Conversational Analysis

"Esta investigación se pregunta no sólo por el grado de confianza que tienen los usuarios en el sistema público de salud, sino que intenta identificar los elementos que dotan de contenido dichas representaciones sociales, por medio del análisis de los discursos de los usuarios del Centro de Salud Emiliano Zapata, ubicado en Xalapa. México, un centro de atención primaria de la
capital del estado de Veracruz, de 450.000 habitantes."

The validity of interview data for social science research is under sophisticated critique. In this article, verbal interaction in semi-structured interviews (SSIs) is compared to that in naturalistic conversation in terms of participant use of and response to indirect complaints (ICs). SSIs are analyzed with Boxer's (1993a&c) IC coding scheme and compared to her findings on conversational data. Interviewees are demonstrated to communicate like friends as opposed to strangers, intimates, or other possibly unique pattern. The SSIs are also shown to be asymmetric in that interviewers focus on topic control although, at times, respond to ICs in more normative ways through offering different kinds of commentary. The pattern of interviewer commentary mirrors that of the conversational data except in relation to the dearth of commiseration in the SSIs. In conclusion, the value of this analysis is that it suggests, tentatively, that interviewee contribution within SSIs might, in some situations, be extrapolated to one particular kind of everyday interactional context—communication between friends— although the asymmetry of the interaction demonstrates its institutional nature.

In previous studies dominance in every day conversation has been measured by the distribution
between speakers of various interactional features, including topic control, interruptions
and overlaps, and amount of speech. This paper reassesses the indicators of dominance
used in these studies and proposes a framework of analysis that treats dominance as a multidimensional
construct with sequential, participatory and quantitative aspects.

Il Jannah, Hima Luluk. 2014. Convesational Analysis of Turn-Taking in “The Social Network” Film, English Letters and Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture, the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang. The Advisor: Dr. Hj. Kun Aniroh, SST. Par., MM., M.Pd.
Key Words: Conversation, Turn-taking, Gap, Overlap, Mark, Eduardo.
This study is focused on conversational analysis (CA) in analyzing turn-taking features in conversation between two main characters; they are Mark Zukerberg as American and English native speaker and Eduardo Saverin as a Spain and English non native speaker in “The Social Network” Film. The reason why the researcher chooses this film as the object of the study, beside, it is one of the best movies is because it has won a lot of awards, it also has proved to be a box office success, with 7,8 of 10 rating all over the world, it is a true story of very famous billionaire as the founder of the global social network revolution that is nowadays well-known as Facebook.
A descriptive qualitative method is used due to the following reason. It focuses on the description and the explanation of the how the process of turn-taking features occurred in this film between those two main characters. The researcher becomes the primary instrument in collecting and analyzing the data. The data itself were collected by transcribing extracts between written scripts and the video of film of those characters. It was obtained from online sources twiztv.com and 4square.com. It is supported by Anthony J. Liddicoat’s theory of conversational analysis (2007). 
The result of this study shows that there are three main turn-taking features occurred in this film such as gap, overlap and no gap no overlap. The features of overlap have expanded as few categories; they are models of interruption in overlap, extending turn constructional unit and transition relevant places. Also, it has figured out that Eduardo as English non native speaker tends to have many silences than Mark as a native speaker, then, the cases of overlap in contrary is held by Mark as American or English native speaker. Mark has higher amount of overlap than Eduardo. Mark tends to dominate the conversation by overlapping other speaker (Eduardo).
It is suggested for the next researcher to expand and deepen their knowledge about CA in studying the similar or different object with the other features and categories of turn-taking to make larger area of research.

This paper attempts to explain the implicatures added when the conversational maxims are flouted in Game of Throne 7 Episode 3, specifically, the scene where Daenerys Targaryen meets Jon Snow for the first time. The transcription which this paper examines is Game of Throne 7 Episode 3, specifically, the scene where Daenerys Targaryen meets Jon Snow for the first time. The material used in this study was picked first. And then, the 9 minutes and 54 seconds conversation in the
scene was transcribed. The transcription of the whole scene is provided on Appendix A of this paper. Lastly, every maxims flouted in the 9 minutes and 54 seconds scene was picked and analysed.

