Commercialization

The objective of this paper is to study the various Technology Transfers and its commercialization followed by various public funded Research and Development institutions in India. More specifically, this paper also examined and highlighted the challenges faced by the Research and Development institutions and industries. Technology Transfer is the complete process which enables the disclosure of advancement in Science and Technology. Research institutions and their industry partnership in the field of science and technology is complex and needs to be developed through customized model and mechanisms. The protection and the licensing mechanism of intellectual property rights at such institutions are the focus of attention of the policy makers at all levels. Over the last 50 years, Government Research institutions (GRES) have played a major role in developing science and technology in the country. They have supported a variety of government initiatives and functions by proving basic and applied research, technological development and engineering solutions. Successful technological development requires a deep understanding of the technical context of applications and relies on the organizations culture and environment in which scientists, engineers and technicians often coming from different

In a mere quarter century, Mainland China has grown into a hotspot of international self-help. Though the self-help industry has a centuries-long tradition in the Anglo-American realm, this particular, commercial type of life advice is relatively new in Mainland China, first emerging in the wake of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms. Nonetheless, self-help books counseling individuals about the art of life have conquered China’s book market, while US-style ‘self-help gurus’ now play an important role in China’s speaker circuit and mass media. At first, the Chinese mainland simply imported foreign self-help books (translated from English to Mandarin), yet it eventually gave birth to a glocalised and creatively assertive cultural industry. Individual-oriented, US-style self-help now flourishes in the heart of the Middle Kingdom, blatantly defying the dichotomy between ‘Western individualism’ and ‘Eastern collectivism.’

This chapter will first outline the young history of US-style self-help in mainland China and discuss the glocalised character of Chinese self-help culture. Second, it will discuss the structural transformation of the Chinese book market and mass-mediated public sphere which enabled and continues to facilitate the prominence of the self-help industry on the Chinese mainland. Third, it will sketch self-help’s role in public life, which involves touching upon its limited autonomy and weak delineation as a cultural field, its relatively privileged position vis-à-vis institutionalised religion, and its significance as a source of guidance to uprooted individuals chasing after the ‘Chinese Dream’ in the rat race of China’s new market economy.

This dissertation contributes to developing knowledge on the
commercialization of natural resources through tourism. This is achieved by means of understanding the main avenues through which natural resources are commercialized, and analyzing the operational setting of tourism firms. The focal area is nature-based tourism– a type of tourism, taking place in comparatively unmodified natural areas, which has emerged as a powerful gravitational force, integrating an increasing variety of natural resources into the commercial domain. The point of departure is the assumption that for nature-based tourism firms, nature is simultaneously the main object of commercialization and the operational setting, where this commercialization happens. The attention here is, therefore, on the supply side, i.e. on the small and micro firms, acting as the agents of commercialization. The empirical data come primarily from a nation-wide survey among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, generating the most comprehensive information about this sector to date. Additional data come from in-depth interviews and observations among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, as well as secondary sources (official statistics on natural resources and a survey in Norway).

This is a compilation thesis, i.e. it consists of a cover essay and five individual papers. The cover essay offers a bird’s eye view on all the papers, frames them theoretically and synthesizes all the findings into a coherent contribution. Papers I and II create the foundation, necessary for understanding the processes of nature commercialization and the operational setting of naturebased tourism firms, while Papers III, IV and V provide supplementary insights into these areas of inquiry. Paper I starts by building on existing knowledge in outdoor recreation to approach nature-based tourism. Paper II focuses on the operational setting, conceptualizes and explores its dimensions. Building on this, Paper III looks at how the presence of various amenities in the operational setting can explain the localization patterns of the firms on various geographical levels. Paper IV focuses on the operational setting dimensions omitted in the previous papers, i.e. the continuous efforts of the firms to negotiate the inherent uncertainty within the setting. Finally, Paper V looks at various characteristics of nature-based tourism firms to
understand the specifics of sustainability strategies.

