Domain Names

Il rapporto tra scienza giuridica e tecnologie informatiche rappresenta una questione ormai ineludibile per chiunque intenda misurarsi con le istanze della società digitale. I due autori si confrontano su temi attuali e decisivi relativi all’informatica giuridica e al diritto dell’informatica, esaminando l’impatto della tecnologia sulla società nel suo complesso, sulla persona e i suoi diritti, sugli istituti e sugli strumenti del diritto. Le tematiche spaziano dalla problematica tutela dei dati personali e del right to be forgotten al riconoscimento dei diritti digitali, dal governo di dati e algoritmi alle questioni poste dall’intelligenza artificiale e dalla blockchain, dall’affermarsi pervasivo di documenti informatici, firme elettroniche e contratti telematici alla complessa protezione di opere digitali e beni informatici, dalla necessità di un’amministrazione digitale e aperta all’emersione di nuove geometrie di potere, dagli inediti bilanciamenti tra interessi ai difficili equilibri in tema di responsabilità, dalla diffusione endemica della criminalità informatica ai nuovi e cupi scenari della guerra cibernetica. L’obiettivo del volume è quello di proporre al lettore alcuni punti di osservazione privilegiati per riflettere sul destino della scienza giuridica nell’era tecnologica, avvalendosi anche dell’analisi di significativi casi di studio: regolare la dimensione digitale della vita umana costituisce una sfida impegnativa ma inevitabile, cui il diritto è chiamato a rispondere.

In the century we live it is impossible to imagine an orginization without computers. For instance, in a corporate enterprise it is impossible to work without the computer network. It is obvious that management of the computers connected to the network becomes difficult when the network grows. The best way to control such big network is using domain environment which is mostly used by organizations. All members of Domain Environment are controlled by Group Policy Management System that in essence consists of Administrative Templates. In this article was researched the methods to simplify the management in domain computer network systems using Custom Administrative Templates of Group Policy Management System. As a result of analysis proposed new methods how to prepare custom administrative templates with making several customizations. As an application field was chosen Qafqaz University Computer Network which consists of above 600 connected computers.

La creatividad en la industria de la moda merece protección y uno de los vehículos más importantes son las marcas comerciales, pues es un activo intangible que permite distinguir productos y servicios. Es por ello que la tecnología es relevante para brindar una robusta protección y ello se realiza por un sistema de vigilancia adecuado.
De esta manera su busca evitar los conflictos en Internet o por el registro de otras marcas comerciales.

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Define DNS
Why is DNS important?
How DNS Works
IP Addresses and Domain Names
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
TYPES OF DOMAIN
GENERIC DOMAIN
Country Domain
Top Level Domains
Registrars sell domain names
Registering a domain – check for availability
Larrypress.com was taken, but these are available and for sale
Getting a Web Page
DNS SERVER
Types of Name Servers
DNS TOOLS
DNS Queries
DNS NAME SPACE
DNS Components
Subdomains
Loads On DNS
Zones
Name Servers and Zones
Dividing a Domain into Zones
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

