Cluster policy

Klastry ekonomii społecznej są przejawem wdrażania przez sektor ekonomii społecznej reguł innowacyjnej przedsiębiorczości, obecnych już w innych obszarach gospodarki. W przypadku Polski taka forma organizacji podmiotów dopiero się rozwija (niedługo minie dekada od założenia pierwszego takiego tworu), jednak już analiza jej obecnej kondycji prowadzi do szeregu ciekawych wniosków.
Niniejszy tekst opierając się na przeglądzie literatury i analizie danych zastanych pokazuje w jaki sposób specyfika ekonomii społecznej modyfikuje najważniejsze założenia polityki klastrowej, a także prezentuję kondycję klastrów ekonomii społecznej i omawia ich szanse rozwoju.

Addressing the continuous need for new growth sectors in post-industrial cities, this book considers the economic significance of wellness from a development policy perspective. The author goes beyond personal health discourse to conceptualise wellness as an emerging industry, presenting empirical cases of community, attraction, and export-orientated strategies around the world. Combining holistic health, urban governance and economic development, this book will provide valuable reading for those studying policy, tourism and the wellness sector as well as business entrepreneurs within this evolving industry.

Most studies of city branding are written from a marketing or management perspective. This book is different, as the micro-management issues of city branding are discussed within a broader macro-theoretical or structural context while analysing questions from the point of view of local economic development and industrial policy.

Conceptual tools are provided to assist branding in global inter-city competition. But the text is not just a toolkit for city marketing, but a theoretically oriented description of the preconditions and means of economic city profiling and restructuring on a highly competitive global scene.

In this sense the book is theoretically oriented and contextual, and it approaches the branding challenge from the point of view of urban political economy, as reflected in the concept of the informational city, the growth machine thesis and the world city hypothesis.

The article addresses the problem of restoring industrial functions policy in the cities of developed capitalism. Since the 1970s of the 20th century change from the Fordist to the post-Fordist mode of production, globalisation and new international labor division have resulted in a de-industrialisation process that occurred in the cities of developed countries. Industrial decline caused a numerous crisis of urban areas. Overcoming this crisis should be considered as a process in which local economic systems adapt to challenges of global competition on the international market of locations. Facing these challenges leads to the development of new forms of economic organisation that are characteristic of cognitive-cultural capitalism with its paradigm of flexible accumulation and competitive advantage through creativity and innovation. In this context re-industrialisation and neo-industrialisation become the key elements in the strategies for urban development. The article discusses the ideological aspects of the industrialisation policy. Particular attention is paid to the question of “clustering policy” as a tool for stimulating economic growth. Particular negative consequences of industrial development policy are also presented.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is related to the fact that the formation of national clusters is one of the most essential tools to promote innovation and industrial development of the state economy. The objective of the article is to consider the peculiarities of the formation of cluster policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan and assess its development.
Materials and methods. Statistical data from the official website of the Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as scientific papers on the economic development of Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries, were used.
Results. The grain processing cluster of Kazakhstan is the basis of the agro-food cluster. In terms of grain production, Kazakhstan ranks third in the CIS after Russia and Ukraine. Wheat exports are one of the primary sources of foreign exchange earnings in the country's economy.
The market share of Kazakhstan for most products in relation to the EAEU is from 5 to 15%. The highest shares are observed in the production/consumption of vegetables and gourd (22.48%), grain (14.34%), and milk (11.92%). The lowest shares of production are observed for the production/consumption of sugar (3.87%), fruits and berries (7.47%), eggs (8.76%), and meat (8.54%). Agro-food production in Kazakhstan increased by 1.04% from 2013 to 2018, while consumption increased by 0.60%.
By 2035, the capacity of the EAEU domestic market could grow significantly in the segments: meat and meat products (by 15%), milk and dairy products (by 17%), fruits and berries (by 39%), vegetables and gourd (by 24%), grain (by 12%) and oilseeds (by 69%).
Discussion and conclusion. The formation and development of territorial and sectoral clusters, mainly agrarian, will be one of the most effective forms of realization of the national competitive advantages of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The aim of this work is to identify the most appropriate type of local governance for the globalised agri-food scene. Through spatial analysis tools we analyse PDO/PGI products in two Italian regions, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna, which adopted very different strategies. The spatial analysis allows selection of the most appropriate indicators at municipality level for identification of homogeneous local systems, and lowers the complexity of the issues to be addressed in the definition of their geographic boundaries. The results of our analysis allow evaluation of the two approaches used by Emilia-Romagna and Veneto and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of two different models of agri-food districts.