This paper provides a worked exemplar of psychotherapy research using the approach of conversation analysis inspired discourse analysis (CA/DA), sometimes known as discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Potter, 2003; Potter & Wetherell, 1987). The aim of the paper is to explore the potential usefulness of discursive analysis for qualitative psychotherapy research within a relational centred ethos. The paper presents an analysis of extracts from a case of psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy based on Hobson’s (1985) conversational model. This model has a particular relational focus in assuming clients’ problems arise from relationship disturbances and that the therapeutic encounter is a vehicle for the manifestation, exploration, and modification of such problems. The model is conversational in that intervention consists of therapists’ use of strategies such as negotiation, metaphor, and development of a ‘common feeling language’...

The conversational analysis and gender difference is a fundamental area of research in sociolinguistics dealing with gendered difference of language, identity, diversity of relations, patterns and practices (Lakoff 1975, 2004, Spender 1980, Freeman & McElhinny 1996, Coats 2004). The present research examined the gender differences with reference to turn taking phenomenon in more detail. The aim of the research is to provide empirical evidence regarding gender difference stereotypes; to what extent these stereotypes and assumptions are accurate. According to Victoria De Francisco (1977; Coats 1998: 120-121) females have more curiosity to take turn in conversation while men stick to their own point, remain silent, and rejected the offer of turn taking. This supports the assumption that women are more talkative then men. However, resent research opposed this assumption that women are more talkative (Mehl, M. R., Vazire, S., Ramírez-Esparza, N., Slatcher, R. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2007). Different models have been used in turn-taking including homogenous and heterogeneous conversation, some researchers appreciated these models and few of them criticized these models regarding their methodology. The present study analyzed turn taking in three types of conversational models: male to male conversation, female to female conversation and in cross-sex conversation, and further compared the difference in radio, TV and casual conversational models. Results indicate that women are more likely to take turns in conversation which supports the proposal that women's greater turn taking rates can be attributed to interpersonal sensitivity rather than lack of assertiveness (Leaper, C., & Robnett, R. D. 2011).

Market interactions have its power play. The verbal prowess and dominance in the course of buying and selling is manifested in many ways. In a market conversation, the kind of language articulated by both participants (buyer and seller) can serve as an expression of power and will put control to win the negotiation. This research investigates strategies of Filipinos in the famous Divisoria market in Manila. A total of forty four (44) speech events were video-recorded and transcribed. The research is descriptive qualitative in design using the framework of Hymes (1972) SPEAKING model extracted from Ethnography in Communication. Its level of analysis, adopts Conversational Analysis, Speech Acts theory, Pragmatics, and Theory of Context. The participants' strategy are analyzed using linguistic parameters patterned after the research on cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns of Blum-kulka and Olhstein (1987).Interesting results show that the participants' ability to negotiate demonstrate some techniques which enable them to be successful in bargaining.

This paper investigates disagreement constructions on online social networking sites (SNS). It forms part of a wider project on hate and conflict speech modelling. Combining different research theories from conversational analysis and corpus linguistics, we have devised a six-class disagreement typology that we have manually tested on a 20 000-word corpus of Reddit comments on media posts. We then completedthis analysis with a description of linguistic markers that pave the way towards future automated research. Finally, we present politeness strategies and repairs that maintain mutual understanding in media posts’ comments. Our analysis proposes new classifications adapted to SNS. Moreover, it highlights regular forum trends, face-to-face and group threatening acts and Reddit-specific strategies to maintain or repair disagreement.

http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0
Applied conversation analytic research seeks to understand the ways in which conversational practices are modified in order to fulfill institutional aims. Psychotherapy is one such institution, and in recent years, a research literature has developed in which conversation analysis has been applied to psychotherapy interaction. This chapter provides an overview of the five main features of talk-in-interaction of interest in conversation analysis: turn-taking, sequence organization, repair, word selection, and action formation. An extract from psychotherapy interaction is explored in relation to each of these five features of talk. The analytic lens of conversation analysis and its conceptualization of key phenomena are different in many respects to that of traditional psychotherapy research. Moreover, when directed towards psychotherapy, selection of material has been, in the main, in accordance with conversation analytically informed, as opposed to therapy-informed, observations. The result is that conversation analytic research may seem psychologically shallow to the psychotherapy community: too removed from basic assumptions about human subjectivity and mute on questions of experiential change which are likely of interest to therapists. However, this therapy-neutral orientation may be a significant strength in allowing conversation analysis to complement and enhance process research through revealing what psychotherapy may not notice about itself.