Einige Urban Artists nutzen den öffentlichen Raum bevorzugt, um kritische und unzensierte künstlerische Aussagen gegen das herrschende Wirtschaftssystem und die Konsumkultur zu äußern. Besondere Bekanntheit erreichten im letzten Jahrzehnt die Arbeiten des britischen Künstlers Banksy. Im Zusammenhang mit seiner größeren Popularität wurde Banksy auf dem Kunstmarkt sehr erfolgreich und seine Werke wurden bei Ausstellungen in etablierten Galerien und Museen gezeigt. Da dies konträr zu den konsumkritischen Aussagen und der Polemik gegen das Kunstestablishment in seinen Arbeiten ist, hat sich Banksy intensiv darum bemüht, seine Glaubwürdigkeit mit scheinbar nicht auf Gewinn bedachten Kunst-und Ausstellungsprojekten zu wahren. Unter anderem wird in diesem Paper anhand der 2009 veranstalteten Ausstellung "Banksy vs Bristol Museum" exemplarisch aufgezeigt, wie kritische Urban Art von Banksy innerhalb des Kunstbetriebs kommerzialisiert und für andere Zwecke vereinnahmt wird.

Στην εποχή μας είναι ισχυρή η τάση να αποτιμώνται με οικονομικούς όρους όχι μόνο τα αγαθά και οι υπηρεσίες, αλλά και ολοένα και περισσότερες πτυχές και δραστηριότητες της ζωής. Από την εμπορευματοποίηση φαίνεται ότι δεν εξαιρείται το ανθρώπινο σώμα, καθώς η μεγάλη πρόοδος της βιοτεχνολογίας επέτρεψε πολλές νέες δυνατότητες διάθεσης και χρησιμοποίησης του σώματος, ακόμα και στα αρχικά στάδια της ζωής. Η εμπορευματοποίηση όμως του σώματος δεν είναι μόνο σύγχρονο φαινόμενο, αφού η δουλεία και η πορνεία αποτελούν ευρύτατα διαδεδομένες πρακτικές από την αρχαιότητα. Η δουλεία καθιστά τον άνθρωπο εμπόρευμα, του οποίου η κυριότητα ανήκει στον ιδιοκτήτη του, ενώ η πορνεία καθιστά το γυναικείο σώμα αντικείμενο που προσφέρεται επ’ αμοιβή για τη σεξουαλική ικανοποίηση του πελάτη.
Τα δύο αυτά θέματα παρουσιάζουν πολλές ομοιότητες ως προς τους ηθικούς προβληματισμούς που εγείρουν, οι οποίοι αφορούν, μεταξύ άλλων, στην αξιοπρέπεια, στην ελευθερία του ανθρώπου, στην ισοτιμία των δύο φύλων και στην κοινωνική ωφέλεια, ενώ η μελέτη τους είναι εξαιρετικά ενδιαφέρουσα και χρήσιμη, τόσο για την ευρύτερη προσέγγιση των εν λόγω θεμάτων όσο και για την καλύτερη κατανόηση των σύγχρονων μορφών εμπορευματοποίησης του σώματος, όπως είναι η διακίνηση ανθρώπων με σκοπό την πορνεία. Στη συνάφεια της παρούσας μελέτης γίνεται αναφορά στο ιστορικό πλαίσιο που επέτρεψε την εφαρμογή τους, στην πρόσληψή τους στο θρησκευτικό, πολιτιστικό και κοινωνικό περιβάλλον της αρχαιότητας και των νεότερων χρόνων, όπως επίσης και στην αντιμετώπισή τους από την έννομη τάξη. Ο προβληματισμός όμως επικεντρώνεται στην ηθική διάσταση της δουλείας και την πορνείας, με την εξέταση τόσο της φιλοσοφικής όσο και της θεολογικής προσέγγισης. Σε αυτή προβάλλονται οι θέσεις του φεμινιστικού κινήματος, η καντιανή επιχειρηματολογία για την αξιοπρέπεια του ανθρώπου, καθώς και η διδασκαλία της ορθόδοξης ηθικής για το άνθρωπο ως πρόσωπο κατ’ εικόνα Θεού και για την ιερότητα του μυστηρίου του γάμου. Λαμβάμνοντας υπόψη τις ιδιαιτερότητες κάθε ζητήματος, τίθενται τα επιμέρους ερωτήματα και εξετάζεται διεξοδικά η σχετική ηθική επιχειρηματολογία.

