Condition dependence

Authors of this work carry out the analysis of applicability frameworks of various ignition criteria for modelling representatives of initiating explosives, secondary explosives and pyrotechnic mixed structures. It is established, that ignition criterion is energy of a pulse which value corresponds 50 % of ignition probability at short time of influences and the small sizes of a beam on a surface of substance, and in case a large sizes of beam - density of energy. In the field of long time the ignition criterion is power or density of power accordingly. It is necessary to understand values of energy W05 as power thresholds of ignition (PTI), density of energy Н05, capacities I05 and density of capacity q05, corresponding to 50% of a level on a probability curve of initiation. Which of these parameters is most informative depends that is criterion of ignition in different experimental situation. PTI is complex function of many parameters (duration of an influencing pulse τp, characte...

Males of many animals have more than a single exaggerated secondary sexual character, but inter-specific variability in the number of ornaments has never been explained. We examine three hypotheses that may account for the presence of multiple ornaments. First, the multiple message hypothesis proposes that each display reflects a single property of the overall quality of an animal. This is likely to be the case for ornaments that respond to condition on different time scales. Second, the redundant signal hypothesis suggests that each ornament gives a partial indication of condition. Females pay attention to several sex traits because in combination they provide a better estimate of general condition than does any single ornament. The redundant signal hypothesis predicts that (i) multiple ornaments should be particularly common among taxa with relatively uncostly and fine-tuned female choice, and (ii) females pay equal attention to the expression of all the secondary sex traits in order to obtain an estimate of overall male condition. Finally, the unreliable signal hypothesis argues that some ornaments are unreliable indicators of overall condition and are only maintained because they are relatively uncostly to produce and there is a weak female preference for them. This predicts that (i) multiple sexual ornaments should be particularly common in taxa with the most intense sexual selection (i.e. lekking and other polygynous taxa), and (ii) there should be more evidence for condition dependence in ornaments of species with single as opposed to multiple ornaments. Both the latter predictions are supported by data on feather ornaments in birds.

A dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy specialized in producing tourism services is presented. The tourism package is a bundle of attributes provided by firms, the government and the natural environment. Investment in accommodation increases the number of visitors but also congests public goods and reduces environmental quality. The model is used to determine the conditions for the existence of a long-term double dividend. These conditions depend on both the initial level of environmental quality and the responsiveness of the tourism price to marginal changes in environmental and accommodation quality and congestion of public goods.

Iron-based hardfacing alloys are widely used to protect machinery equipment exposed either to pure abrasion or to a combination of abrasion and impact. The specific wear behaviour of a welding alloy under these conditions depends on its chemical composition, the microstructure obtained after welding and finally the welding technology used to apply them respectively the parameter settings which strongly influence,

Human development has led humankind to idealise the elements of its own habitat and environment and the possibilities of interaction between them. In spite of confused perceptions about the notion of vulnerability, this expression has helped clarify the concepts of risk and disaster. For a ...

The performance of indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for serological diagnosis and screening of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was evaluated using methods without gold standard. Virus neutralization test (VNT) was used as the second test and the study sites were selected from two different geographical places in Ethiopia to get different disease prevalence. The analysis of conditional dependent Bayesian model for the accuracy of IFAT showed that sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of the population Pi(1) and the population Pi(2) were 0.92 (0.89-0.95), 0.88 (0.85-0.91), 0.28 (0.25-0.32) and 0.06 (0.048-0.075), respectively. The posterior inferences obtained for VNT sensitivity, specificity and conditional correlation between the tests for sensitivity (rhoD) and specificity (rhoDc) were 0.78 (0.74-0.83), 0.97 (0.95-0.99), 0.052 (-0.03-0.15) and 0.019 (-0.01-0.06), respectively. The interval estimation of conditional correlation for both sensitivity and specificity clusters around ...

Let K be a fleld of characteristic 0 and let (Gn(x))1 n=0 be a linear recurring sequence of degree d in K(x) deflned by the initial terms G0;:::;Gd¡1 2 K(x) and by the difierence equation Gn+d(x) = Ad¡1(x)Gn+d¡1(x) + ::: + A0(x)Gn(x); for n ‚ 0; with A0;:::;Ad¡1 2 K(x). Let flnally P(x) be an element of K(x). In this

The photoinduced anisotropy in a series of azomethacrylate block copolymers with different molecular weights and azo contents has been investigated under several irradiation conditions. Depending on molecular weight and composition, different microstructures (disordered, lamellar, spherical) appear, due to block microsegregation. Measurements of birefringence (Δn) induced with linearly polarised 488nm light show that the highest (and stable) ΔnN values (birefringence normalised