Cooperative

Abstract—This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithms for multi-agent networked systems with an emphasis on the role of directed information flow, robustness to changes in network topology due to link/node fail-ures, time-delays, and performance guarantees. An overview of basic concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence and performance analysis for the algorithms are provided. Our analysis framework is based on tools from matrix theory, algebraic graph theory, and control theory. We discuss the connections between consensus problems in networked dynamic systems and diverse applications including synchronization of coupled oscillators, flocking, formation control, fast consensus in small-world networks, Markov processes and gossip-based algorithms, load balancing in networks, rendezvous in space, dis-tributed sensor fusion in sensor networks, and belief propagation. We establish direct connections between spectral and ...

This is an essential reference for all investment clubs - both new and established - to ensure that they are run correctly and efficiently. A successful investment club needs to run smoothly with a great amount of reliability and confidence among its members. When all members of the club expect and meet the same requirements, everyone works together in a way that induces success and profitability. Ojijo’s Investment Clubs Manual is the investment clubs’ bible and tells me everything I need to know about joining, starting or running a successful investments club. The vast majority of investments clubs in Africa and beyond swear by this guide.

Apple is a temperate climate fruit tree. The introduction of apple tree to Ethiopia is traced back to 1950s. However, apple production has been low and concentrated in Chencha district forcing the country to importation to meet the national demand. This study, therefore, intends to analyze the current apple production and marketing chain to enhance household food security in chencha district of southwest Ethiopia. Mixed non-experimental study was conducted in eight randomly selected kebeles using structured pre- tested questionnaire administered on 257 systematically drawn farm households in the district. Series group discussions, key informant interviews, institutional analysis and field observations were also held in the sampled kebeles to extract qualitative data of the study. The study has shown that apple production and productivity was low due to limited cultivation, poor agronomic practices, shortage of grafting and pruning materials, shortage of trained experts and poor research-extension and development linkage. The apple tree population was unevenly distributed among producers where few producers cultivate majority of apple and earn the lion`s share of income. The apple producers earn 272.89 USD on average per year per household. The chain of apple marketing was long passing through producers, consumers, primary cooperatives, retailers and wholesalers. Cooperatives play critical role in apple marketing and protect apple farmers from exploitation by selfish businessmen. However, mismatch between supply and demand, lack of predetermined demand schedule, smuggling which compromises quality products and unfair competition among cooperatives and absence of transparency are affecting apple marketing. The income proxy measurement of the study revealed that over 82% of the households were food insecure. The study calls for all government and non-governmental organizations to work together to expand and improve apple production and establish apple marketing hub.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been parsimonious, empirically supported, widely cited, most
prominent, most compelling and well established model for predicting intentional behavior. Despite its
comprehensive and valid prediction on behavior, TPB has received many debates and criticism on its narrow
sufficiency of the three original components constructs of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral
control. This article discusses on the empirical support of various authors that recognized other relevant external
factors to be considered in addition to the original model and considerations for future research context to enrich
the existing theoretical contributions.

This research was carried out with the intention of examining the relationship between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in co-operative societies. Various
past literatures supported the relationship between leadership and commitment where leader’s style do have influence on employee’s commitment. 360 samples were collected from various co-operatives located in Peninsular Malaysia. Walk in was done in selective co-operatives to have some guidelines and discussions with employees and leaders.

Apart from Autocratic and Participative Leader’s behaviour, this paper is also intended to examine if nurturant task leadership developed by Sinha (1980) can be applied in cooperative
societies. The nurturant – task has been found suitable for Indian organizations (Ansari, 1986, 1990; Sinha, 1980, 1994) and due to the similarities between Indian and Malaysian organization, the nurturant task can be applied in Malaysia.
The dependent variables of employees commitment was examined using Meyer and Allen’s (1997) Three Component Model of employee commitment (affective, normative
and continuance).

Factor analysis was carried out prior to the analysis to suit the Malaysia setting. Respondents have similar understanding of Nurturant Task and Participative where these two variables are later merged in the analysis part to become one. These variables were name as Nurturant Task + Participative (NTP).8
Regression analysis was analyzed that showed mixed results of leadership style. NTP has inverse relation with Affective Commitment, while autocratic leaders showed no significant relationship. However, NTP and Autocratic leaders both showed positive significant results with normative and continuance commitment of employees.

Tenure was found to be high among new and experienced employees if the leaders adopted high level of NTP behaviour. Experienced employees possessed more stable high commitment regardless of leaders behaviour, however new employees commitment are totally dependent on the leader’s NTP behaviour.