With increasing globalization and commercialization the textile industry of Karachi has prospered economically. However this research aims to look at the impact of commercialization on textile trends in Karachi from an interdisciplinary approach i.e. cultural and social. Reminiscing the past and looking into the future this research aims to analyze and identify the ways in which textile mill owners and manufacturers aim to meet their goal of profit-maximization by making structural and aesthetic trade offs and its impact on textile trends and what solutions the various stakeholders involve in the process can take on for the future.

This report assesses and prioritizes commercial opportunities for agriculture in the Maldives as part of the Technical Assistance (TA) Project on Commercialization of Agriculture. Work on the TA began in September 2004, with the Inception Report completed in October 2004 and the Interim Report submitted in January 2005. Data and other information collected for the analysis of the agriculture subsector, however, preceded the 26 December 2004 tsunamis that devastated many of the islands, including those involved in agricultural activities. As a result, much of the subsequent work has focused on assessing the damage and its impact on the country’s agricultural commercialization potential. The findings in this report indicate that most of the effects of the tsunami will manifest themselves over the next 6-12 months in terms of a general economic slowdown in the country but that the potential for agricultural commercialization remains strong.
The Tsunami has underscored the need to promote economic diversification in the Maldives to lessen its vulnerability to external shocks from tourism and fisheries, which together account for almost 40 percent of GDP. Agriculture has a large potential, especially on the islands with large landmasses, once the tsunami-related reconstruction has been completed. The damage to the sector is estimated at about $11 million in terms of its effect on field crops, agricultural infrastructure, and fruit and timber trees. There is also damage to groundwater resources in 26 agricultural islands, and saline water intrusion has affected 112 inhabited islands. The reestablishment of the agricultural crops will involve improvement of soil, forestry, and water resources, importation of planting material, and provision of extension services.

The preferences of customers are rapidly changing with the changes in trends. Similar situation is also faced by restaurant sector which forces them to stay in the process of adaptation in relation with the changes in customers’ demands and needs. Some of the challenges which the restaurant sector is facing are; customers’ preferences over healthier food, advancement in technology over delivery of food and dining experience, new entrants, environmental sustainability, marketing strategies, heightened expectations of customers and food processing methods. The businesses can cope up with these challenges through innovation, which is a tool that can provide competitive advantage in order to survive in the rapidly changing and cutthroat environment. This report will elaborate the notions "Innovation" and "Commercialization" in depth which can be beneficial for entrepreneurs to boost their businesses.

Résumé: En traitant de l’histoire coloniale des Hawai‘i et de la Californie à partir de 1778, cette thèse étudie la transformation de la coutume hawaïenne he‘e nalu en un système surf mondial. L’analyse se demande s’il y a eu rupture ou continuité du surf hawaïen au XIXe siècle, et quelles ont été les modalités de sa diffusion en tant que système mondial surf au XXIe siècle. Pour répondre à ce problème, ce travail a retenu trois méthodes d’investigations : une analyse comparative des journaux de bord des voyageurs vers l’archipel des Hawai‘i avec la presse hawaïenne au XIXe siècle ; la conduite de cinquante entretiens semi-directifs, pour saisir les enjeux de l’appropriation californienne du surf après 1945 ; et une observation participante multi-site de trente mois aux Hawai‘i et en Californie, entre 2009 et 2016, afin de dégager les modalités contemporaines de l’historicisation du surf. Au final, trois conclusions principales ont été dégagées à partir de ces données. D’abord, l’introduction des Hawai‘i dans le système monde au XIXe siècle a dynamisé la naissance d’une identité nationale autochtone, qui a réaffirmé les coutumes traditionnelles, comme le surf. Ensuite, avec l’avènement du tourisme balnéaire au XXe siècle, les Hawai‘i se sont imposés comme un modèle touristique, reposant sur la mise en scène et l’appropriation occidentale du surf. À cet égard, Waikīkī est un cas d’école, et son schéma de développement s’est reproduit en Californie, comme à Huntington Beach. Enfin, à partir des années 1950, le surf s’est exporté dans le monde grâce à l’émergence de sa subculture et de son sport professionnel, aux médias de masse, et à la démocratisation du tourisme balnéaire.