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beyond-semantics-and-pragmatics-9780198791492?lang=en&cc=ru

The study of meaning in language embraces a diverse range of problems and methods. Philosophers think through the relationship between language and the world; linguists document speakers' knowledge of meaning; psychologists investigate the mechanisms of understanding and production. Up through the early 2000s, these investigations were generally compartmentalized: indeed, researchers often regarded both the subject-matter and the methods of other disciplines with skepticism. Since then, however, there has been a sea change in the field, enabling researchers increasingly to synthesize the perspectives of philosophy, linguistics and psychology and to energize all the fields with rich new intellectual perspectives that facilitate meaningful interchange. The time is right for a broader exploration and reflection on the status and problems of semantics as an interdisciplinary enterprise, in light of a decade of challenging and successful research in this area. Taking as its starting-point Lepore and Stone's 2014 book Imagination and Convention, this volume aims to reconcile different methodological perspectives while refocusing semanticists on new problems where integrative work will find the broadest and most receptive audience.

Many scholars claim that interaction is an essential element in developing L2 competence. ELT professionals are therefore often concerned with creating scenarios where L2 interaction is being fostered. The purpose of this study was to investigate how differences in interlocutor can influence the amount and nature of interaction occurring within a communicative task. Utilizing a conversational analysis (CA) methodology, this study analyses conversation strings from two (student-student and teacher-student) dyads recorded during a picture dictation task. Transcriptions of the recorded data highlighted differences between the two dyads in the patterns of interaction that occurred. Interaction in the student-student data featured a higher amount of repair initiation sequences and conversation strategies than was found in the teacher-student group. Furthermore, whereas next turn repair initiation (NTRI) was frequent in the student-student dyad, repair initiation was significantly delayed in the teacher-student data. Potentially problematic examples of teacher talk were also identified from the teacher-student transcription. The results suggested that an expert-novice orientation in the teacher-student dyad may have created psychological constraints limiting the amount and type of interaction that occurred. This study provides further evidence of both the importance of peer interaction and the necessity for reflective inquiry in teachers’ professional development.

This article introduces the special issue of Research on Language and Social Interaction organized around the theme " Opening and Maintaining Face-to-Face Interaction. " The contributions to this special issue collectively consider " how to begin " – either a new encounter, or a new sequence after a lapse in conversation. All articles analyze naturally-occurring, videorecorded episodes of casual and/or institutional copresent interaction using multimodal conversation analytic methods. Though the opening phase of a face-to-face encounter may elapse in a matter of seconds, this article shows it to house a dense universe of phenomena central to sustaining our human sense of self and our social relationships in everyday life. Before introducing the individual contributions to this special issue, this article elucidates state-of-the-art findings from conversation analytic research on how people begin encounters, delineating the modular components that people regularly use to constitute the copresent opening phase of interaction. Data in American English.

The present investigation uses the methodology of Conversation Analysis to study the particle ah in Mexican Spanish interactions. It looks at ah as a change-of-state token in remembering and noticing sequences. Similar to previous studies (e.g. Edwards and Middleton, 1986; Goodwin, 1987; and Drew, 1989), this investigation aims to show how cognitive processes are socially organised in interaction. Three types of remembering sequences are identified and described: assisted, metacognitive, and spontaneous remembering. It is suggested that in these type of sequences, ah marks the end of the cognitive process which is completed either with external help or with metacognitive strategies. In noticing formulations, ah marks the realisation of something, it prefaces a noticing formulation which may work as a topic initiator or it may initiate the closing of a sequence. A noticing formulation may also work as an account of action.