INQUADRAMENTO - Il marchio è un segno graficamente rappresentabile, su cui il titolare ha un diritto esclusivo, idoneo e finalizzato ad identificare, distinguere e promuovere i prodotti ed i servizi di una determinata impresa. Altri mezzi di espressione qualificabili come segni distintivi, per la loro capacità di permettere al pubblico un collegamento tra gli stessi e le realtà cui si riferiscono, sono: il marchio non registrato (o "di fatto"), la ditta, la denominazione sociale, l'insegna, il nome a dominio e le indicazioni geografiche.
NOVITA' - Con la sentenza Cass. S.U. 17927/2008 è stata definitivamente risolta la questione relativa alla convalida del marchio (art. 28 c.p.i.). Si tratta di una disposizione di carattere processuale, che statuisce una vera e propria decadenza (quinquennale) dall'esercizio dell'azione di nullità o contraffazione; peraltro evitabile solo per mezzo dell'esercizio di azioni giudiziali (la citazione introduttiva del giudizio di nullità o di contraffazione appunto o comunque il ricorso per l'inibitoria dell'uso del segno posteriore).
APPLICAZIONI - Il titolare di un marchio può decidere di darlo in licenza a terzi, così da permetterne l'uso dietro pagamento di royalties, mantenendone la proprietà. Il licenziante, per mezzo del contratto stipulato con il licenziatario, può anche controllare l'attività di quest'ultimo, ad esempio per garantire il mantenimento di un certo grado di qualità ai prodotti e/o servizi riproducenti il proprio segno distintivo.
PROFILI PROCESSUALI/PENALI - I diritti di proprietà industriale consentono al titolare della privativa violata, di richiedere l'intervento dell'autorità doganale (ad esempio al fine di ottenere la sospensione dello svincolo delle merci o il loro blocco), nonché di agire giudizialmente, sia in sede civile (esclusivamente di fronte alle apposite sezioni specializzate in materia di impresa) che in sede penale (soltanto ove sussista il dolo del contraffattore) ciò comportando anche il possibile sequestro dei prodotti contraffatti.
QUESITI E SOLUZIONI - La semplice registrazione di una denominazione sociale simile a un marchio registrato, può essere considerata una violazione dei diritti di privativa del titolare di quello stesso segno distintivo? Il titolare del marchio d'impresa registrato ha la facoltà di farne uso esclusivo, così da poter vietare a terzi l'utilizzo a fini commerciali, sotto qualsiasi forma, di un segno o una denominazione identici o simili. A tal proposito merita notare che anche "l'atto formale di iscrizione presso il registro delle imprese di una società avente la ragione sociale che evoca inequivocabilmente un marchio registrato costituisce già di per se una lesione dei diritto di privativa che origina dalla registrazione del marchio, ossia una forma di interferenza illecita rispetto a tale diritto"; ciò, dunque, a prescindere dall'aver già intrapreso o meno l'attività.

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Traditional hard law tools and processes are struggling to keep up with the rapid pace of innovation in many emerging technologies sectors. As a result, policymakers in the United States rely increasingly on less formal “soft law” governance mechanisms to address concerns surrounding many newer technologies. This Article explores four case studies from different information technology areas where soft law mechanisms have already been utilized to address governance concerns. These four sectoral case studies include domain name management, content oversight, privacy policy, and cybersecurity matters. After considering the various soft law mechanisms used to address those issues, the Article concludes with some general thoughts about the effectiveness of those approaches and what lessons those case studies might hold for the use of soft law in other emerging technology sectors and contexts.

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internet è un ordinamento giuridico? - concetto di ordinamento giuridico - il concetto di ordinamento giuridico nella dottrina pubblicisticica - nomi di dominio  - loro natura giuridica -  segni distintivi e domain names -  conflitto tra segno distintivo altrui e nome di domincio - titolo dell'opera dell'ingegno - titolo e testata - art. 100 legge autore - art. 102 legge autore - estensione alla comunicazione internet della normativa per la stampa - what is internet from a legal point of view - is a legal system? - which kind of rules are the internet naming rules? - some problems about the title of works of art  - the relation between domain names and trademark law

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The number of domain names that registered in Indonesia is very low compared to the population. As entities that carry the name of Indonesia, .id domain has not been able to compete with a domain that an already popular as .com. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of price, brand image and product quality on buying interest of .id domain. This research was descriptive quantitative by using primary and secondary data with the entire population of consumers (registry) domain name in Indonesia. The samples in the study using convenience sampling method with a total sample of 385 respondents from Lemeshow theory, data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed price, brand image and product quality together (simultaneously) significantly influence buying interest. Price is a variable that most influence on buying interest .id domain. Campaigns or price socialization, premium services, security and brand image needs to be improved. Response to the suggestions and complaints of consumers (registry) need to be considered and discussed in the domain name forum that is already established.