Abstract
Dealing with the colonial history of Hawai‘i and California from 1778, this dissertation focus on the transformation of the Hawaiian custom he‘e nalu into a global surf system. This analysis asks if there a break or a continuity of Hawaiian surfing in the 19th century, and what are the terms and conditions of its diffusion as a global surf system in the 21st century. Three investigating methods have been applied: an analysis of traveling literature in Hawai‘i, compared with a study of Hawaiian newspapers in the 19th century ; a recording of fifty semi-directed interviews to grasp issues related to appropriating surfing in California after 1945 ; and a multi-sited participant observation for thirty months in Hawai‘i and California, between 2009 and 2016, to found out about the contemporary historicization of surfing. Three main conclusions emerged from this data analysis. First, the introduction of Hawai‘i in the world system in the 19th century fostered the birth of a Hawaiian national identity, that reaffirmed traditional customs, such as surfing. Then, with the advent of seaside tourism in the 20th century, Hawai‘i became a touristic model, based on staging surfing and its appropriation by the West. To this regard, Waikīkī is a popular case study, and its development pattern has been reproduced in Californian cities, such as Huntington Beach. Eventually, from the 1950s, surfing has been exported to the world, thanks to the growth of its subculture and professional sport, mass media, and the democratization of seaside tourism.

The agriculture it faces serious problems in terms of development since it is one of the most neglected sectors at present. Food security is expected to occur in areas that are highly dependent on the primary sector (agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries), so the growth of the agricultural sector is also the most effective means of reducing poverty and achieving food safety. In this respect, agriculture is also hampered by limitations in the distribution of its products, that is, there are no adequate marketing channels aimed at ensuring that farmers receive just enough for their crops and thereby generate true economic and social development. In recent decades, certain products such as sesame have been characterized by a high degree of intermediation in different states of the country, especially in marginalized or remote populations.

The STS (reformed STFAP) is a program, in the University of the Philippines, for poor students to avail education with special discounts according to their household income and also a form of privatizing and democratizing UP education which instead of helping students alleviate their tuition fees, it gradually increases because of the rationalization and deregulation at the expense of quality education, thus, STS must be abolished and the state must allocate more budget for higher education to sustain its finance scheme and have a fix maximum school fees.

Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi (1207-1273) has been a universal figure for people from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds. He has been recognized as a literary and spiritual figure. Rumi's philosophy is rooted to an understanding of universe and existence through love. Love is the whole thing and we are the pieces. In the last decades, we clearly can observe a deterioration of Rumi, his spiritual philosophy and his traditional, sacred, worship ritual Sema. Love is fundamental in Rumi's philosophy. Popular media constantly dwells upon love, using the deep human feeling and longing for love. However, the media signifies this love not as an understanding of existence, but as a marketing strategy. Rumi and Mevlevism has been the target of secularization attempts cutting its ties with Islam and further packaging it as a secular, cultural phenomenon and a folk dance form. These attempts yielded authenticity issues and further exploitation of the unique Mevlevi heritage. Rumi's concept of love has also become 'à la mode' in the last decades. Sema as a form of Islamic worship is increasingly being commercialized and exploited. Whirling Dervish imposters can be seen whirling publicly in restaurants, bars, at openings, in hotel lobbies, and even in shopping malls in Turkey. These imposters are even hired for children's circumcision ceremonies, as background dancers in music concerts and performances, in engagements and weddings. Another misconception stemming from an Orientalist perspective is seeing Sema as a dance form, although, Sema is a Dhikr (Remembrance of God) and a prayer; it is a form of submission to divine love and unity; it is a form of worship.

