Colonization studies

O livro Imagens da colonização trata das representações do índio, escritas e gráficas, entre os séculos XVI e XVII. Aí, procurei analisar não somente as imagens dos tupis e “tapuios”, mas também de diferentes etnias radicadas na América espanhola. Fossem gravuras francesas, holandesas, italianas alemães ou inglesas, os cânones artísticos e teológicos pouco diferiam no momento de descrever os povos do Novo Mundo. Sem sombra de dúvidas, as “representações coletivas” europeias da reforma e contra-reforma determinaram as narrativas e as figurações. Nas imagens sobre os americanos encontram-se a tradição escolástica, as disputas religiosas entre católicos e protestantes, a caça às bruxas e os dilemas provocados pela conquista.
As crônicas e as descrições de viagens fizeram tábula rasa da tradição ameríndia, anularam as suas especificidades. Todos eram índios e isso bastava para os religiosos, artistas e viajantes europeus. Aliás, a tradição europeia buscou no passado remoto argumentos para consolidar a dominação e a desigualdade entre os cristãos e ameríndios. Sua superioridade respaldava a conquista, a colonização e a catequese. Em contrapartida, os nativos eram seres degenerados: desconheciam a palavra revelada do senhor, o valor do ouro, da prata e do trabalho. Viviam na indolência e precisavam dos controles impostos pelos homens brancos. Empregado como ideologia da conquista, o barbarismo aristotélicos legitimava a guerra justa, a escravidão, porque os nativos eram incapazes de entender os ensinamentos divinos e de receber a conversão. Portanto, eram criaturas de Deus, forjados para servir aos cristãos, usando a sua força bruta em favor dos empreendimentos coloniais. 
Para além de identificar um substrato cultural comum, o livro traça um contraponto entre as imagens produzidas pelos jesuítas e pelos demais colonizadores. Os inacianos estavam imbuídos de livrar os índios da escravidão, pois o cativeiro os afastava da conversão e da vida cristã. A defesa da Companhia de Jesus impunha abandono da antigas tradições locais, da nudez, poligamia e canibalismo.
De todo modo, o esforço dos padres não inviabilizou o emprego dos nativos como força motriz dos primeiros estabelecimentos coloniais, nas lavouras, na expansão das áreas coloniais, nas guerras contra as tribos que enfrentavam os portugueses. Embora fossem livres, nas propriedades jesuíticas, os braços não raro eram indígenas. Por vezes, os religiosos pouco diferiam dos seculares quando representavam os nativos como bárbaros, embora os jesuítas considerassem que a conversão era mecanismo seguro para os livrar do barbarismo. 
Em suma, afirmo que os colonizadores buscavam respaldo para impedir a inserção dos índios na cristandade, pois eram seres brutos e incapazes de se tornar católicos. Para tanto reforçavam a necessidade escravizá-los, enquanto os sacerdotes procuravam representá-los como gentios, cristãos em potencial, pois, do contrário, a catequese estava ameaçada.
    Escravistas ou não, os projetos coloniais pretendiam inserir os povos indígenas no mundo mercantilista. Os braços nativos contribuíram com a expansão das áreas coloniais e comércio entre o Brasil e a metrópole. Os índios viabilizavam então a força motriz capaz de implementar fortificações, vilas, igrejas, engenhos e plantações. A conquista não se reduziu ao âmbito econômico, pois os moradores e os viajantes conduziram os habitantes do Novo Mundo para dentro da cultura da Europa ocidental. Os ameríndios perderem paulatinamente a autonomia própria das comunidades distantes do velho continente e ganharam feições e atributos há muito presentes no imaginário cristão. Os índios foram denominados de gentio, bárbaros, selvagens e antropófagos. A partir dessas nomeações, os colonizadores pretendiam ressaltar o primitivismo dos nativos e sua incapacidade de gerir a própria vida. O abandono dos “costumes abomináveis” justificava a intervenção na América, consolidava a conquista e a colonização europeias.
A maior contribuição do livro estava, porém, no capítulo terceiro: “Mulheres canibais”. Aí realizei comparação entre texto e imagem que me permitiu delimitar um tema de pesquisa original. Oriundas dos relatos de viagens, as descrições sobre os costumes indígenas apontavam para a intensa participação dos homens nas guerras e nas cerimônias de canibalismo. Diferentemente do texto, nas imagens, as mulheres se tornaram protagonistas. A literatura quinhentista e mesmo os estudos da antropologia estruturalista defendiam a participação feminina nos rituais com funções específicas.
No entanto, nas representações visuais, a ênfase nas mulheres canibais e a escassa participação dos guerreiros estava vinculada à misoginia, não raro presente nos escritos e gravuras quinhentistas protestantes. Aliás, percebi que a misoginia aumentou a participação feminina nos rituais macabros representados nas gravuras. A ênfase deve ser interpretada como parte da tradição luterana e da influência do Malleus maleficarum sobre o pensamento europeu do norte da Europa, origem de boa parte das gravuras dedicadas às mulheres canibais. Em diversas imagens constatei semelhanças entre as mulheres canibais e as feiticeiras europeias. Elas possuíam comportamentos e formas físicas semelhantes às enviadas do demônio.
Como mencionei, os predomínio das mulheres nos rituais de canibalismo não possui, porém, sustentação empírica, exceto nas gravuras de Theodor de Bry. Os relatos quinhentistas e seiscentistas restringiam bastante sua participação nos banquetes canibalescos. Os estudiosos dos tupis defendem a participação de jovens e mulheres na ingestão de carne humana, sobretudo as entranhas cozidas em forma de mingau. Em contrapartida, os guerreiros costumavam ingerir os músculos assados no moquém. Em suma, a participação feminina era restrita enquanto os homens protagonizavam os relatos dedicados ao canibalismo tupi.
Vale ainda mencionar a participação das velhas índias nos rituais representados em gravuras. Aí, elas comem carne humana e sugam a gordura. Segundo os relatos, Deus as castigou, pois perderam a juventude por causa de seus desregramentos, pelo gosto bizarro de ingerir e se deliciar com a carne humana. Suas peles enrugadas e cabelos muito ralos as tornam encarnação do vício, aliadas e privilegiadas de Satã. Com características demoníacas, as velhas retratadas do Theodor de Bry também estão em um desenho que ilustra o livro de John Nieuhof. A cena se passa em uma floresta, onde um nativo atira uma fecha contra uma ave. No pano de fundo, porém, duas mulheres comem braços humanos e estão próximas a vários vestígios do canibalismo: crânio descarnado, ossos humanos, restos de animais e outros objetos de difícil identificação. Por certo a gravura em questão se inspirou na obra de Hans Baldung Grien, o famoso pintor quinhentista das bruxas.

Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, is widely known for its crucial role as a crossroads for human colonization from the Holocene through to at least the Middle Ages. Yet the role played by Sicily in terms of human dispersal along the coastal margins of the western and central Mediterranean during the Pleistocene remains largely unclear. For instance, Sicily is often cited in the litera- ture as being the first Mediterranean island to have been populated by Aurignacian human groups—a scenario that has been heavily debated, if not entirely disproven. In this paper, I present a critical reanalysis of the purported early colonization events of the island known from the literature, together with recently published radio- metric dates and sophisticated geological modeling, to show that there is currently no basis to postulate a Sicilian Aurignacian phase ($45  33 ka BP). Additionally, I suggest that there is cause to recon- sider the timing and modalities of the colonization of the island by Epigravettian human groups and that the colonization of Sicily could represent the first evidence of an island in the Central and Western Mediterranean colonized by watercraft. Contextualizing the relevance of Sicily in the early seafaring debate, the conclusions presented fur- ther suggest a reconsideration of the current pre-Holocene model of human dispersion for the entire Mediterranean.

Debate has long raged over the nature and extent of contact and cooperation between the Greeks and the Levantines at the site of Pithekoussai on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. The native Italic population, however, has been largely overlooked or viewed as a marginal or fringe element. Italic fibula types, which are found extensively in the cemetery, have been traditionally interpreted as evidence for the intermarriage of Italic females into the colonial settlement. This concept has limited our understanding of the role or impact of the Italic population at the site, effectively obscuring any more nuanced or balanced interpretations of their activity. A detailed analysis of several tombs from Pithekoussai, which contained iron tools or instruments, indicates that the Italic population was more actively involved in the creation of material culture at the site than has previously been supposed. Parallels for the practice are found widely on the Italic mainland and have often been associated with elite customs or funerary rituals. The presence of such practices at the site of Pithekoussai indicates the active impact of the native Italic population and the dynamic effect that diverse members of the community had on the creation and promulgation of a uniquely Pithekoussan identity.