The study explores the membership category devices that Filipino participants deploy to manage virtual conversation in an asynchronous online discussion forum. Anchored on Walther’s (1992) social information processing (SIP) theory, the study combines Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson’s (1974) conversational analysis (CA) and Sacks’s (1992) membership category analysis (MCA) model in analyzing the three comment threads with 169 postings from a web-based discussion board. The data reveal that the interactants primarily used their knowledge of the socio-cultural and political constructs influencing their interaction to manage their e-discourse efficiently just like in FtF interaction. The dominant membership categorization devices (MCDs) rotate on the (a) topic orientation, (b) goal orientation, (c)  political orientation, and (d) cultural orientation of the online participants. The study lends support to Walther’s (1992) SIP theory that in a discussion forum, a hybrid e-discourse exhibiting features of spoken and written discourses, the Filipino interact ants effectively utilize discourse strategies, the operation of MCDs in this study,  just like in naturally occurring interactions to ensure successful communication.

En este trabajo analizaremos los marcadores del discurso que se sitúan en las reacciones emotivas de una conversación coloquial, con el fin
de comprobar si a sus funciones habituales de argumentación, reformulación, etc. y a sus funciones metadiscursivas de control del discurso puede añadírsele también la función metadiscursiva de anuncio de reacción emotiva. Las unidades conversacionales seleccionadas están, pues, marcadas por algún tipo de fuerza ilocutiva expresiva o emotiva. Nos situamos, así, en la línea de las investigaciones que está llevando a cabo el Grupo Fonoemoción en el seno del Proyecto EHSEE (Padilla et alii, 2017) y que suponen una nueva aportación a los estudios del llamado “discurso emotivo”. A él se acercan disciplinas lingüísticas como la fonopragmática (Rittaud-Hutinet 1995; Acuña 2011; Carbajal et
alii 2014) o la fonocortesía (Hidalgo 2007; Hidalgo et alii 2010; Estellés 2013), interesadas en la relación entre el valor contextual de los enunciados y su reflejo fónico en el habla. La observación y el análisis de la conversación coloquial espontánea nos muestran que el habla se
presenta continuamente como un reflejo de las emociones, de las actitudes y de los sentimientos de los usuarios (Cowie y Cornelius 2003;
Padilla 2004; 2017; 2020; 2021). Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, y partiendo de la división de seis emociones básicas de Ekman (1970; 1999), se ha analizado un corpus de ochenta y nueve intervenciones emotivas procedentes de dos conversaciones coloquiales reales.
Se han tomado como unidades de análisis conversacional la intervención, el acto y el subacto (Briz y Grupo Val.Es.Co. 2003; Grupo Val.Es.Co. 2014)
y se han localizado quince marcadores discursivos diferentes. Aunque, dada la extensión de la muestra, aún no pueden extraerse conclusiones definitivas, sí se apuntan algunas tendencias, como la preferencia de aparición de los marcadores en las reacciones emotivas de sorpresa y enfado o la aparición del valor metadiscursivo de “anuncio de
reacción emotiva” común a todos ellos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: marcadores del discurso; discurso emotivo; comunicación emotiva; fonopragmática; análisis de la conversación.

The occupied, exiled and displaced people of Kashmir
are at war for liberation from foreign Indian occupants since the
day when ruling non Muslim Monarch of Kashmir sold the 77%
Muslim Kashmiri population to India after the subdivision of
subcontinent and that is ruling occupied Kashmir with the help of
a puppet regime providing a room for the prevalence of
ethnocentric bias hypothesis contrary to the findings by
(Antonio, Robert 2007) and close to the findings by (SILOVE
1999) suggesting that ‘torture’ and human rights ‘violations’ can
effect human being and in the existing mental state of the people
of Kashmir ‘conversational analysis’ needs to be based on
assumption about the prevalence of ethnocentric hypothesis bias
within Kashmiris pro liberation and puppet regime instead of
Kashmiris and out groups in case of ‘implicature’’ anthimeria’
‘hyperbole’ irony’ and other allied linguistic areas.

When arriving to a social encounter, how and when can a person show how s/he is doing/feeling? This article answers this question, examining personal state sequences in copresent openings of casual (residential) and institutional (parent-teacher) encounters. Describing a regular way participants constitute – and move to expand – these sequences, this research shows how arrivers display a non-neutral (e.g., negative, humorous, positive) personal state by both (i) deploying interactionally-timed stance-marking embodiments that enact a non-neutral state, and (ii) invoking a selected previous activity/experience positioned as precipitating that non-neutral state. Data demonstrate that arrivers time their non-neutral personal state displays calibrated to their understanding of their relationship with coparticipants. Analysis reveals that arrivers use this action to proffer a first-hand experience as a self-attentive first topic that works as a bid for empathy, inviting recipients to collaborate in expanding the personal state sequence and thereby co-create an empathic moment. Data in American English.