Is it far-fetched to construe a link between SDG 4 on quality education and private international law? Only at first sight. SDG 4, it is assumed here, is closely linked to the right to education. Ensuring the right to education will often require a reliance on public law, which enables the state to ultimately execute its educational mandate. However, private law, applicable whenever stakeholders interact on the basis of horizontality, is assuming an ever-increasing importance in education. This is the result of privatisation in education, taking such forms as a proliferation of so-called ‘low-cost’ private schools in developing countries, public universities becoming commercial actors, or public-private partnerships assuming prominence in the education sector. Linked to processes of trade liberalisation, globalisation, and digitisation, transboundary private law conflicts in education will therefore increase, as foreign private actors enter local ‘education markets’. However, the right to education requires states to establish minimum standards binding on private actors in education, aimed at safeguarding the rights of students, parents, and teachers. The 2019 expert Guiding Principles on the Human Rights Obligations of States to Provide Public Education and to Regulate Private Involvement in Education (Abidjan Principles) concretise the obligations of states in this regard. Neutralising the destructive effects of neoliberalism in education and preserving education as a public good and human right requires not only reversing large-scale privatisation in education, but also guaranteeing minimum education standards where private actors do play a role in education. There are clear implications for private international law flowing from this, especially when it comes to protecting ‘weaker’ stakeholders in education, located notably in the global South. Private international law rules must neither purposefully nor inadvertently make it possible to avoid the protective effect of minimum education standards in transboundary education disputes. Moreover, in the context of the business and human rights discourse, and with the likely adoption of a UN Treaty on Business and Human Rights soon, the potential of private international law for ‘transnational human rights litigation’ in the sphere of education should be recognised. The case of Bridge International Academies, a ‘US’ chain of for-profit schools operating in the third world, will serve as an example to explain how this could be realised. SDG 4, via its link to the right to education, potentially provides a basis to propel a development of private international law in the way envisaged here. The central device employed in this Chapter to connect private international law to human rights is ‘the duty to protect’, requiring states to protect individuals against private actors, this duty covering domestic and extraterritorial obligations.

Bamboo is an abundant resource in Ethiopia and has a great potential for commercialization, which can drive rural development. In view of these realities, this study analyzed the state and determinants of small-scale bamboo commercialization in Ethiopia. Data were collected from three major bamboo-growing districts (Awi, Sidama, and Sheka) and four urban centers (Masha, Hawassa, Bahir Dar, and Addis Ababa) via semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and questionnaire surveys with key actors along the value chain. Results revealed distinctive differences in proportion of cash income, value chain structure, and management engagement among the districts. Percentages of cash income were 60.15, 42.60, and 9.48 at Awi, Sidam, and Sheka, respectively. Differences were statistically significant between Sheka and both other districts (p = 0.05), but not between Awi and Sidama. The value chain structure showed that compared with Sheka, Awi and Sidama have a relatively large number of actors involved. The major factors explaining commercialization differences among regions were distance to market and presence of alternative forest products. Within Sheka, households with larger family size, higher education attainment, and access to training reportedly engaged more in commercial extraction. Therefore, we conclude that development of infrastructure for linking resource and consumer centers and expansion of extension education among producers may enhance the commercial engagement of producers and improve the accessibility of bamboo resources for commercial production.

