Criminal and Procedural Law

Il tema delle intercettazioni è di nuovo sotto la lente del legislatore e con esso anche quello del captatore informatico. Ancora una volta si assiste all’ennesima insoddisfacente modifica della disciplina legislativa di questo mezzo di ricerca della prova. Per comprenderne i motivi di biasimo si analizzano brevemente le potenzialità tecniche del captatore e l’evoluzione “storica” della normativa, per giungere, infine, ad alcune brevi osservazioni circa le lacune e le incompletezze che permeano l’attuale disciplina codicistica.

Wiretappings are again under the magnifying glass of the legislator and, with them, the trojan horse too. One more time we are facing to the umpteenth and unsatisfactory legislative amendment of this evidence instrument. In order to comprehend the reason of the blame, we will briefly analyse the technical potentials of the trojan horse and the “historical” evolution of the law, to eventually reach some short observation of the gap and incompleteness of the current codex legislation.

In December 2015, the Council of Australian Governments agreed to implement a nationally-consistent post-sentence preventative detention regime for convicted terrorists. This scheme will allow for the continued imprisonment of high-risk terrorist offenders in a similar way as the existing sex offender and violent offender continuing detention order regimes. This article will assess whether the introduction of a continuing detention order regime for terrorism is possible and defensible, based on the requirements and justifications provided for the sex offender and violent offender regimes. Specifically, it will be considered whether psychometric risk assessment for terrorist offenders can validly estimate which offenders are at a high-risk of reoffending and pose a threat to the community and whether the introduction of an effective rehabilitation program for terrorism is possible.

Apstrakt: Autor se u radu bavi osnovnim karakteristikama žalbe na prvostepenu presudu. Autor najpre određuje pojam žalbe, ukazuje na rokove za izjavljivanje iste, zatim ukazuje na titulare prava na žalbu na prvostepenu presudu i analizira njihov obim raspolaganja pravom na žalbu. Nakon toga, autor se bavi zakonskim elementima žalbe na prvostepenu presudu i zakonskim osnovama, po kojima se prvostepena presuda može pobijati žalbom. Na kraju rada, umesto zaključka autor daje osnovne smernice za kvalitetno sastavljanje žalbe na prvostepenu presudu. Ključne reči: žalba, prvostepena presuda, žalbeni osnovi, pravna argumentacija.

Abstract:
The author deals with the basic characteristics of appeal on the verdict. The author first defines the term of appeal, indicating the deadlines for filing the same, then points to the holders of the right to appeal against the first instance judgment and analyzes their scope of the right to dispose of the appeal. After that, the author deals with the legal elements of the appeal against the first instance judgment and legal grounds on which the first instance verdict may be contested by the appeal. At the end, instead of a conclusion the author gives basic guidelines for the quality of drafting an appeal on the verdict.
Keywords: appeal, first instance verdict, legal grounds for appeal, legal argumentation.

The Article addresses an existing lacunae in research with regard to prosecution of Money Laundering offences in Tanzania.  The investigated statute is Tanzania's Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2006 (AMLA).  Although the Offence was in existence since the early 90's under s. 71 of the Proceeds of Crimes Act, Cap. 256 (Act 25 of 1991) - now amended -  the new AML Act brought in a full FATF Style AMLA. Early prosecutions for the crime started from 2010, after the FATF Review of 2009, and to-date a comprehensive review in this particular area is absent. Although much has been surveyed on its other aspects by authors such as Eugene Mniwasa and Wilbert Kapinga a statistical review is still absent.  This review gives tentative conclusions that the offence section (s. 12) is badly drafted and does not adhere to standard definitions of the offence that would help courts in deriving its essential elements.  When it comes to proof Courts can hardly identify the mental element (mens rea) as against the physical criminal element (actus reus) of the crime. The Offences, to date, are highly hyped as 'serious offences' without evidence based on the severity of their occurrence.  Data is presented from Police and Audit Reports to show otherwise. A disturbing feature of criminal procedure is noted where the offence is rendered un-bailable under the statute, while it is bailable in next-door Zanzibar , and in other East African countries, as well as countries of origin such as the US and UK. The Paper supports the public perception that from charge sheets observed the offence is used by authorities in lieu of Preventive Detention, which is against Human Rights. Since the Statute is necessary for combat of  Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing suggestions are given to streamline and fine-tune it in line with international policy standard (e.g. the  FORTY RECOMMENDATIONS of FATF) and Human Rights considerations.

The liberty of the individual must be guarded, protected and promoted but the interests of the society, of which the individual is component, must be taken into account if society is to move forward and flourish instead of stagnating and breaking apart”.
Makame, J. (as he then was).

Bail has its roots from both spiritual and human development concepts. It is the matter of law and practice that, any person who is related to the accused person may apply for the conditional release from the custody of the accused person.  It is the right given to the suspect or the accused person to be released or be free from custody while waiting for further investigations and other criminal procedures to take place or to continue taking place. Such released must have a number of conditions which needs to be fulfilled by the suspect so as to be free from being detained, such as the presence of surety (ies). Failure to comply with such conditions may result the suspect to continued being detained.