Colonization, I postulate, has a far more profound effect on the colonized than conceptualized in Aimé Césaire's postcolonial equation, colonization  =  thingification. Rather, here I put forward a new postcolonial equation for tracing the infinite and insidious effects of colonialism: Colonization  =  thingification + re-appropriation of subjectivity. I argue that Western imperial narratives and what Edward Said calls its ‘evaluative judgment’ and ‘implicit program of action’ also subjectify the thingified subject's Weltanschauung, cultural practices and more importantly, subjectivity. I present this equation through theorizing what I call Counter-Revolutionary Discourse (CRD). This discourse is an historicized, Eurocentric-Orientalist implicit program of action and an analytical tool, which functions as a manual that assists the colonial apparatus in surveillance, gauging, ranking and subjectifying Middle Eastern subjectivity and resistance according to imperial exigencies. Through tracking the matrix of Western statements, ideas and practices, this genealogical exploration demonstrates that imperial enthusiasts, from Napoleon, Renan, Le Bon and Stoddard to Winston Churchill and David Petraeus, in encountering Middle Eastern revolutions—from the Mahdi, Urabi, Zaghloul, Mossadegh, the PLO and the PKK to the ‘Arab Spring’—draw on four Counter-Revolutionary Discourse systems of thought, which, I argue, are responsible for interpellating Oriental subjectivity and resistance, and which I denominate as: Recrudescence of Fanaticism, Progress Fetishism, Outsourcing of Agency, and the bipolar cognitive device Revolutionary Narcissism-Red Peril.

The Middle East Critique
Western Notions of Middle Eastern Revolutions 2

This article traces the centrality of capitalism in the work of three decolonial feminists: María Lugones, Sylvia Wynter, and Sayek Valencia. Elaborating on the role of capitalism in each of their work separately, I argue that each of these thinkers conceptualizes capitalism in a novel and urgent way, charting new directions for both theory and social movement practice. I thus argue that the decolonial feminist tradition holds crucial philosophical and historical resources for understanding the emergence of capitalism and its endurance. The feminist strand of the decolonial tradition proposes one of the most compelling historical and theoretical conceptions of capitalism. Rather than take capitalism as a singular and hermetically sealed system, decolonial feminist thinkers of capitalism render how deeply imbricated capitalism as an integrated whole has always been, not only in colonization, but in heteropatriarchy, cissexism, and racism. Moreover, a central contention of this strand in anticapitalist thinking argues for reconceptualizing not only how we conceive of capitalism as a structure of domination, but also how social movements contesting this structure should orient themselves, theoretically and politically. Embarking on a decolonial and feminist trajectory of anticapitalist praxis thus demands not only a renewed analysis of what capitalism is and how it functions, but also its history and the differentiated geographies of its development. Although other traditions of anticapitalist thinking have engaged some of these strands, it is in the decolonial feminist tradition that we find one of the most compelling, multifaceted, and urgent manifestations of this praxis. In order to shed light on this approach, I trace the development of decolonial feminist anticapitalism in the work of three of its most sensitive thinkers: María Lugones, Sylvia Wynter, and Sayek Valencia. In doing so, I argue that the decolonial feminist tradition holds crucial philosophical and historical resources for understanding the emergence of capitalism and its endurance in ways that transcend the limitations of much of the contemporary Marxist-feminist tradition. Each of these thinkers' work is different,

changes in its physiognomy as a result of the colonizing development encouraged by the different governments of the time. These changes were both productive and social. Productive, due to the division of the land into plots, and social, due to the massive introduction of immigrants, mostly European, who were considered apt to exploit the land and thus position Argentina in the agro-export market.

The thematic foci of the Franco-Algerian war films of decolonization have shifted in the last few decades from evoking triumphalist discourses and redemptive fictional narratives to producing powerful transnational antiwar stories. While being critical of the violent history of colonization, defying earlier French governments' oppressive forms of censorship, and addressing the history of colonial barbarity in Algeria, many French documentarians and filmmakers have skillfully used moving images to critique and expose colonial transgressions. In their efforts to reimagine the horrors of violent encounters between the French army and Algerian guerilla fighters, their narratives cover daring eye-witness accounts of war crimes, including acts of torture at times described by the perpetrators themselves while catering to the expectations of a global audience. Florent Emilio Siri's L'ennemi intime (2007) and David Oelhoffen's Far from Men (2014) are among these transnational productions that accomplish both tasks. In the stories told by the two films, the plots show evidence of a fundamental thematic transformation in filmic representations that collapses the differences between colonizer and colonized, situating both as victims of colonization. The article argues that even though both films consistently reproduce the conventional portrait of the colonized as weak, passive, and deeply reliant on French guidance, Far from Men introduces the myth of the vanishing native, a theme that helps legitimize and normalize the settler's "right" to occupy the colonized space.