Overall findings from this study suggest, autocratic and NTP do play important roles in determining the levels of employee’s commitment. Leaders should consider in matching
both leadership styles based on the situation of their subordinate. NTP was also found to be significant in promoting new employees commitment. Since no similar research has
been done in co-operatives, this finding may contribute to the understanding and improvement of employee’s commitment in co-operative societies in Malaysia.

Islam considers riba as a destructive element of society economically, socially and morally. The rise of Islamic cooperative is their solution for funding the small businesses development. Islamic cooperative is the institution to improve the small business enterprises with based on Islamic principles and the principle of cooperatives. Differentiation is one of the competitive advantages of the company to win the competition. Thorough the implementation of differentiation strategy will be realized the more sustainable Islamic cooperative. The research method was descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The data of this research were primary data, secondary data, observation, interview and documentation. Differentiation strategy for the cooperative as an important Islamic Microfinance Institutions to implement the system so the proliferation of other microfinance institutions. Side implementation of Sharia system are not biased just waiting for the interest of the public but need a mature strategy to gain customers. The result shows this differentiation strategy is a sustainable Islamic microfinance institutions. But researcher get the high problem by the differentiation of human resources. To deliver the best services, human resources place in the main player to direct. But almost in all IMFI’s have the lack management in this division. So, the differentiation does not play clearly.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo de caso da experiência da Cooperativa Potiguar de Apicultura e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável (COOPAPI), localizada no município de Apodi, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O estudo ocorrerá a partir da análise das alternativas de convivência da cooperativa com a seca a fim de promover o desenvolvimento rural sustentável, com geração de trabalho e distribuição de renda para os cooperados. Como metodologia, usou-se os métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. A partir das entrevistas transcritas discorreu-se acerca da história da fundação da cooperativa, além de analisar as ações no campo de alternativas de convivência com a seca. Essas ações desenvolvidas pela cooperativa têm importância no fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, na economia solidária e nos processos de empoderamento das famílias, o que vem a contribuir com a geração de oportunidades de trabalho e renda no campo e conseqüentemente a redução do êxodo rural. A dinâmica da autogestão praticada pelos agricultores familiares sócios da COOPAPI tem construído processos internos de gestão social com agricultura sustentável se apropriando dos princípios de economia solidária em que considera o homem como parte do meio que necessita cuidar do mesmo para ser cuidado. Palavras-chave: Cooperativismo. Agroecologia. Seca. Abstract: This paper aims to conduct a case study of the experience of the Cooperative Potiguar Beekeeping and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI), located in the municipality of Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The study will take place from the analysis of alternative cooperative coexistence with drought to promote sustainable rural development, generating employment and income distribution to their members. The methodology used is the qualitative and quantitative methods. From the interviews transcribed spoke up about the history of the founding of the cooperative, and examine the actions in the field of alternative living with drought. These actions developed by the cooperative are important for the strengthening of family farming, craft economy and the process of empowerment of families, which is contributing to the generation of employment and income opportunities in the field and consequently reducing the rural exodus. The dynamics of self-management practiced by farmers COOPAPI partners have built internal processes of social management with sustainable agriculture appropriating the principles of solidarity economy that considers man as a part of the environment that need to take care of it to be careful.

The study assesses the role played by cooperative societies’ loans services on members’ economic condition through household income generation in rural areas where there is no bank or other formal financial providers. Using a questionnaire technique, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water, and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data are analysed using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and effect size. The study found that participation in a cooperative is associated with increase in household income, while membership duration, house ownership, and marital status are the three variables that contributed significantly to the increase in household income reported by members in addition to the program loan. The result indicates specifically that being a cooperative member for a longer period of time and living in rented houses were signif...

This paper aims to shed light on the validity of previous studies by reconstructing in detail the Lami's historical development from its beginning to the 1990s. The Lami is a cooperative group in Fiji whose main characteristic has been radically changing its members' lives. Lami people not only abolish or simplify some parts of Fijian customs such as wedding and funeral ceremonies; they also abstain from luxuries such as kava and tobacco. Previous studies take for granted (1) the relationship between characteristic activities of the Lami and its members' sterile land and unstable land rights, and (2) the Lami's relationship with Melanesian cargo cults such as the Viti Kabani movement in Fiji. In this paper I would like to use archival and ethnographic studies to question these assumed relationships.