The Book of Genesis reports that the first crime as Adam and Eve's violation of habitation rules in the Garden of Eden. They were summarily banished from the premises. No criminal trial proceedings were required because the Omniscient Judge had full knowledge of all relevant facts. The next reported criminal act is the murder of Abel by Cain. In this instance, the Omniscient Judge held an inquiry as to what had happened to Abel. Disbelieving Cain's testimony, the Judge sentenced Cain to wander the Earth forever. Despite the summary nature of Cain's murder trial, it demonstrates the basic elements of modern constitutional due process: notice and opportunity to be heard.

After the murder of Abel, responsibility for identifying criminals and imposing punishments passed to humankind. The Old Testament Books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy codify specific criminal acts and begin to outline procedures for determining guilt or innocence and imposing punishment. The Book of Numbers requires that Moses establish cities of refuge for persons awaiting trial on charges of manslaughter. These are the functional equivalent of today's bail laws. Numbers also states that persons accused of murder will stand before the congregation to be judged an early reference to the criminal proceeding of trial by jury.

The reason as to why we have bail is the Constitutional Principle on Innocence.  That ‘Let the accused to be free for a while as long as his guilty has not yet been established beyond reasonable doubt.’ No arbitrary arrest or detention.  Bail must not be punitive by nature rather than assurance of accused attendance before the court of law when needed.
In the case of Annette Pagnoule (on behalf of Aboulaye Mazou) v. Cameroon  the African Commission held that detention without any charge being brought against the suspect constitutes arbitrary deprivation of liberty.
In the case of Van Alphen v The Netherlands,  the Human Rights Committee stated that “the term ‘arbitrariness’ is not to be equated with ‘against the law’, but must be interpreted more  broadly to include elements of inappropriateness, injustice, and lack of predictability”.
This right is given to any person. In the case of Tito Doughas Lyimo v. R,  It was held that, “bail is a right and not a privilege”. However, there are some grounds which prevent the suspect or accused person from being given this right. It depends with the degree of the crime committed or the nature of the crime committed or sometimes the circumstances in which the crime was committed or the relationship between the suspect or accused person and the surrounding society. It also depends on the characteristics or behaviours of the said person. For instance, if his release may affect the criminal investigations and procedures to the extent of affecting the protection of other’s rights hence render to injustice other than justice to the victim(s).
The same was argued in the case of Daudi Pete V DPP,  the court held that bail is a right and not a privilege and therefore Section 148 (5) (e) of the Criminal Procedure Act which denied bail to an accused of armed robbery was declared unconstitutional since it violates human rights. 
This paper presents some of the circumstances in which bail cannot be granted by a court, police or any other institution with competent jurisdiction to do so

The authors are trying in to analyze the "right to a fair trial," in the sense of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Serbia on the other hand, proposals to contribute to the plan of proper understanding of the law, which can be understood as a request to change direction existing solutions to the current Code. The paper first presents the basic characteristics of the criminal proceedings in the Republic of Serbia and the context of the authors expressed the view that this right should not be seen as a question of the "right to a fair trial" but as "the right to a fair trial." This is particularly so because this right includes the right course of treatment, or to take measures against a person who is reasonably suspected of having committed a criminal offense by the body and pre-trial proceedings until gaining the status of a convicted person after the verdict passed by the court.

Examina-se a possibilidade de emprego, em um processo civil ou penal, da prova produzida em outro anterior. Escrito na vigência do CPC/1973, quando o empréstimo da prova era medida atípica, o texto permanece integralmente aproveitável, quanto aos fundamentos, pressupostos e limites da prova emprestada, para o CPC/2015, em que tal providência tornou-se típica.

Litigation is about recognising where the burden lies and to what certain degree(requirements), standard of proof that is needed in order to prove a case or refute such allegation(s) or claim(s). This paper deals with that but limiting its scope to criminal litigation. Aspects such as unexplained wealth, forensic evidence, customary criminal law,  will be fully discussed. in order to gain perspective adultery cases, election petition matters will be briefly analysed.

The object of the present paper is on the nature of the criminal
procedure. The objective is to demonstrate the importance of the theme and the
study of this discipline in science of law, passing through the works of its major
developers: Bülow, Goldschmidt and Fazzalari, revisiting the bibliography of these
authors and other ones who wrote about the same theme.

Authors dealing with the problem of lack of stabile material evidence in the practice of criminal procedure in Republic of Serbia. Assumption is that the lack of stabile material evidence in the criminal procedural practice in the Republic of Serbia is a result of the lack of standards in job of finding and providing of evidence, with one side, and abolition of the principle of material truth, and the reduction of investigative powers of the court, introduction of an adversarial model of criminal procedure and standard of proving beyond reasonable doubt, with the other side. Regarding this, the authors consider that applying the principle beyond reasonable doubt in making of judgement, requires respect for the principle of the continuity of evidence. On the base of this conclusion authors think that there is need for recognition of principle of continuity of evidence in criminal procedural legislation of Republic of Serbia.