Historically, archaeologists have pursued two basic approaches to prehistoric Caribbean colonization: those relying on historical narratives and those informed by theoretical modelling. With few exceptions, the latter have not been widely employed. Here, we introduce a behavioural ecology model used in Pacific archaeology, the ideal free distribution (IFD), to understand Caribbean migration and island settlement as a form of adaptive behaviour. We assess the sequences of Ceramic Age (post-2500 bp) colonization and overall prehistoric island colonization for fit against the predictions of the IFD using terrestrial net primary production and island area as measures of habitat suitability. We conclude that certain aspects of Caribbean colonization – the initial settlement of larger, high-quality-habitat islands and temporal pauses between migration pulses – are consistent with the IFD. Model inconsistencies observed for Ceramic Age colonization, however, are best explained in terms of the limitations of Pre-Columbian seafaring and territorial behaviour on the part of pre-existing Archaic occupants.

Although history ultimately favored the portuary development of Sài Gòn and Hải Phòng, it was Tourane (Đà Nẵng) that was the initial target of French colonial ambitions in the Indochinese peninsula. For over a century (1740-1858), its bay and territory had been the scene and the epicenter of Franco-British overseas imperial rivalries, a fact which actively fostered an entire set of colonial images about the site, which was quite often referred to as potential base to serve the interests of commerce and the Navy. Despite these ambitions nurtured over a long period, it was only after the conquest of Tonkin, thirty years after the Cochinchina expedition, that its territory was finally established as a concession: on 3 October 1888, the French were finally seizing juridical control of Tourane. As a conceded territory, Tourane was essential to French colonial and imperial designs. The focal point of political and economic ambitions, it was both a gateway and a means to prepare and support the French colonial project in Indochina. A hybrid and previously unknown template, the conceded territory model designed for, and from, Tourane indeed allowed the French to implement new strategies to tighten colonial rule in Indochina. Offering an unprecedented analysis on the creation of the French concession of Tourane at the end of the 19 th century, this research examines the political context during which it was conceived, the work and conclusions given by the commission in charge of studying its borders and jurisdiction, and the steps taken by the colonial administration in order to seize definitive control of a strategic territory inside what was then left of the Đại Nam Kingdom. All in all, comparing Tourane with others treaty ports, it shows how and why its territory stood out as a "micro-colony" in a protectorate territory (Annam-Tonkin).

The penalty of deprivation of liberty now dominates in most parts of the world, even in countries where the death penalty exists. The question therefore arises as to the reasons for its success and the ways in which it has spread, which has given rise to much debate in the social sciences, particularly (but not only) about the Foucauldian model. Today, considering prison as a “Western” invention is thus becoming increasingly problematic. However, the often geographically-limited nature of the research carried out and the crying lack of synthetic studies make it difficult to assess the relevance of the idea of a “global” birth of the prison before the 19th century. This article and, beyond that, the issue itself, therefore examine the possibilities and the difficulties of a global approach, both historical and spatial, to prison.

The Franco-Mauritians: a Pollinated Diaspora. This paper deals with the diasporization of a formerly dominant minority in Mauritius, the Franco-Mauritians (or white Mauritians of French descent) who massively migrated mainly to South Africa during the decolonization of the island between 1947 and 1968. The fear for a “hindu menace” which triggered their emigration shaped a diasporic memory articulated around the preservation of their identity against assimilation and a continued sense of belonging to the nation based on the claim for being the founders on the island. We argue that the dispersion of the Franco-Mauritians neither corresponds to the classical diaspora articulated around the idea of root and filiation, nor to the hybridity model of travelling cultures and random multiplication of references. The metaphor of pollinization rather refers to a dynamic of dissemination towards what seems similar and accessible.

La question des modalités de contact entre mondes indigènes et méditerranéens est ici traitée avec comme fil conducteur la notion d’espace, mettant ainsi en avant Géographie physique et historique comme facteurs déterminants permettant d’appréhender ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler le phénomène colonial.
Différentes échelles d’analyse sont prises en compte, assorties d’aller-retour sur une documentation archéologique dont sont rappelées les limites, de sorte que ce travail s’inscrit dans une perspective large, du Sud de l’Espagne à la Provence, du Bronze final au second âge du Fer. Embrassant une aire géographique ainsi qu’un intervalle chronologique trop souvent segmentés, il met en lumière la part des choix et des contraintes ayant opéré au sein des relations complexes tissées au fil des siècles entre sociétés indigènes et colons méditerranéens.
L’ancienneté tout autant que la durée des processus observés sont en effet soulignées au-delà du concept peu opérant de « précolonisation », mettant en exergue les notions de relations à longue distance dont témoignent, dès l’âge du Bronze, les circulations entre Atlantique et Méditerranée. La question des dynamiques indigènes s’avère de fait déterminante, tandis qu’est reposée la question de la caractérisation des implantations phéniciennes, grecques, ou étrusques connues dans cette partie de la Méditerranée, en fonction de ces deux notions fondamentales et apparemment contradictoires qui sont celles de « colonie » et d’« emporion ».