Radio debuted as a wireless alternative to telegraphy in the late 19th century. At its inception, wireless technology could only transmit signals and was incapable of broadcasting actual voices. During the 1920s, however, it transformed into a medium primarily identified as one used for entertainment and informational broadcasting. The commercialization of American broadcasting, which included the establishment of national networks and reliance on advertising to generate revenue, became the so-called American system of broadcasting. This transformation demonstrates how technology is shaped by the dynamic forces of the society in which it is embedded. Broadcasting's aural attributes also engaged listeners in a way that distinguished it from other forms of mass media. Cognitive processes triggered by the disembodied voices and sounds emanating from radio's loudspeakers illustrate how listeners, grounded in particular social, cultural, economic, and political contexts, made sense of and understood the content with which they were engaged. Through the 1940s, difficulties in expanding the international radio presence of the United States further highlight the significance of surrounding contexts in shaping the technology and in promoting (or discouraging) listener engagement with programing content.

The requirements for effective contemporary leadership are changing along with leadership perspectives and priorities as more creative, innovative and entrepreneurial responses are required in the face of multiple challenges, opportunities and possibilities. Openness, diversity and collaboration and understanding the nature of the creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship required, their interrelation, and the factors that help and/or hinder them have become more important. Changing business models, challenges and opportunities are creating new arenas for both leadership and entrepreneurship and their success requirements are converging to such an extent that in certain contexts they may soon be almost indistinguishable.

Published in the June 2017 issue of Effective Executive (Vol. XX, No. 2, June, pp 12-30) a quarterly journal published by IUP Publications, a division of ICFAI. The citation is:

Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2017), Leadership for Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship,  Effective Executive, Vol. XX No. 2, June, pp 12-30

Relying on intense ethnographic feldwork, the artcle deals with the memories and narratves of the residents of the historic center of Tbilisi (Old Tbilisi). Assuming that memory is consttuted within the current conditons of a society, I show that people refer to currently available narratve templates when presentng the past. The Georgian intelligentsia established Old Tbilisi as a concept and romantcized its social life and built environment, it became a spatal image. Even though this image did not, and stll does not, correspond with the residents’ difcult living conditons, they rather refer to romantc narratve templates when they describe the neighborhood and its transformaton in the past decades. They perceive the constructon of new buildings and the alteraton of the demographic structure of the neighborhood, as an assault to the spatal image of Old Tbilisi and thereby on their memories.

A strive for autonomy is a key part of the professional journalistic culture. But the degree of autonomy varies between different countries and media systems. In a survey to Swedish and Russian journalists, 100 in each country, their views on journalistic autonomy are researched: professional duties for journalists, the degree of autonomy in the daily work and the opinions among journalists on the development for press freedom. The results show that in both countries journalists share many of the professional values and strive for autonomy. The journalists in both countries feel a pressure on their autonomy – in Sweden mostly a commercial pressure and in Russia predominantly a political pressure but also a commercial interest of owners and advertisers. There are also some clear differences. The independence in daily work is lower for Russian journalists and the obstacles before publishing more common – and they have a negative view on development of press freedom.

The study investigated factors affecting commercialization of cassava producing household in Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. It specifically examined the socioeconomic characteristics of cassava household; determine commercialization index and analyzed factors that influence commercialization among cassava producing households. The study employed purposive sampling technique in the selection of 120 respondents from one local government area (LGA) based on characteristics of interest, nearness and other related features. The selection was done from 6 communities at the rate of 20 respondents per community. Analytically, descriptive statistics, household commercialization index (HCI), and multiple regression analysis were used. The results showed that the mean age of the cassava producing household was about 40 years with a mean farming experience of 14 years. They are mostly married with an average of 5 persons per households. The result further revealed that only a few households (less than 2%) have very high commercialization orientation, which exposes the level of farming in the area. With respect to determinants of factors that influence commercialization, value of output, farm size, sex, nearness to market, membership of cooperative and farming experience were significant and found to exhibit varying degree. The study therefore recommends that support policies that sustain and improve the productivity among farming household especially land tenure policy issues, greater incentives policies for farmers in the rural areas; linkages between farm households and the markets; increase access and exchange of information on markets.

