Cruzada albigense

Resumen: Las cruzadas desprovistas de su carácter religioso e indulgente, insertadas a su vez en el juego de intereses económicos y políticos de las potencias europeas del momento.

Abstract: The Crusades devoid of their religious and indulgent character, in turn inserted in the game of economic and political interests of the European powers of the moment.

La recerca trata d'establir la relació del trobador amb les cortes de la Península Ibèrica analitzant les dedicatòries de les seves poesies a personatges rellevants de la cort aragonesa i revisant les mencions de personatges homònims a l'Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó.  La conclusió és que pugué tractarse d'un exiliat occità, que buscà refugi primer a la cort catalano-aragonesa i després a Castella

RESUMO A Cruzada Albigense (1209-1229) consistiu numa série de violentas campanhas militares promovidas pelo papado, em aliança com a coroa francesa, visando eliminar a heresia dos cátaros, disseminada na região sul da França conhecida como Languedoc ou Occitânia. Este artigo consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica de produções a respeito do tema, buscando analisar as causas do conflito-das crenças cátaras, às peculiaridades políticas do Languedoc-e a forma como esta Cruzada alterou as relações de poder na região, instaurando a hegemonia católica e expandindo o controle monárquico dos Capetos. Além disso, será discutida a História da historiografia da Cruzada Albigense, destacando a forma pela qual as circunstâncias políticas e culturais de cada época moldaram os discursos produzidos sobre este evento medieval.
Palavras-chave: Cruzada Albigense. História Militar. Historiografia.

This work has the purpose to come up with some considerations on Innocent III’s papacy and some consolidated perceptions established by the historiographical tradition about the subject. On the anniversary of eight centuries of his death, there are still many aspects to think about his pontificate, notably, because that pope is still categorized by many labels, such as the “pontifical monarch”. Thus, analyzing the Albigensian Crusade, launched by Innocent III, in 1208, we aim to comprehend how that pope exercised his power from Rome over Languedoc. As an example, we emphasize Raymond VI’s case, Count of Toulouse, and his constant attempt to reconcile with the Church. The pontifical epistles and those from pope’s legates, as well as the main narratives about the crusade, are the documental basis that allows us to retrieve the events and the political interpretations of the time. This corpus was analyzed, both in its context, as in the narrow dialogue with the historiography, to understand the exercise of power by that pope within the crusade against the cathars. The hypothesis that the famous ‘plenitude of power’ was exercised based on pacts and agreements has been confirmed throughout the study.

The Albigesian Crusade (1209-1229) was an anti-heretic war called by
Sovereign Pontiff, Innocent III at the beginning of 13th century. Through this war,
the Holy See intended to exterminate members of albigesian heresy in south of
France, at Languedoc region. The Count Simon of Montfort (1160-1218), vassal
of Philip Auguste and considered a smaller noble when compared with other
French nobles, was elected military leader of the Crusade and commanded the
hostes in conquering several locations in the region. As the leader of the Crusade,
Simon IV would become the lord of all lands that conquered in Languedoc.
However Languedoc was under the capet monarch Philip Auguste domain in
theory, in effect, his power was ineffective. The king of Aragon, Peter II and the
count of Toulouse, Raimond VI had more hegemony in the region. The complex
power relations made it difficult for Simon IV's achievements to be recognized by
Innocent III. During the Crusade, Simon IV was able to conquer good part of
Lancguedoc region, becoming lord of most of its localities and passing them for
his close partners. Those that faced his hegemony, Peter II and Raimond VI
were as defeated by Simon IV; Peter II was killed in 1213 in the battle against the
hostes led by Simon IV and Raimond IV was excommunicated, and his territories
and domains were passed by Inocence II to the Cont of Montfort in IV Lateran
Council in 1215. Simon IV became the Cont of Toulouse, but due to Raimond
VI’s revolt, he was killed during the battle in 1218. The chronicle Historie
Albigeoise written by cistersian monk, Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay, narrates the
events of the Crusade between 1209 and 1218. The work - that gained a status
of final version of the Holy See, has Simon IV of Montfort as the major player -
reports the Cruzade aiming to present Simon IV as the hero of Latin Christianity
and the legitim lord of conquered lands. In this work, we seek to understand the
reasons for this exaltation, working with 13th century context and how the
relationship between Pierre and Simon IV was. Also, we will work with artifices
used by the chronicler to exalt the Cont of Montfort, turning him as a shadow of
other representatives of temporal power; thus, we will be able to comprehend
what the Latin Cristanity of 13th century understood as legitim.

Le 2 novembre 1845, le journal Le Moniteur de l'Aude annonce à ses lecteurs une nouvelle archéologique d'importance : la pierre funéraire de Simon de Montfort, le chef militaire de la Croisade albigeoise; l'éphémère vicomte de Carcassonne, vient d'être rachetée à Toulouse afin d'être replacée dans l'ancienne cathédrale Saint-Nazaire. Sous cette information assez banale se cache l'une des histoires les plus rocambolesques liées à la mémoire de la Croisade à l'époque romantique ainsi qu'une escroquerie de belle envergure rendue possible grâce à l'attrait qu'exerçait alors le patrimoine carcassonnais.

Pendant plus de cinq cents ans, jusqu'à la Révolution, les chanoines de la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire de Carcassonne ont entretenu un culte à la mémoire de Simon de Montfort, le chef militaire de la Croisade contre les Albigeois. Au Moyen Age, cette vénération du très éphémère vicomte de Carcassonne était toute naturelle. Le temps des Lumières, puis la Révolution provoquèrent d'autres réactions, franchement négatives et, pour certaines, proches de l'anathème. A Carcassonne plus qu'ailleurs, la mémoire de Montfort ne pouvait laisser indifférent.

This work has the purpose to come up with some considerations on Innocent III’s papacy and some consolidated perceptions established by the historiographical tradition about the subject. On the anniversary of eight centuries of his death, there are still many aspects to think about his pontificate, notably, because that pope is still categorized by many labels, such as the “pontifical monarch”. Thus, analyzing the Albigensian Crusade, launched by Innocent III, in 1208, we aim to comprehend how that pope exercised his power from Rome over Languedoc. As an example, we emphasize Raymond VI’s case, Count of Toulouse, and his constant attempt to reconcile with the Church. The pontifical epistles and those from pope’s legates, as well as the main narratives about the crusade, are the documental basis that allows us to retrieve the events and the political interpretations of the time. This corpus was analyzed, both in its context, as in the narrow dialogue with the historiography, to under...