Mots-clés
Sociétés, âge du Bronze, âge du Fer, colonie, emporion, littoral

Shedding light on the recent mutations of the Israeli separation policy, whose institutional and spatial configurations are increasingly complex, this book argues that this policy has actually reinforced the interconnectedness of Israelis and Palestinian lives and their spaces. Instead of focusing on the over-mediatized separation wall, this book deals with what it hides: its shadows. Based on fieldwork studies carried out by French, Italians, Israelis, Palestinian and Swiss researchers on the many sides of the Israeli-Palestinian divide, it highlights a new geography of occupation, specific forms of interconnectedness and power relations between Israeli and Palestinian spaces. It offers a better understanding of the transformation of people’s interactions, their experiences and the ongoing economy of exchanges created by the separation regime. This heterogeneous regime increasingly involves the participation of Palestinian and international actors. Grounded in refined decryptions of territorial realities and of experiences of social actors’ daily lives this book goes beyond usual political, media and security representations and discourses on conflict to understand its contemporary stakes on the ground.

Prof Mahmood Mamdani’s (2018) book Citizen and Subject: Contemporary of Africa the Legacy of Late Colonialism is the second edition of a book published by Princeton University Press in 1996. Citizen and Subject reveals the challenges between Native Authority and Imperial Authority in the history of the colonial and post-colonial African nations. The book deals with the struggles of colonialist societies against settlers particularly in Uganda and South Africa.

Si definivano incolae, in diritto romano, gli individui domiciliati entro i confini di una colonia o di un municipio. Poteva darsi la presenza di incolae sia in colonie o in municipi romani, sia latini. Premesso uno studio delle comunità locali disseminate nei vasti dominii di Roma, l’indagine si è concentrata sulla posizione degli incolae, che comportava una collocazione giuridica ben precisa. Di conseguenza, per poter essere incolae, i soggetti domiciliati dovevano avere un riconoscimento formale o, secondo i casi, un’autorizzazione da parte della civitas. Sulla base delle fonti letterarie, giuridiche, gromatiche ed epigrafiche si è delineata la condizione giuridica degli incolae, differenziandola da quella di realtà affini quali, tra gli altri, gli adtributi e i contributi.

Unlike traditional Islamic education (IE) systems, Islamic Integrated Education (IIE) emphasizes on developing graduate competency to generate employability to cope with an increasingly globalized world, while pursuing the core principles of IE. This paper tracks how IIE grew in Malaysia in the course of time and what are the opportunities offered for the students currently in primary, secondary and tertiary levels at IIE institutions. Historically, Islamic education in the Malay Archipelago (presently modern day Malaysia) started since Muslims ruled in Melaka around the 14th century. After the independence from British colonization, Malaysia retained the dualistic system of education i.e. separate Islamic and secular education systems. At current time, the Islamic education has been developed in an integrated way to accommodate the advancement of science and technology in Islamic subjects and thoughts. In this light, this paper presents the development of major aspects of IIE, such as pedagogy, curriculum, textbooks, teacher’s training and assessment through the different ages till the present, based on available resources. Finally, this paper suggests that the IIE still needs to be enhanced in terms of quality and quantity of the educational institutions and the teachers. In this regard, teachers must be adequately trained to be able to creatively integrate the teaching of the Muslim holy scripture, the «Quran» with science, and vice versa.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to look at the possible relationship between heavy colonization of salivary Streptococcus
mutans and caries occurrence and other factors affect the colonization among adult mothers in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Study design: A total of 261; 19-55 year old mothers were selected. Clinical examination of mothers were conducted to
estimate dental caries experience with the Silness-Loe index, as well as stimulated saliva were collected to assess S.mutans levels
by colony forming units (CFU). Difference in proportions calculated the differences between the groups and the associated OR of
colonization with tested factors were estimated and significancy was determine by chi square and P value.
Results: Out of 261 mothers, 72 (27.6%) showed heavy colonization of S.mutans. Overall 12 (4.6%) mothers were caries free
(Score 0) and 249 (95.4%) presented with caries (Score 1-3). There was significant grow in the rate of S.mutans heavy colonization
with growing caries score (score 1=20.8%, 32.2% for score2 and 46.2% for score 3). There was ascend in the rate of S.mutans
heavy colonization with growing age. Regarding oral hygiene practices, there was significant grow in the rate of S.mutans heavy
colonization with using mouthwashes while significant drop in the rate with using flossing and regular visit of dentist.
Conclusion: A high rate of heavy colonization of S.mutans occurred, with significant grow in the rate with growing caries
score, there is negative effect of using regular mouthwashes while positive one with using flossing and regular visit of dentist.

