Diarrhoea

Kuga, kolera, boginje, ubojstva... Neuobičajene smrti katolika Uskoplja od 1755. do 1883. g. Plague, cholera, smallpox, homicidies... The Unusual Deaths of Catholics from 1755 to 1883... U radu se obrađuju neuobičajene smrti od kojih su katolici s područja gornjeg toka Vrbasa (Uskoplje) i Rostova umirali od 1755. do 1883. g. Ovaj je rad nastao temeljem matičnih knjiga župā Skopje, Gornji Vakuf te samostalne kapelanije / župe Malo Selo (Bugojno). U sastavu župe Skopje bili su i katolici Kupreške visoravni, koji su 1755. g. izdvojeni u samostalnu kapelaniju. Katolici
središnjeg i sjevernog Uskoplja izdvajaju se 1844. g. iz župe Skopje u samostalnu
kapelaniju a 1858. g. i katolici Rostova i Sebešića. Oni iz središnjeg Uskoplja s desne strane Vrbasa organizirani su u samostalnu kapelaniju 1875. g. Samostalne kapelanije vlastite matične knjige vode od samog osnutka. U radu nema podataka o katolicima Rostova od 1858. do 1883. te Golog Brda od 1875. do 1883. jer su tijekom pustošenja tih župa od Armije Bosne i Hercegovine u srpnju 1993. g. nestale i njihove najstarije matične knjige. Katolici su u navedeno vrijeme najviše umirali od kuge, kolere i boginja.
No, smrtonosne su bile i srdobolja, proljev, groznica i sl. Više desetaka žena preminulo je u porodu odnosno od poslijeporodnih komplikacija. Smrt je nastupala i kao posljedica duševnih odnosno neuroloških oboljenja. Umiralo se i od upalâ, skorbuta, grlobolje, čireva, sifilisa i sl. Više desetaka katolika je ubijeno – najviše od strane muslimana, uključujući i žena i djece. Neki su umirali u osmanlijskoj vojsci ili u službi osmanlijskih dužnosnika. Za pojedine su kobne bile životinje, dok su drugi živote gubili u snježnim lavinama, vodama Vrbasa ili njegovih pritoka, u požarima, ili ih je grom ubio. Neki su bez života ostajali dok su sjekli drva u šumi, padali sa stabala ili pod kotačima volovskih kola prevozeći ljetinu. Neki su zdravi usnuli a mrtvi osvanuli.

Plague, cholera, smallpox, homicides.... The Unusual Deaths of Catholics in the Vrbas Headwaters from 1755 to 1883 according to the Parish Registers. The paper presents the unnatural deaths which the Catholics from the Vrbas headwaters (Uskoplje) and Rostovo plateau area in Central Bosnia, died of from 1755 to 1883. The findings are based on the parish Death registers of the Parish of Skopje and the Local Chaplaincy / Parish of Malo Selo. The Catholics of the Kupres plateau belonged to the Skopje Parish up until 1755, which then became a Local Chaplaincy and in 1802 was created a Parish. An independent Local Chaplaincy Malo Selo was established in 1844 for the Catholics of the central and northern Vrbas headwaters, which in 1858 become a parish. That same year a Local Chaplaincy for the Catholics of Rostovo plateau was established, which lies between the Vrbas headwaters and Lašva valley, that was transformed into a parish in 1862. For the Catholics of the central part of Uskoplje, on the right side of the Vrbas river, the Local Chaplaincy of Golo Brdo was established in 1875, which became a parish in 1879. From their very foundation the independent Chaplaincies kept their own registers. Data on the Kupres plateau Catholics is unavailable due to the fact that in 1943 the parish registers of the Kupres Parishes were destroyed by the communist partisans. Those of Rostovo (from 1858 to 1883) and Golo Brdo (from 1875 to 1883), are also missing as they disappeared during the ravaging of these parishes by the Islamic Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina in July 1993. Most victims died from the plague, cholera and smallpox, but diseases such as dysentery, diarrhoea and fever were also registered. Dozens of women died during childbirth or from post-childbirth complications. Some deaths came by mental disorders (insanity, feeblemindedness), neurological disorders (stroke, epilepsy). Death also occurred due to inflammation, scurvy, sore throat, ulcers, syphilis etc. Some of the Catholics met death from assassins, including women and children. Some Catholics were killed by the Ottoman troops or in the service of the Ottoman officials. Some Catholics were killed by animals (snakes, horses, oxen), while others lost their lives in snow avalanches, the waters of the Vrbas river and its confluents, in fires or were killed by lightning. Several of them died in the woods while woodcutting, or fell from trees or under the wheels of carts. Some fell sound asleep at night and appeared dead in the morning.

In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.

Background: Diarrhea is the most frequent health problem among children in developing countries. Defining the etiology of acute diarrhea is critical to disease therapy and prevention. Some anaerobic bacteria such as Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains cause diarrheal disease by production of enterotoxin in children less than 5 years old. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ETBF among common bacteria and viruses causing diarrhea in children aged less than five years. Materials and Methods: One hundred diarrheal stools were cultured for detection of aerobic and anaerobic pathogen bacteria by direct plating on selective media and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines on isolates of ETBF. The enterotoxigenic gene among B. fragilis isolates was also investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Detection of viral pathogens was carried out using the latex agglutination test. Results: Ten B. fragilis were isolated from 100 diarrheal fecal specimens. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, while 10% were susceptible to clindamycin. Four (40%) ETBF were isolated. Rotaviruses (57.2%) and adenoviruses (18.6%) were the most frequently detected etiological agents. Conclusions: ETBF is one of the etiological agents that may cause diarrhea in children but it is not the commonest of them. Metron-idazole is still an effective antibiotic against B. fragilis. Viruses are the most important etiological agents of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age.