This study examines the process of subjectification by focusing on discursive strategy in the grammaticalization of the Japanese connective datte 'but/because'. It is found that datte shifted its meaning from 'but' to 'because' because it increasingly came to be used with justifications in new contexts of argumentative discourse. In the course of its development, the co-occurrence of an explanatory expression, such as –kara 'because', also increased, which further contributed to the entrenchment of the explanatory meaning. It is argued that the preference organization of conversation, which leads participants of conversation to avoid or mitigate face-threatening actions, motivated the semantic change from con-cessivity to causality.

En el marco de una investigación que busca una explicación sistemática de los vocativos usados como insultos en las comedias plautinas, este
trabajo examina los insultos atendiendo a los conocimientos que ofrecen perspectivas como el ‘Análisis Conversacional’, el ‘Análisis del Discurso’ o la ‘Pragmática’, ya que todas ellas permiten el estudio de la conversación y la sistematización de los datos que se extraen de ella.
La mayoría de los vocativos insultantes que tratamos aquí son otivados por un ataque verbal previo realizado por el interlocutor, pero también analizamos aquellos en los que no se da un ataque previo al emisor del insulto. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es, pues, determinar no solo
el contexto de aparición, sino también la causa, el efecto y la función de tales insultos.
In the context of a piece of research that aims to explain the use of vocatives as insults in Plautine comedies in a systematic way, this article examines such insults from the perspective of ‘Conversational Analysis’ and ‘Analysis of Discourse’ or ‘Pragmatics’. All of these perspectives allow for the study of conversation and the systematization of the data extracted from it. Most of the insulting vocatives dealt with here are motivated by previous verbal abuse coming from the interlocutor, although those without any previous provocation are also
considered. The purpose of this study is, then, to determine not only the context for these insults, but also their cause, effect and function.

An illustrative analysis is offered demonstrating the potential of conversation analysis for psychotherapy research. Extracts are presented from an unresolved problematic theme selected from an unsuccessful eight-session psychodynamic-interpersonal therapy of a female client presenting with a major depressive episode. The authors identify descriptive devices and communicative skills on which the client and therapist draw in the process of problem formulation. They demonstrate the way in which differing versions of the client’s problems were presented and how the client and therapist pursued differing attributional projects. Specifically, the authors examine how internal and external accounts of the client’s underlying problems were accomplished and warranted and how the therapist attempted the transformation of problems. The quality criteria pertaining to conversation analysis are indicated, the implications for therapeutic practice explored, and the relationship between the present findings and previous research discussed.

To be able to deliver information about the consultation outcome in an appropriate way (Group 1.2.4) To be able to deliver important clinical detail to a range of patients in a caring and sensitive manner (Group 2.2.1) 28/03/14 CET 48 CET CONTINUING EDUCATION & TRAINING 1 CET POINT A key requirement for a successful consultation is the effective delivery of findings and advice. This article describes ways in which practitioners can seek to optimise their communication skills in relation to the delivery of the consultation outcome to the patient.