This book gives a brief history of education in Romania over the last decade. The text is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides a background report, whereas part 2 presents the results of an Orcianisation for Economic Co-operation and Development review team's analysis of recent trends and reform initiatives. The first section describes the administrative architecture and responsibilities of the education system and includes vocational education, governing boards, and teachers ' unions. The regulatory and legal framework and informal rules, as well as the practices, of the education system are also described, including personnel, curriculum, textbooks, equipment, school infrastructure, student enrollment, quality control, financial administration, and control. The second part provides concrete and pragmatic advice on directions for policy, taking into account the present and emerging context of the country and stressing a more strategic role for education authorities at ...

"Following models in Britain and France, Germany began to develop her own models of community-based business and cooperatives. The cooperative movement grew in strength, anchored in both liberal and socialist traditions. Connected to 1848 revolutionaries, coops were considered a dangerous political force, or even an enemy, by restaurative governments. It took a long political campaign, and a coalition with nationalism, to bring about useful and protective legislation for cooperatives. Once attached to power, however, internecine fighting began, as some coops lobbied the government for aid against competition.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH - Genossenschaften: Vor 150 Jahren kämpfte eine Volksbewegung für die staatliche Anerkennung der modernen Selbsthilfe-Firma.
Schlagwörter: Bewegung, Darlehensverein, Frankreich, Genossenschaften, Genossenschaftsgesetz, Großbritannien, Interessenvertretung, Lobby, Nationalismus, Raiffeisen-Bewegung, Reichstag, Sozialisten, Verbände, Volksbanken
Organisationen: Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (ADAV), Fortschrittspartei, SPD
Personen: Otto von Bismarck, Walter Koch, Ferdinand Lassalle, Karl Marx, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch
Publikationen: Die Gartenlaube"

TAB TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1-39

1.1 STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA IN GENERAL
1.2 STATUS OF TRIBAL WOMEN
1.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
1.4 MAIN FACTORS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
1.4.1 Income
1.4.2 Education
1.4.3 Occupation
  1.5 THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY
  1.6 LITRATURE REVIEW
1.6.1 Status Of Women In General
1.6.2 Family Status
1.6.3 Decision Making Capacity
1.6.4 Health Status
1.6.5 Socio-economic status
  1.7 REFERENCES

CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 40-56

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2.2.1 Social Objectives
2.2.2 Economic Objectives
2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
2.4 METHODOLOGY
2.5 STRUCTURE OF SURAT
2.6 PROCESSING OF DATA
2.7 MAHATMA GANDHI AND HIS IDEOLOGY
2.7.1 Ideal Village
2.7.2 Swadeshi
2.7.3 Self-Sufficiency
2.7.4 Village Industries
2.7.5 Women
REFERENCES
CHAPTER-3
CONCEPT OF EXCLUSION  AND TRIBES IN GUJARAT 57-115

3.1 CONCEPT OF EXCLUSION
3.1.1 Exclusion : A Conceptual Framework
                  3.1.2 Inequality , Poverty, Social Exclusion In India
  3.2 SOCIAL INCLUSION
3.3          DEFINITIONS OF  TRIBE
3.4 CONDITION    OF    TRIBALS IN INDIA
3.4.1 Working Status
3.4.2 Demographic Aspects
3.5   TRIBES IN GUJARAT AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN GENERAL

3.5.1 Tribes in Gujarat
3.5.2 Population, Size and Distribution of Scheduled Tribes
3.5.3 Sex ratio
3.5.4 Work Participation Rate (WPR)
3.5.5 Category of Workers
3.6 SURAT DISTRICT
3.6.1 Location and Area
3.6.2 History
3.6.3 Population (General, Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe)
3.6.4 Geography and Physical Features
3.6.5 Rivers, Canals and Waterways
3.6.6 Towns and Villages
3.6.7 Amenities
3.6.8 Agriculture and Irrigation
3.6.9 Animal Husbandry
3.7 VALOD  TALUKA
3.7.1 Geographical, Social and Economic Condition of  Valod Taluka
3.7.2 Villages of  Valod
3.7.3 Population of  Valod
REFERENCES




CHAPTER-4
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES IN TRIBAL WOMEN IN VALOD — ROLE OF THE INSTITUTIONS 116-161


4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2
VEDCHHI  PRADESH SEVA SAMITI (VPSS) –  VALOD