Proceedings of the international conference held in Lecce (22-24 Giugno  2006) as  final step of the research project PRIN 2003-2005 on Greek secondary colonization. Contributions by: Aversa, Avram, Bats, Boffa, Coccioli, Cordiano, De Luna, Dominguez Monedero, Fantasia, Frisone, Giangiulio, Greco,Lombardo, Mele, Moggi, Prestianni Giallombardo, Tréziny, Tzetskhladze

Every misfortune of the black man, particularly in Africa, has been blamed on the Europeans because of Trans Atlantic Slave Trade and colonization of different parts of Africa. However, the present study on the #EndSARS protests that rocked Nigeria between October and November 2020 has proven that Africans, particularly Nigerians, should bear the burden of their problems and not point accusing fingers on foreigners. The study uses historical theoretical framework and qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to find out that the protest has an affinity, albeit in a milder degree, to the various agitations, including Boko Haram that have levied wars on the country. The corruption-riddled Nigeria and the re-enslavement and recolonization of the citizens by the leaders have fired resistance in the youths of the country and it concludes that the only way the protest and agitations would stop is when the fundamental causes are addressed.

A partir dos fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Historiografia Linguística (SWIGGERS, 2012; KOERNER, 1996), tecemos uma narrativa meta-historiográfica para descrição e análise dos relatos sobre o língua Gaspar da Índia, intérprete que veio na esquadra de Pedro Álvares Cabral ao Brasil, em 1500 (LIPINER, 1987). Nosso intuito é buscar identificar o perfil dos intérpretes e o pensamento linguístico derivado das expedições na era das navegações, no período que vai entre o final do século XV e o início do século XVI em Portugal. Analisamos como se deu a tentativa de contato linguístico inicial com comunidades linguísticas autóctones no processo de constituição da América portuguesa, relatado na Carta de Caminha (TEIXEIRA, 2019). Por fim,
evidenciamos o contexto cultural e linguístico em que se inseriram as navegações, assim como a influência da educação humanística no processo de globalização quinhentista dos descobrimentos, posterior à etapa empírica (KALTNER, 2011).

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) is an important cause for diarrheal disease in children and travelers globally. Epidemiological data on the distribution of strains of ETEC and associated colonization factors (CFs) is important for evaluation of candidate vaccines. We used conventional PCR and quantitative PCR to screen for toxins and CFs using DNA extracted from stool samples which tested positive for ETEC using the Luminex GPP panel collected from children presenting with moderate to severe diarrhea at selected health facilities in Lusaka. 49/106 (46.2%) were positive for at least one toxin (i.e. LT/STh/STp), ST was 18 (17%) [STh 16(15%) and STp 2 (~2%)], and LT 16(15%). The most frequent CF detected was CS6 with 6/49 (12.2%), followed by CS2, CS3 and CS7 with 2/49 (4.1%) each. CS6 was common across all toxin combinations (LT only, STh only and a combination of LT/STh) while CS2, CS3, CS7 were identified in both LT and LT/STh strains respectively. The mean age of children with detected toxin or CFs was 15.4 months (95% CI: 12.2, 18.7). Our results offer an insight into relevant CFs in ETEC diarrhea in Zambia and that Luminex™ platform is not as specific as ordinary and quantitative PCR for ETEC detection.

This paper builds on the findings established by an earlier paper, entitled "The Traditional Tattoos of the Philippine Cordillera Region: a Study on their Differences in Appearances, Causes and Discursive Strengths," written by the author together with his research team and was published in Volume 8, Number 2 of SEARCH Journal. The previous paper was a synchronic study of traditional tattooing among the eight ethnolinguistic groups of the said region to establish a baseline knowledge of such practice prior to the massive influx of modern and western influences mediated by the American occupation. However, this paper aims to: 1) show some diachronic accounts of the said traditional tattooing, 2) problematize the historical vanishing of the this cultural practice, and 3) lay down some proposals on how to preserve and resignify the same cultural practice. The eight ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippine Cordillera region covered by this paper are: the Ibaloys, Kankana-eys, Ifugaos, Bontoks, Southern Kalingas, Northern Kalingas, Itnegs and Isnegs. This paper is primarily a historical work that used archival and library materials, as well as key informant interviews for its data, and they are analyzed from the theoretical lens of Michel Foucault's archeology and genealogy of knowledge and Roland Barthes' semiology. The goal of this paper is to grasp the current status of traditional tattooing in the Philippine Cordillera region in order to have some foresight to, if not influence on, its future. This paper is the concluding part of a bigger project that was funded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Republic of the Philippines.