В статье на материале тридцати случайно отобранных фрагментов интервью показано реальное устройство вопрос-ответной коммуникации между респондентом и интервьюером. Это сделано с целью демонстрации механики производства итоговых кодировок, которые используются для построения финальных распределений и служат предметом анализа для сотрудников опросных центров. Общение интервьюера с респондентом представлено в виде процесса ситуативного создания информации, которая в итоге будет названа данными. Любые формальные установления, призванные стандартизировать процесс интервью, в ходе разговора изменяются, дорабатываются или вовсе отбрасываются в качестве непригодных для коммуникации здесь и сейчас. Участие в этом процессе интервьюера и респондента осуществляется неравноправно. Респондент исходит исключительно из собственного здравого смысла и не имеет представления о том, какого вида ответы от него ожидают. Интервьюер, напротив, вполне представляет себе, чтό это должны быть за ответы, чтобы быть адекватными поставленным перед ним задачам. Задачи же сводятся главным образом к редукции реального нарратива до такого состояния, при котором сказанное может быть статистически проанализировано. Такая редукция фактически и составляет суть механики интервью, производящей ситуативно адекватные ответы. В статье приведены три стратегии такой редукции, которых в процессе первоначального рендеринга может быть несколько.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar como o humor pode ser construído a partir de uma perspectiva pragmática. Mais particularmente, buscaremos analisar como essa construção se dá através de implicaturas e violações das máximas conversacionais, elementos esses da Pragmática Conversacional de Grice (1957; 1975). Para tal, utilizaremos como corpus de análise quatro tirinhas de humor de diferentes autorias. São elas duas tirinhas do Garfield – personagem criada pelo americano Jon Davies, no final da década de 70 e publicada até os dias atuais –, uma de humor meme – de autoria desconhecida por ser um estilo de tirinha que tem como característica o fato de que pode ser produzida por qualquer internauta e divulgada na rede – e uma da Mafalda – personagem criada pelo argentino Quino e publicada originalmente entre os anos de 1964 e 1973.

Public speaking is generally conceived as pre-planned, read-aloud, onesided monologue with minimal opportunities for audience response except as feedback showing approval (or disapproval). Previous work in the area of talkas-interaction has only identified audience and speaker orientation to audience applause and laughter. However, this paper investigates the interactive character of public speaking where both Speaker,(S), and Audience, (A), orient to each other's contributions. This interactive character is manifested through 1) audience collective and individual responses, and 2) Speaker's "footing" shifts (à la Goffman 1979) (including improvisation, and marked by diglossic code-switching, gaze, pauses, etc.), with both contributions forming a web of exchanges, thus characterizing public speaking as an interactional activity, jointly produced by Speaker and Audience (both collectively and individually).

Tecnologie come i big data promettono di darci meravigliose possibilità e
una vasta consapevolezza dei fenomeni che ci circondano, ma se non riusciremo a bilanciare il loro crescente utilizzo con la privacy, la trasparenza, la confidenzialità e la libera scelta, rischiamo di subordinare tali valori a queste nuove capacità.
L’attuale legge sulla privacy si fonda sul principio di “notice and choice” (FTC, 1998), intendendo con notice (avviso) “l’impegno da parte di un entità di informare la fonte dei dati che sarà messa in atto la raccolta e la condivisione di essi”, e con choice (scelta) l’idea che le persone dovrebbero poter essere libere di dissociarsi (opt-out) dagli usi dei loro dati che non desiderano. Compatibilmente con queste definizioni, nella presente tesi si definiscono avvisi online sulla privacy quegli atti linguistici dell’interazione in rete con cui solitamente i proprietari di siti o app richiedono agli utenti il consenso al trattamento dei dati personali e della privacy. Solove (2013) descrive questo approccio “notice and choice” come una “auto-gestione della privacy” (privacy self-management). Idealmente, l’obiettivo è quello di informare l’utente sulla raccolta, l’uso e la condivisione dei suoi dati, e sulla base di questi avvisi l’individuo può soppesare i costi e i benefici di questi accordi ed avere il controllo dei propri dati personali. La pratica però è ben diversa. Di fatto in pochi, se non nessuno, ha le capacità, lo zelo ed il tempo di leggere tutte le cookie policy, privacy policy, accordi di licenza (EULA) e termini di servizio vari presenti in ogni sito.
McDonald e Cranor (2008) hanno stimato che in termini di tempo leggere tutte le privacy policy impiegherebbe annualmente ad ogni utente circa 201 ore, mentre nel loro studio empirico i partecipanti spesero in media 14 secondi (privacy paradox). Osservazioni come questa mostrano empiricamente quello che a livello aneddotico sappiamo già: gli avvisi sui dati personali non funzionano perché gli utenti non li leggono. Questo è dovuto al fatto che il principio di “notice and choice” e l’approccio di self-management della privacy sono semplicemente basati su un ideale della razionalità umana inesatto. Appare evidente quindi come in questo tipo di comunicazione sia inevitabile ripensare a diverse strategie e nuove pratiche, partendo dal comportamento reale degli individui. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è appunto quello di investigare in modo qualitativo come gli avvisi si inseriscono nel corso d'azione all'interno della navigazione e in che modo gli utenti vi si interfacciano.