4.2.1 Objectives of The Activities
4.2.2 Various Programs of VPSS
4.2.3 VPSS’S Women Section
4.2. 4 Objectives of the Women’s Section
4.2.5 Work Done By VPSS

4.3 LIJJAT  PAPAD  GRIHAUDYOG





4.4 VEDCHI ASHRAM - VEDCHI
4.4.1 Vedchhi  Ashram - Today



4.5 SAMPOORNA KRANTI VIDYALAYA and  GANDHI VIDYAPITH- VEDCHHI
4.6 INTRODUCTION 
4.6.1 SMT. DASHERIBA CHAUDHARI
4.6.2 SHRI. BABUBHAI SHAH
4.6.3 SMT. SAVITABEN CHAUDHARI
4.6.4
SMT. ESHMATJAHANBEN  &
SMT. LAXMIBEN PARMAR
4.6.5 SMT. SAGUNABEN DHODIA-PATEL
4.7 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

4.7.1 BANK OF BARODA, VALOD
4.7.2 STATE BANK OF INDIA
4.7.3 DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT BANK
4.7.4 RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
REFERENCES

CHAPTER-5
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TRIBAL WOMEN
OF VALOD TALUKA 162-210

5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
(A) Age of Women (village-wise)
(B) Marital Status
(C) Village and Community
 Important Features and Occupational Structure of the Tribal Communities
 Culture and Kinship
(D) Education
(E) Educational Status of Women (Village-wise)

5.3 FAMILY STRUCTURE
5.4 ASSETS OF THE FAMILIES
(A) Land
(B) Trees
(C) Live-stock
(D) Houses
5.5 FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE TRIBAL WOMEN
(A) Agricultural Activities
(B) Selling Fodder
(C) Papad Udyog
(D) Spinning
(E) Dairy Production or Milk Co-operatives
(F) Anganwadi Activities / Government Jobs / Others
(G) Training
5.6 MONTHLY INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIBAL WOMEN
(A) Agricultural Activities
(B) Selling Fodder
(C) Papad Udyog
(D) Spinning
(E) Dairy Production or Milk Co-operatives
(F) Anganwadi
(G) Government Sector
(H) Other Occupations
5.7 NUMBER OF YEARS ENGAGED IN OCCUPATION
5.8 SELF HELP GROUPS
5.9 DECISON MAKING
5.10 SOCIAL FACTORS
(A) Basic Necessities
(a) Food
(b) Clothing
(c) Houses
(d) Water

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... contd. P.4

Title Page No.

(B) Infrastructural Facilities .
(a) Energy
(i) Electricity
(ii) Non-conventional sources of energy
(b) Transport
(c) Communication
(d) Banks
(e) Social overheads
(i)  Health
(ii)  Family planning
(iii)  AIDS/HIV : 
(iv)  Education : 
(f) Inter-Community Marriages 
5.11 TRADITIONAL SKILL/WORK
5.12 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP AND TOTAL VILLAGE PANCHAYAT
REFERENCES

CHAPTER-6
SUMMARY, FINDINGS , CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 211-218

BIBLIOGRAPHY 219-232

ANNEXURES 233-275

The study assesses the role played by cooperative societies’ loans services on members’ economic condition through household income generation in rural areas where there is no bank or other formal financial providers. Using a questionnaire technique, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water, and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data are analysed using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and effect size. The study found that participation in a cooperative is associated with increase in household income, while membership duration, house ownership, and marital status are the three variables that contributed significantly to the increase in household income reported by members in addition to the program loan. The result indicates specifically that being a cooperative member for a longer period of time and living in rented houses were signif...

A study was conducted in Adarsha Milk Producer Dairy Cooperative, Mahuli, of Saptari district to find out socio-economic impact of dairy cooperative during May 2008 to Dec.2008. Response from 224 milk producing farmers were randomly collected, stored and analysed using Microsoft excel program. Different sources of income have been recorded and analysed with major category as main crop, cash crop, dairy goat farming and service in organizations. Among them, dairy was found to be the highest income contributor (55%) to the rural farmers. Moreover, dairy was found to be the symbol of pride, prestige and religious priority for the studied community.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11859Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 15 & 16 No. 1-2, pp. 15-23

Mentoring is an effective method of helping inexperienced individuals develop and progress in their profession. Extension staff have many opportunities to mentor volunteers and other community partners. The keys to establishing a successful mentoring relationship include creating a relationship of trust, clearly defining roles and responsibilities, establishing short-and long-term goals, using open and supportive communication, and collaboratively solving problems.