地權治理所表現的是土地之所有權在特定社會中具有正當性的「形態」(configuration)，其內容並不是規範意義的，而是延續著韋伯對正當性之意義的界定方式，而在經驗上是有效的。在2014年的地方選舉中，前任金門縣長李沃士以非常懸殊，並令人意外的票數，敗給了現任縣長陳福海，而李沃士縣長任內大力推動的諸多BOT案，即是選舉期間備受批評的議題。是項政策裡，地方政府扮演了關鍵的角色，而其內容還明顯地傾向於資本家與財團，並大規模地影響了金門當地之地權的治理模式。本文首先採用了Karl Polanyi對於現代政經體制的分析，指出土地不僅是種現代世界裡的「虛構商品」，它還是「雙重運動」—即「自律性市場」的發展與「商品化」，及「社會保護」的運作與對「商品化」的反抗—的核心；其次，就金門的脈絡來說，它在1992年之前，由於戰地政務的運作及宗族社會的特質，使得土地之地權仍能相當程度地自外於市場的運作，表現了「宗族的社群性」或「國家的公共性」，而且社會保護的性質；但在1992年解除戰地政務之後，不僅因為比鄰快速崛起的中國，及自2001年的小三通使得金門成為兩岸的中介，還因為諸多散佈海外的金門僑民，對土地相對淡薄的情感，而使得土地更容易商品化。如此看來，金門的地權治理並不是個特例，反而是更高張力地表現了現代世界之雙重運動的個案，並將可透過金門的個案，系統地理解全球化時代裡的土地治理議題與衝突。

This descriptive-correlational study aimed to undertake a survey-type research to comparatively analyze the barriers to the commercialization of outcomes of academic investigations. The statistical population of this study included the graduate students in campuses of Allameh Tabatabaei University and Kharazmi University in the Academic Year 2015-2016 (N=1200). To do this end, a simple random sampling was used. Besides, the sample size was determined as 290 individuals resorting to Krejcie-Morgan Table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved through mustering the viewpoints of elite professors and its reliability was confirmed using the Cronbach's Alpha (0.84). Having resorted to exploratory factor analysis (via operating the principal components and recounting the loads higher than 0.40), 6 factors were extracted that could explain up to 55.067% of the total variance. Also, high internal consistency revealed an acceptable alpha coefficient for the factors (from 0.52 to 0.89). The results of comparative comparison of the components through Independent Two-Samples T-test showed that, among the students of forenamed campuses, only financial-credit component was significantly different and, consequently, there was not any significant difference in terms of other components.

Babasahin ng papel na ito ang Session in Bloom bilang isang kultural
na kaganapan, partikular bilang manipestasyon ng kontemporanyong
pamilihan at sintomas ng modernong urbanisasyon. Susuriin ang
pagkakatugma o ‘di-pagkakatugma ng lohikang gumagana sa Session in
Bloom sa sa tabi ng magkakaibang ideya: ang carnival ni Mikhail Bakhtin
at ang mga pagmumuni-muni ukol sa pamilihan-bilang-laberinto ni
Walter Benjamin. Magmumula sa paghahambing ng Session in Bloom sa
pamilihang kinagiliwan ni Benjamin ang pag-iibang anyo ng pamilihan sa
takbo ng kasaysayan.

Objective – This paper seeks to explore the heterogeneity of academic personal attributes that influence their entrepreneurial decisions and proposes a unique window of understanding the diversity of their personal attributes towards their commercialization approaches.
Methodology/Technique – This research adopts Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) of Straussian approach particularly the constructivist-interpretivist epistemology with extension to multiple case studies. Theoretical sampling is used to select a total of 42 academics of ICT faculties from five Malaysian research universities (RUs). Semi-structured interviews are used to elicit information in relation to their research and commercialization activities.
Findings – Based on interviewees’ transcripts and their Curriculum Vitae (CV), we inductively develop a conceptual framework to explain the phenomenon of how academics choose their commercialization approaches.
Novelty – This paper is expected to give a new inside into the existing academic entrepreneurship literature. To the practitioners, it helps them to better understand the heterogeneity of academics and therefore should facilitate them to nurture such commercialization efforts.