La voz humana es la música del lenguaje: se modela en las cavidades supraglóticas y se transforma en articulación fonética, onda sonora que atraviesa el aire llegando hasta los oídos de un oyente y permite la comunicación verbal entre individuos. Cada vez que hablamos construimos mensajes destinados a ser entendidos por otros; pero nuestros mensajes no son mera sustancia fónica articulada, sino que además (y de forma evidente) incorporan multitud de variaciones melódicas que modulan cuanto decimos según nuestros intereses comunicativos: (des)integran los elementos discursivos y comunican ideas con sentido, transmiten una intención comunicativa con una determinada fuerza ilocutiva, generan efectos pragmático-contextuales concretos, susceptibles de validación por nuestro/s interlocutor/es (ironía, atenuación, (des)cortesía…), etc.
Algunas de estas capacidades son más “convencionales” o intencionales y otras resultan más “innatas” o inevitables: nuestra prosodia particular impide enmascarar, por ejemplo, nuestra procedencia geográfica, y así el “acento” del español chileno se muestra distinto del español andaluz de Sevilla, pero somos capaces de controlar con precisión el estilete de un descenso tonal cuando hay que marcar el límite entre dos enunciados en una secuencia de habla dada.
Reconocemos, por otro lado, cuándo resulta apropiado intervenir en el marco de una conversación: la prosodia del/de los otro/s suele darnos la pauta para reconocer dicha posibilidad; a veces, incluso, un rasgo suprasegmental promueve la interpretación humorística de una determinada secuencia de habla o favorece, cuando menos, la orientación de dicha interpretación.

In early work within Conversation Analysis, utterances within a request sequence which inquire regarding some of the preconditions of granting the request (such as having the item or having the ability to perform the action) are analyzed as pre-requests. Levinson, in an extended discussion of the organization of pre-requests and request sequences, treats utterances such as 'do you have X?', 'can I have X?' or 'can you X for me?' as inquiring about preconditions that could prevent the recipient from granting the request. By checking on preconditions, the requester works to avoid producing a request which will be declined, which is a dispreferred action. In other words, pre-requests, like other pre-sequences, function to project that another action will be produced if a favorable response is given; if not, that projected action may not be produced. In this view, then, they work to maintain the preference organization. This study uses requesting in service encounters to reexamine the evidence for an analysis of such utterances as pre-requests and finds that alternative analyses are more suited in these requesting activities.

Aizuchi, feedback and insertion are the 3 important elements in a Japanese language conversation. Aizuchi and feedback can be categorized as short utterance. This paper discussed short utterance in a conversation between native speakers and non-native speakers of Japanese language based on writer’s research findings. This is because in general, students of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) have problems in constructing a real-life conversation in Japanese language. This paper tried to analyze the conversational situation between two Malaysian tour guides and two Japanese tourists. The face-to-face conversation occured when the tour guides brought the tourists to Aquaria KLCC (G1&T1) and Istana Negara (G2&T2). This research intended to expose the conversation between the culture of native speaker and non-native speaker as a reference to students who are learning Japanese language.

Dans cet article j’envisage la problématique du «discours rattrapé par la situation» non comme un fait rare, mais comme une propriété générique de tout événement social : l’organisation du discours en interaction (la conversation, une conférence, une performance poétique) suppose un contexte  qu’il contribue réflexivement à structurer. Je souhaite le montrer en ayant recours à l’analyse de situations a priori extra-ordinaires, où des aspects troublants, angoissants, morbides font enfler des phénomènes humains structurant des pratiques sociales en général. Par là, je m’appuierai sur une perspective endogène du contexte, et introduirai une discussion sur l’approche interactioniste vis-à-vis de notions telles que l’information, ou la normalité.

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In this article, I will adress the issue of «the discourse overtaken by the situation» as a component pertaining to any social event and not as something uncanny and rarely witnessed. Indeed, the organisation of discourse-in-interaction entails a context that this very discourse will reflexively contribute to structure. I will point out this idea using medical emergency calls data, whose analyses magnify social phenomena that one could nonetheless observe in many (ordinary) social practices. Therefore, I will highlight an endogeneous perspective on context and introduce a discussion on the interactionaly-based concepts of information and normality.