A construção de grandes projetos agrários e núcleos de colonização na Amazônia possibilita problematizar as políticas planejadas para o povoamento da região e os impactos por elas causadas. Neste artigo, analisa-se a implementação de três diferentes áreas de colonização agrária na Amazônia. A primeira, no Segundo Reinado, durante a segunda metade do século XIX, na Região Bragantina no nordeste do Pará; a segunda, na Primeira República, na fronteira do Brasil com a Guiana Francesa, o Núcleo Colonial Cleveland implantado no Oiapoque na década de 1920; e a última, na década de 1970, durante a ditadura civil-militar, com a colonização da Transamazônica. Diferentes temporalidades e regimes de governo se entrelaçam para discutir, em perspectiva histórica, os impactos causados nas condições de vida dos locais e dos migrantes, e os conflitos e problemas sociais decorrentes.

The eliasian theory of civilizing process, which upholds that the structure of the civilized behavior is narrowly interrelated to the organization of occidental societies under the form of States, presents an original approach the study on the society and the human relation through a point-of-view that gathers the perspective of psychology, sociology and history. Nevertheless, there is an association between the civilizing process and the European colonization processes aforementioned by Elias in his intellectual course that normally attains little or sometimes none attention from those who study the subject. This article offers an exegesis that describes the main guidelines through which Norbert Elias build up his thought: the outlines of his sociology, the concept of civilization, the relation between psychic structure and State formation, and the diffusion of European civilizing process through colonization. The purpose is to deal with the construction of an interpretative model of social interaction that has potential to open new perspectives of historiographic approach for those who lean over on the colonial contexts generated by the European expansionism.

O objetivo desta entrevista a Shahd Wadi é dar voz a alguém que vive a história da Palestina no próprio corpo. Os discursos hegemónicos sobre a história da questão palestiniana/israelita estão repletos de esquecimentos, enganos, erros, e, até falsidades, que são os pilares de uma pseudo-história que se quer apresentar como realidade, quando quase nada ocorreu conforme o contam. Como forma de luta contra essa quase anti-história, dá-se aqui conta das relações de poder que envolvem todos os sistemas e estruturas opressoras e oprimidas.

This paper positions public mass gun violence (PMGV) as an intergenerational consequence of the violence of colonization, coloniality, and slavery in the United States. I map how the shooter’s white privilege, alongside his white/male fragility, combined with a national consciousness built on an ethos of colonization and coloniality, leads him to believe he has unearned “rights” to the social riches of the center.  I proffer that most of us who benefit from capitalist, neo-liberal, patriarchal state and social institutions are complicit in co-creating the conditions that produce PMGV’s gunboys and gunmen because in order to  benefit from these institutions, we perpetuate a system of insiders and outsiders. As illustrated, some possibilities for allaying violence are grounded in practicing critical self-reflection and pedagogies of discomfort.

Este artículo aborda el proceso de urbanización de un municipio amazónico: Puerto Guzmán, Putumayo. Tiene en cuenta la interacción de dinámicas históricas y contemporáneas del ámbito nacional, regional y local, y ofrece un análisis cartográfico, contando también con fuentes de archivo y memoria oral. En concreto, analizamos cómo el conflicto armado interno, las dinámicas hídricas del río Caquetá y las transiciones políticas e institucionales locales en este municipio se han traducido en la configuración de morfologías urbanas desiguales y cambiantes. En este sentido, el artículo busca contribuir desde una perspectiva histórica y geográfica a la comprensión de la diversidad del fenómeno urbano en la Amazonia colombiana y, en un sentido más amplio, a los procesos de cambio regional.