Keywords: continuity of evidence, beyond reasonable doubt, truth, evidence standards, judgement.

National legal framework distinguishes the features and particularities of transnational crimes, in close connection with state security, being in accordance to the main international instruments. While investigating crimes committed by transnational organized criminal groups, criminal prosecution activity must be planned, in accordance with legal requirements, respecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of the persons, ensuring the active role of the law enforcement agencies and rule of law.

Sažetak: Autori u radu razmatraju i analiziraju princip in dubio pro reo kao jedan od temeljnih načela krivičnog procesnog prava u skladu sa pravnom aktuelnom regulativom krivično procesnog zakonodavstva Republike Srbije. S tim u vezi autori najpre ukazuju pojavu ovog principa u pravnoj teoriji, kao i na njegove suštinske elemente, a zatim  dovode u ovaj princip sa načinom i zakonitošću pribavljanja dokaza i kvaliteta tako pribavljenih dokaza već u fazi istrage. Posebnu pažnju autori posvećuju nepostojanju procesne mogućnosti izdvajanja iz spisa, zapisnika o radnjama u istrazi u vezi činjenica koje nisu dobile karakter dokaza jer su ostale u sumnji, iz razloga što nisu pribavljene na način i u skladu sa zakonom i pravilima struke, a samim tim i ne poseduju kvalitet dokaza koji je potreban za podizanje optužnice.

Ključne reči: in dubio pro reo, prezumpcija nevinosti, dokazi, dokazivanje, kontinuitet dokaza.

Summary:

This paper discusses and analyzes the principle in dubio pro reo as one of the fundamental principles of the current criminal procedure law, in accordance with the regulations of criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Serbia. In connection with this, the authors first explaining occurrence of this principle in legal theory and its essential elements, and then put in the relationship this principle and way and legality of the obtaining of evidence and the quality of the evidence obtained in the phase of investigation. Special attention is devoted to the lack of processing capabilities allocations from the file, the record of investigative measures in the investigation of the facts that have not received character of evidence because it had remained in doubt, because they are not provided in a manner and in accordance with the law and professiona standards, and therefore does not possess the quality of evidence needed for indictment.

Keywords: in dubio pro reo, presumption of innocence, evidence, proving, continuity of evidence.

The following study is meant to be a comprehensive overview on the Italian Judiciary: particular attention is paid on the Judiciary from both a static point of view (Judiciary as an organized administrative office) and a dynamic point of view (Judiciary as a power in action). Starting from the Constitutional rules on the Judiciary and offering a detailed description of the Courts system (organization of Courts, enrolment and careers of judges, their liability, number of magistrates and law cases), the Authors provide an in depth analysis of the rules and mechanisms aimed at a uniform interpretation in order to avoid the phenomenon of non unity of jurisprudence, which is although well-known in Italy due to several agents, such as an overwhelming amount of laws and law-cases. The study also offers an analysis of recent decisions at the top level Courts in Italy (Corte Costituzionale and Corte di Cassazione) and in Europe (European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights) p...

Policijska uporaba vatrenog oružja u SAD-u otvorila je cijeli niz pitanja policijske uporabe vatrenog oružja, sile i opće primjene policijskih ovlasti na koja nije bilo jedinstvenog odgovora. Jedna od inicijativa koja je trebala biti jamstvo građanima da će policija korektno koristiti svoje ovlasti u provođenju zakona i da policijski službenici neće biti neopravdano optuživani za prekomjernu uporabu sile, uključujući i vatreno oružje, nezakonito i netaktično postupanje policijskih službenika je uvođenje osobne policijske kamere koja će snimati postupanje policijskih službenika tijekom primjene policijskih ovlasti. Metode U radu autor deskriptivnom metodom analizira primjere uporabe osobne policijske kamere, tehničke probleme, zakonske osnove, kao i stajališta policije i građana o uporabi osobne policijske kamere. Ugotovitve Uporaba osobne policijske kamere za snimanje postupanja policijskih službenika nije jamstvo niti jedino sredstvo kojim će se osigurati zakonito, taktično i etično postupanje policijskih službenika. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Osobna policijska kamera relativno je nova policijska tehnika pa su iskustva i zakonska rješenja za njezi-nu uporabu ograničena. Praktična uporabnost Razumijevanje ciljeva i svrhe uporaba osobne policijske kamere kao i iskustva u njenoj uporabi korisne su informacije za daljnje definiranje ciljeva i svrhe uporabe kamere. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka U radu su sistematski obrađena pitanja uporabe osobne policijske kamere, tehnička ograničenja, zakon-ske osnove i iskustva u uporabi osobne policijske kamere.