This dissertation aims to answer three fundamental questions: 1) How can IGO and INGO Identifiers be protected from abuse in the ever-expanding domain name ecosystem given the status granted by treaties and statutes under international law and in multiple jurisdictions? 2) How has ICANN approached this subject? and 3) What are the potential consequences of the implementation of the proposed solutions?
Findings show that, while it has been noted that IGO and INGO identifiers are not correctly protected from abuse in the domain name ecosystem, current mechanisms are reasonably well constituted and already provide a framework for the protection of all domain names. Limited corrections must be performed to grant equal access to IGOs to preventative and curative rights protection mechanisms, however alternative solutions to most problems can be found through technical and legal cooperation between affected institutions, governments, and ICANN.

The Arabic script community has formed the Task Force on Arabic Script IDNs (TF-AIDN), also acting as the Arabic script Generation Panel (GP), which in turn has developed a Proposal for the Arabic Script Root Zone Label Generation Rules (Proposal [XML, 29 KB] and Proposal Documentation [PDF, 2.35 MB]). As per the LGR Procedure [PDF, 772 KB], this proposal is being posted for public comments to allow those who have not participated in the Arabic script GP to make their views known to the Generation Panel so it can finalize the proposal for integration into the Label Generation Rules for the Root Zone.

The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (‘UDRP’) establishes the international framework for the resolution of domain name disputes in the generic top level domains (‘gTLDs’) — such as .com, .net, .org. National authorities are responsible for dispute resolution of country code top-level domains (‘ccTLDs’) — such as .au. In Australia, the relevant local authority
for the administration of ccTLDs is .au Domain Administration Ltd (‘auDA’), and the relevant local policy governing .au domain name disputes is the .au Dispute Resolution Policy (‘auDRP’). The auDRP is an adaptation of the international UDRP. The purpose of both the UDRP and the auDRP is to provide an alternative to litigation for the quicker and cheaper resolution of domain name disputes, and to date both policies have proven to be an
effective dispute resolution mechanism. While the auDRP is based on the UDRP, there are some significant differences between the policies. The UDRP system has attracted significant comment by various scholars — despite its fairly brief history. By contrast, there has been very little discourse on the auDRP and Australian domain name law to date — although it has
been in force for almost as long as the UDRP. The aim of this article is to redress this deficiency and focus on the auDRP
as a distinct and developing body of Australian law, and to explore some of the emerging themes arising from auDRP decisions to date. Specifically, the authors have identified two specific themes that will be the subject of this article. First, the authors will examine the way in which there has been a merging of the bad faith limb under international and Australian domain
name law, where UDRP panels have circumvented the narrower scope of para 4(a)(iii) by interpreting this provision as if it were framed in the same way the corresponding provision of the auDRP has been worded. This broader interpretation has been particularly notable in two types of UDRP decisions: ‘non use’ decisions, and the decisions involving ‘subsequent bad faith use’. Secondly, the article will explore in detail the link between the
second limb of para 4(a) dealing with rights or legitimate interests and the third limb dealing with bad faith — with a particular focus on how auDRP panels have interpreted these two provisions. Finally, given that both UDRP and auDRP decisions reveal an inconsistent and unpredictable pastiche of
results, the authors conclude by arguing for the importance of establishing an appeals process within the auDRP and UDRP systems.

Artículo publicado en el Revista N3 de la Asociación Chilena de Derecho Internacional Privado (ADIPRI).
El presente artículo aborda el fenómeno de lo que se conoce como: “la sociedad de la información”, entendida ésta como toda una revolución que ha generado en la sociedad la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, con las cuales se ha dado paso a una nueva etapa en la historia de la humanidad, teniendo como actor principal a internet. Tratándose de una temática de fundamental importancia en el intercambio de bienes y servicios de nuestros días la contratación electrónica, se analizan las tendencias en el derecho comparado. A su vez, se aborda la situación actual en Chile  de las Normas Reguladoras de la Asignación de Nombres de dominio territoriales, la similitud del régimen nacional con el previsto en el marco de la ICCANN y como se han ido incorporando y adaptando los tratados internacionales que dicen relación con la materia a la legislación interna chilena.