During the 20th century, US agriculture underwent vast transformations. The number of farmers has decreased, more farmers are relying on off-farm income, agriculture's proportion of the US GDP has declined, and a minority of non-metro counties in the US are farming ...

This article aims to analyse current transformations in the Danish book publishing industry in light of the convergence between the book and the broader media culture. We focus on changing relationships between actors (publishing houses, bookstores, etc.) in the trade book's circuit of production, distribution and consumption. The development of the e-book challenges established routines of publishers, which must cope with new groups of actors in both the production and distribution of their products as well as new ways for readers to access and consume books. Methodologically, the study is based on qualitative interviews with key organizational actors in the Danish publishing industry and document studies of available industry information and statistics. On a theoretical level, the project combines organizational theory and institutional perspectives of mediatization in order to address the question of how the introduction of new media reconfigures old media industries. In particular, we focus on the interplay between book business actors' perceptions of digital technology, the changing market conditions, and the possibilities this entails for them. The convergence between the book and other media is enabled by 'institutional entrepreneurs', who import perceptions and practices from other media industries into book publishing. These changes at the organizational level also affect the balance between 'market' and 'cathedral' in the book publishing industry as a whole. The distinction between 'brownfield' and 'greenfield' development allows us to understand why existing players in the book market generally try to adapt to digital technologies in ways that do not put their existing businesses at risk, while newcomers may face fewer barriers to pursuing new technological opportunities.

The main purpose of the study is to analyze nature, features and role of franchising in commercialization of intellectual property. Authors proved that franchising mechanism can lead to high returns from minimal risks and increase the level of innovative development of national economy. Franchising investigated as a form of business organization that meets the needs of today's consumer markets. The nature and role of franchising in modern globalized marketplace are discovered. Peculiarities of commercialization of the results of creative intellectual activity are analyzed. The history of franchising is considered. Analysis of the economic nature of franchising and main approaches to its definition as an economic category are generalized. The current state of the Ukrainian franchising market is studied. Theoretical model of interaction between franchisor and franchisee in the intellectual property market is considered. Examples of the most successful modern Ukrainian franchises a...

Backyard poultry production is an important system to the rural society as it provides high quality animal protein and employment, in addition to its contribution to the genetic diversity. Though there is a need to conserve these genetic resources through sustainable utilization, lack of competitive economic benefit of backyard poultry production is a main drawback. Hence, this study was conducted to explore the factors that affect commercialization of indigenous poultry production systems (egg and meat) and to quantify the effect of each of the factors on the degree of commercialization. The study was conducted in Addalaichenai District Secretariat division in Ampara district. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to 100 indigenous poultry rearing farmers which were selected according to the cluster sampling method.

This article deals with the cultural meaning of trademarks and the social significance of its legal protection.
Trademarks are symbols designed to enable the consumer to identify without confusion the source of various goods and services. Today, however, trademarks are much more than source identifiers. They are culturally meaningful signs. Thus, for example, the trademark “Coca-Cola,” in addition to conveying information about the origin of soft drinks, is associated with freedom, youth, joy and globalization. The trademark “Chanel” stands not only for fragrances and apparel, but also for exclusivity, intelligence and European chic. The cultural meaning of the Olympic rings and Mickey Mouse, both registered trademarks, can hardly be gasped in a few words. Famous trademarks embed values, visions and ideals we believe in. As cultural signs, they occupy a rather central place in our society.
The cultural meaning of a trademark is carefully built up by its owner by means of advertising and other marketing techniques. These techniques create associative links between the trademark and various positive cultural signs such as freedom, youth, intelligence, etc. This article argues that these links are reciprocal. That is, while the trademark begins to carry some of the meaning of the cultural signs it has been linked to, these cultural signs also absorb some of the commercial flavor of the mark.