémsin kinto. Odok lédupé 1987 do Osom sukti do Boro léga:pé okkosin katéma: émna kinna Upendranath Brahma bí "All Bodo Lédu Mokudsun Ope: Du:té:lo Gía:sun Ope:lok Ibo:-Sitiddé Kampon Agomma: ! Nérkíg Mé:lod

The Legality and Constitutionality of CAA is to be decided by the Apex Court of India because it is the Supreme Legal Authority. CAA has been fundamentally discriminatory as stated by UN because it excludes the Persecuted Muslim Community from availing citizenships in India through the CAA as they suffer from ethnic violence in Islamic Theocratic Countries due to Majoritarian extremism in those countries. Freedom of Religion is a Civil Right and Fundamental Right of every Indian Citizen and Equality before Law is the Constitutional Supremacy which is being neglected in the law and Rule of Law can’t be negated by the Legislature while framing any law as it is the basic essence and foundation of the legal framework because in a Welfare State every law should be in the collective interest of the society and it should not discriminate any class, religion or race as law is the general legal order meant to protect the society from instability and punish those who violate the legal guidelines that are same for every human being altogether and Citizenship is an crucial legal right which can’t be given or stripped off arbitrarily as it consists of many important socio-economic rights of an individual which if stripped off by the state could lead to loss of identity and statelessness. The CAA doesn’t look at the persecution of Muslim Minorities like Shias, Ahmaddiyyas and Hazara Muslims. It’s Communalizes the Diversity of our Country and causes Political Polarisation and breaks our Unity and Integrity as Indian Citizens who have accepted People as Citizens without Religious Classification.

That talk is never disinterested complicates the relationship between the environment and the claims people make about it. Talk about place, and one's self in it, is particularly complex when the environment poses risk or is otherwise problematized. This study, a secondary analysis of interview data, seeks to extend discursive work on place-identity by examining the ways in which 14 residents of a small English village talk about themselves and their locale. The locale accommodates an active quarry, and many residents had lodged complaints to the quarry about dust, noise and vibrations from blasting. Attention to the interactional context of the interviews illustrates the ways in which (simply) interviewing people about their locale can threaten self- and place-identity. When asked about life in the village, interviewees oriented to two main dilemmas in protecting self- and place-identity: (1) how to justify continued residence in a challenging environment and (2) how to complain about the locale whilst maintaining positive place-identity. Discursive responses to these dilemmas drew upon typical identity processes, such as self- and place distinctiveness and the formulation of out-groups, as well as upon constructions of localized power-sharing and morally obligated tolerance of risk. We suggest that research on problematical places, and of environmental risk, needs to be sensitized to how it may constitute a threat to self- and place-identity, and how this may mediate formulations self and place, as well as of environmental risk.

This study aimed to investigate the transformations in factors that determine the emergence of neighborhoods in and around Amman, through studying historical dimensions related to ethnical backgrounds, unity of origin, places where immigration to Amman has originated, and what new factors that go with them or have replaced them. The researcher tried to shed light specifically on the impact of the socio-economic factor on the current state of Amman's Neighborhoods, and their future.
The study used several approaches to achieve its goals: the historical evolution approach which aimed to review factors contributing to emergence and development of cities; the descriptive approach which aims to focus on the case study, surveying and content analysis through coding and analyzing answers of interviewees; and the narrative approach where people residing in the chosen neighborhoods were encouraged to tell their stories and experiences to help in understanding the reality of these neighborhoods, and factors and transformation points that affected their formation.
The study used factor analysis to uncover variances among the chosen neighborhoods Amman by analyzing thirty-eight economic, social, and demographic factors that have been presented in population and housing census for the year 2015. Nvivo program was used to statistically analyze data retrieved from interviews in the field study part of the study.
The study has concluded that the end of seventies and the beginning of the eighties of the twentieth century is considered a transformation point in the history of Amman city, as neighborhoods started to form according to the likeness in social and economic levels of its people, while disregarding the factors of shared ethnic origins or the shared place of where they have immigrated from, which established the origin of those neighborhoods before the seventies of the twentieth century, As the socio-economic factor has dominated the reality of life in Amman's neighborhoods, it became the main factor that impacted their emergence and formation. People started to head towards creating new neighborhoods according to resemblances in social and economic levels. Hence, it became obvious that this new factor has canceled older factors that have earlier affected the emergence of these neighborhoods. This factor has also dominated the current status and will affect the future status, as it led to decrease in social relationships among people residing the neighborhoods understudy, and turned them into shallow relationships based on advantage and personal interests, and have led to lack of feelings of belonging to the place of residence, and have led to decrease in decisions related to choosing residence near relatives or tribe or similar ethnical groups. The study concluded that there is no one unified theory for explaining the emergence of Amman neighborhoods that could be put forward.
The study recommended that future research should investigate peoples’ movements among Amman’s neighborhoods, and factors leading to these movements, and studying the role of functional housing and private housing in the emergence and development of new neighborhoods in Amman and other cities.

The uses of GIS at secondary school level have been mainly thought of as a support tool to encourage spatial thinking. While this approach definitely has its benefits in arguing for a wider set of competences acquired by GI-based learning, it has frequently been linked to technical interests and instrumental knowledge as described by Habermas (1968). The use of Geoinformation does not appear to serve an emancipatory interest in learning.
The concept of spatial citizenship tries to address these shortcomings. Conceptually, it originates from the individual and collective appropriation of social space and supports learners to acquire competences that will enable them to more actively participate in society. Spatial citizenship adds a spatial domain to citizenship education through a mixture of absolute, cognitive and relational concepts of space.
In addition to the fields of competences mentioned in the National Research Council report (2006) on spatial thinking, spatial citizenship implies that further competences are required. These may be termed competences to a) deconstruct the spatial information available from various sources, b) further ones own visions of social space by c) being able to translate and communicate them with the help of GI. Recent technological developments actively promote these geo-communication skills, while also posing new questions pertaining to the interests involved in the production and dissemination of voluntary geographic information. This contribution explores the starting points for spatial citizenship education and discusses aims and fields of competences for active spatial citizenship.