For Russia, increasing the innovative activity of industrial enterprises is one of the
most important strategic tasks, the solution of which depends on economic growth,
business development, the level of welfare of the population and the possibility of
effective integration of the country's economy into the global economic system. The
high level of competition in the world market stimulates the development of innovative
processes, imposes additional requirements on the technical and economic
characteristics of products and technologies and forces industrial enterprises to
actively apply innovations, develop new methods and approaches to the management
of innovative development.
A significant problem of regional competitiveness management is the need to
develop a methodology for such management, adequate to objective institutional goals
and objectives. Thus, the scientific problem of the research is the study of the essence,
laws, objects, factors and measures of regional competitiveness and on this basis in
the development of organizational and economic mechanism of management of
competitiveness of the regional economy.
The scientific novelty of the research is represented by the theoretical and
methodological foundations of the cluster approach to managing the development of
the regional economy, the concept of "cluster" is clarified.
The main attention is paid to the formation of regional cluster policy; the main
directions of the formation of conditions for clustering are identified; the practical
implementation of the cluster approach in the innovation sphere of the regions of
Russia is considered.

Purpose: This paper is aimed to assess the evolution of Polish cluster policy, as well as, to identify the key challenges for cluster management in Poland, which result from the framework of the conditions described by the national strategic documents in the field of cluster policy. Literature review reveals a substantial shortage of publications and research in the area of the issue under discussion, and presents the relevant research gap. Design/Methodology/Approach: So far, no document strictly dedicated to shaping the cluster policy in Poland has been developed. The following research methods were used to achieve the research goals: the desk research to identify and analyse the relevant national strategic documents, as well as the case study method. Findings: A detailed analysis of the national strategic documents on cluster policy with particular emphasis being put on the current European Union's programming period of 2014-2020 revealed a significant number of references to strategic documents of both long-and medium-term nature, as well as, a particular inconsistency. It seems that this lack of coherence in the framework conditions for cluster management leads to negative effects of the functioning of cluster organisations in Poland. Practical Implications: Cluster policy occupies an important place in the economic policy of the European Union. Despite popularising the idea of clusters, a document strictly dedicated to cluster policy has not yet been developed. Moreover, the provisions shaping the cluster policy in Poland are presented in many strategic documents, as a result of which implementation of the policy, employing coherent executive documents and then support instruments, becomes difficult. Originality/Value: The value of the conducted research in relatively a new field is the identification of relevant strategic documents, the provisions of which make up the cluster policy in Poland, as well as its assessment in terms of the role and scope of impact on cluster organisations, and, consequently, the challenges for cluster management.

Publikację rozpoczyna materiał poświęcony 25-leciu polskiej samorządności
widziany poprzez pryzmat zmian zawartych w ordynacjach wyborczych.
W dalszej kolejności wskazano na europejską i polską politykę regionalną.
Z elementem tym związane są następne artykuły odnoszące się do euroregionów oraz województwa zachodniopomorskiego, które stało się kolejnym europejskim regionem. Od średniowiecza na terenie Pomorza Zachodniego budowano nie tylko społeczności lokalne i regionalne, ale na skutek procesów politycznych doszło do powstania tam ośrodków władzy państwowej Księstwa Zachodniopomorskiego. Stolicą tego podmiotu był Szczecin, ale władza księcia rozciągała się po obu stronach Odry. Po kilkusetletniej jego działalności uległo ono rozczłonkowaniu w latach wojny 30-letniej w 1. połowie XVII w., jednakże pozostałości po tamtym podmiocie polityczno-ustrojowym występują do współczesności. Stąd potrzeba odnowienia więzi nie tylko społecznych między poszczególnymi społecznościami, ale i zadbania o jego zabytki, wspólne dziedzictwo Odry i Bałtyku oraz inne. Część niniejszą kończą dwa materiały odnoszące się do pilskiej społeczności lokalnej i regionalnej, która w pierwszym okresie transformacji posiadała rangę województwa, po czym została włączona do Wielkopolski.
Główną myślą przewodnią niniejszej części stało się przedstawienie polskich
zmian lokalnych i regionalnych w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu z zaznaczającym się wpływem województwa zachodniopomorskiego.

For Russia, increasing the innovative activity of industrial enterprises is one of the most important strategic tasks, the solution of which depends on economic growth, business development, the level of welfare of the population and the possibility of effective integration of the country's economy into the global economic system. The high level of competition in the world market stimulates the development of innovative processes, imposes additional requirements on the technical and economic characteristics of products and technologies and forces industrial enterprises to actively apply innovations, develop new methods and approaches to the management of innovative development. A significant problem of regional competitiveness management is the need to develop a methodology for such management, adequate to objective institutional goals and objectives. Thus, the scientific problem of the research is the study of the essence, laws, objects, factors and measures of regional competitiveness and on this basis in the development of organizational and economic mechanism of management of competitiveness of the regional economy. The scientific novelty of the research is represented by the theoretical and methodological foundations of the cluster approach to managing the development of the regional economy, the concept of "cluster" is clarified. The main attention is paid to the formation of regional cluster policy; the main directions of the formation of conditions for clustering are identified; the practical implementation of the cluster approach in the innovation sphere of the regions of Russia is considered.