La notion de rythme demande d’abord une approche phénoménologique. On montre qu’à ce niveau le rythme et la forme sont des notions corrélées. Une définition formelle du rythme montre sa relation aux différents types de systèmes dynamiques (type gradient, autonome ou chaotique).
L’énonciation dépend profondément de différents types de rythmes. D’abord les rythmes de la réalisation phonétique du discours sont considérés (système des voyelles des consonnes, structures syllabiques, caractères phonétiques des rythmes thématiques). En deuxième lieu les rythmes de la communication au niveau indiciel et conversationnel sont abordés. Le conclusion essaie de préciser le „sens du rythme“.

It is widely accepted that a child is socialised into their culture through their language (Ochs & Schiffelin, 1986). However, little is known about the process of language socialisation and identity development of multilingual children who learn to speak two or more languages, and at the same time are exposed to two different cultures. By combining the theoretical and methodological approaches in language socialisation and broadly those of sociolinguistics; this talk aims to understand how intercultural identities are constructed, ascribed, resisted and negotiated by multilingual children through multilingual practices during meal times among a transnational family.

The participants in our study are a family of four (a mother, father, and two sons aged 5 and 10); they are bilinguals (or multilinguals) in Arabic (Classical Arabic, Yemeni Arabic and Algerian Arabic) and English. The naturally occurring conversational data of 12 hours was collected largely following the methodology of ethnography. The data analysis shows that young bilinguals employed a range of resources, such as their use of address terms, and code-switching, among other things, to build and negotiate their multiple, multi-layered and developing intercultural identities during mealtimes. The data also shows that children exercise their agency through creatively using the very same linguistic tools employed by their parents, to evade topics, act against social order, claim their right as speakers and still present their identities. As a result children themselves become socialisers of their parents and hence culture evolves, is modified, and altered to suit the event at hand. Language as a site plays a major role for identity formation and manifestation as well as socialisation into culture(s), it is hoped that this presentation can demonstrate how such a phenomena are achieved.

In the frame of an experiment dealing with quantified-self and reflexivity, we collected audio-video data that provide us with material to discuss the ways in which the participants would work out social synergy through co-presence management and epistemic balance – accounting for their orientation towards the familiar symbiotic nature of human interactions. Following a Conversation Analysis perspective, we believe that detailed analysis of interactional behaviors offers opportunities for socially interactive robots design improvements, that is: identify and reproduce human ordinary skills in order to make the machines more adaptable.

We have conducted conversational analysis of intrahospital telephone calls in which a recovery room nurse notifies the wards that, having concluded their treatment, a patient is ready for transfer. The article contributes to the understanding of recruitment as the outcome of interactional methods securing involvement-assistance, cooperation or contribution-in the realisation of courses of action. It shows that: a) informings conveyed by brief factual declaratives can act as a recruitment method even in the absence of any reference to a need, want or trouble; b) informing others of a state of affairs can act as a prompt for them to take responsive action under their own responsibility; c) informings as recruitment can be part of an organisational routine and instrumental in bringing forth remote professional action. Contrary to the common assumption that indirect forms of recruitment are normatively less constraining, we suggest that factual informings are actually an effective way of prompting a co-worker to act on their responsibilities. The data are audio-recordings of telephone calls made in an acute-care hospital in the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Laughter commonly represents the typical reaction to humour. However, in special communicative contexts, such as asymmetrical interactions, laughter diverts from humour and can be exploited by speakers to organize the conversation. This work offers an analysis of conversations in German language between a student and a professor (Corpus GWSS from the Institut für Deutsche Sprache of Mannheim), recorded during an oral examination. The aim is to see in which way laughter is exploited in managing asymmetries and in fostering in the meantime the interactive co-construction of the conversations. The corpus-analysis shows that laughter fosters affiliation, but its irregular distribution testifies the subordinate status of the interlocutors. Moreover, it mitigates a (possible) face-threatening act and it is also used to signal a temporary breakdown of the turn-construction.