Artykuł koncentruje się na kwestii kolonizacji Ameryki Północnej przez Anglików w latach 1585-1620. Przyjęte cezury czasowe odnoszą się odpowiednio do daty założenia pierwszej kolonii na Roanoke oraz dobicia do brzegu statku Mayflower jako punktu zwrotnego w historii angielskiej kolonizacji Nowego Świata. Treść artykułu stanowi analiza anglojęzycznych źródeł na temat osadnictwa na terenach dzisiejszych Stanów Zjednoczonych dotycząca wspomnianej kolonii na wyspie Roanoke wraz z wypadkami, które stały się udziałem jej mieszkańców oraz początków miasta Jamestown. Oprócz głównego wątku autor porusza również mało znaną historię mieszkańców szesnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, którzy brali udział w kolonizatorskich próbach Anglików.

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um caminho hermenêutico à brasileira. Para isso, extrair-se-á reflexões hermenêuticas a partir
das provocações presentes na narrativa sobre o índio Isaías no livro Maíra de Darcy Ribeiro. A metodologia valer-se-á de elementos da reflexão pós/des-colonial. Primeiro, do texto à possibilidade de uma nova história. Toda hermenêutica é contextual, por isso, a imposição
de uma perspectiva externa configura ato de violência. Segundo, a narrativa nos provoca a questionar o método. O objetivo é estabelecer uma vigilância epistêmica capaz de perceber as estruturas universalizantes ocultas no próprio método. Terceiro, as provocações
nos levam para o elemento central na elaboração de uma hermenêutica à brasileira: a perspectiva vivencial retratada por uma leitura pluralista. Ao término, constatar-se-á que uma hermenêutica à brasileira surge como proposta a um caminho de interpretação plural, não sem ambiguidades, mas direcionado a prática da inclusão e do diálogo inclusive com outras hermenêuticas.

We offer here an annotated translation of the first article ever published by Henri Duveyrier. It is essentially a lexicon of four Berber dialects. The reference of the original is "Notizen über vier berberische Völkerschaften, während einer Reise in Algerien nach dem Hallûla-See und nach Laghuât im Februar, März un April 1857 gesammelt", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1858, pp.176-186. At the time of its publication in January 1858, the author was not yet 18 years old. It is the work of an almost adolescent, with the ingenuity and charm that this implies.

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, over 13,000 European men, women, and children, predominantly from Madeira and the Açores, emigrated to the Kingdom of Hawai‘i on contracts of government indenture. Their modality of migration was a contemporary anomaly, as it was restricted in other global contexts at this time to peoples racialized as non-European. This atypical conjuncture of white bonded labor and a government headed by a Polynesian monarch not only upset the contemporary racial geo-politics of the age of New Imperialism, but likewise has long complicated attempts to locate this migration trajectory in comparative histories of migration and indenture. Through a close study of the vessels used to transport European indentured laborers to Hawai‘i and the conditions of transhipment they endured aboard, this article probes a boundary case between the two commonly identified global historical migration patterns of the late nineteenth century: (i) European “voluntary” migration to the Americas and Australia and (ii) Asian “indentured” immigration to Euro-American dominated plantation colonies in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, the Mascarene Islands, and the South Pacific. By tracking the diverse passages made by the same ship, sail and steam, in-between different migrant commissions, this article suggests that a strict delineation of the onboard experience between indentured and voluntary migration is untenable. Further, this article considers the potential and limits of the study of the onboard passenger experience to study racialization processes in migration history, including for the complex context of pre-annexation Hawai‘i.

To truly comprehend the Statehood Movement in Puerto Rico (1967present), we must examine a complicated timeline from Spanish colonization (1493-1898) through American occupation (1898-present) and modern Puerto Rican Nationalist/ Socialist Party (1922-present) ideologies. This analysis includes focusing on the difficulties of cultural reclamation and political independence after centuries of cultural appropriation and indoctrination through political imagery and actions. The modern Borikén Census Data Speaks to the Puerto Rican Ethnogenesis Diplomatic Relations Spanish and American Propaganda White man's burden influence on propaganda.

Previous research on toponymy analyses the roots and meanings of place names. However, the advent of the Critical Toponymy Theory has added a new dimension to the study of toponymy, particularly, focusing on the politics of naming. Theorists have looked at how place naming and renaming is a common strategy used by rulers to achieve legitimacy for their social, political, and national objectives. New governments, who assume power through means such decolonisation or the removal of despotic regimes or being elected, then change the name of existing places to reflect the incoming order. This piece reflects on various examples worldwide and illustrates that toponymic renaming, in some cases known as “toponymic cleansing”, has been and continues to be used by modern governments. Notwithstanding, the individual socio-political experiences of various countries also shape the extent to which toponyms are modified, ultimately showing that place names intersect with politics, society, language, geography, history, landscaping, and culture of a locality.