Classic authors in nations and nationalisms studies recognize mainstream media as crucial for the construction of nations and spread of nationalisms. While the media landscape in their works is confined to traditional media, in this theoretical chapter Szulc rethinks the relationship between nations, nationalisms and the media in the digital age. Zooming in on the concept of banal nationalism, which refers to unconscious and unnoticed reproductions of both individual nations and the world as a world of nations, he examines the role of the internet for everyday reproductions of nations and nationalisms. Each section of his chapter starts with a specific point of criticism of banal nationalism—related to methodological nationalism, sociological essentialism and technological determinism—and continues by applying the criticism to the internet.

What is GDI ? GDI stands for Global Domains International. We will refer to it as GDI for short. GDI gives you a permanent .ws name, kinda like .com or .net but with a lot more perks to it. We are going to explain that here.  Global Domains International is the sole provider of the " .ws " extension.

An international legal framework for resolving disputes between trademark owners and domain name holders, the Uniform Domain Names Disputes Resolution Policy (“UDRP”), purports to address economic interests; however, fundamental human rights are indirectly implicated in the process (for example, the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful enjoyment of one’s property) or are ingrained within the procedure itself (such as the right to due process). The UDRP was created in 1998 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”), which has recently adopted in its organizational bylaws a “Core Value” of respecting “internationally recognized human rights.” In light of these institutional changes, in this Article, I chart the international human rights implications of the procedural aspects of the UDRP. I will show how the UDRP’s procedural elements raise numerous due process concerns regarding the deprivation of property rights, which are recognized in international human rights instruments, and make concrete proposals to improve procedural aspects of the policy in the upcoming UDRP review in 2020. To bring the UDRP procedure in line with “internationally recognized human rights,” the upcoming review should: (1) introduce a clear choice-of law clause in the UDRP; (2) develop uniform “Supplemental Rules” at ICANN level to increase uniformity and consistency of the UDRP system; (3) introduce a requirement to disclose and publish all UDRP decisions and statistics; (4) develop uniform standards for accreditation and selection of panelists; (5) require disclosure of conflicts of interest by panelists and Dispute Resolution Providers; (6) introduce regular comprehensive UDRP reviews; (7) reform the rules around communication, and the effectiveness of notice in particular; (8) establish an appeal procedure; and (9) explicitly acknowledge access to courts.

This article examines the tailoring of remedies in cases involving charges of online infringement of copyrights or trademarks. When websites communicate copyrighted works to members of the public or use trademarks unlawfully, domestic requirements of equitable relief come into tension with global enforcement cultures. Courts sometimes enjoin entire websites or order the defendant and its cloud service providers to end any use of the copyrights or trademarks at issue, while other courts limit their injunctions to the adjudicated conduct and the parties before them. The question sometimes arises whether a site-killing or device-killing order should issue in light of the defendant’s infringement and third parties’ facilitation of it, or whether the defendant should simply be ordered to desist from the infringing acts (and related parties from facilitating those specific acts). An increasingly prominent alternative is to withhold an injunctive remedy in view of the potential recovery of monetary relief. This article explores why, despite statutory language, case law precedent, and political consensus that website blocking should not occur, the sweeping remedy of site blocking (enjoining any facilitation of site access) continues to be available. It argues that site-blocking and orders to third parties not to index or provide services to a website are in tension with the Supreme Court’s decision in eBay, the First Amendment case for narrowly targeted remedies when publishing and digital communication are at stake, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s limiting language, remedial proportionality doctrine, and the failure of the Stop Online Piracy Act of 2011 in Congress. Remedial inequities are also emerging as between patent and copyright or trademark holders, because the bare loss of control of intellectual property is justifying copyright and trademark injunctions despite patent law cases suggesting that impaired exclusivity and negotiating leverage are not necessarily “irreparable injury.”

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This article argues that the use of the Web as a primary source for studying the history of nations is conditioned by the structural ties between sovereignty and the Internet protocol, and by a temporal proximity between live and archived websites. The argument is illustrated by an empirical reconstruction of the history of the top-level domain of Yugoslavia (.yu), which was deleted from the Internet in 2010. The archival discovery method used four lists of historical .yu URLs that were captured from the live Web before the domain was deleted, and an automated hyperlink discovery script that retrieved their snapshots from the Internet Archive and reconstructed their immediate hyperlinked environment in a network. Although a considerable portion of the historical .yu domain was found on the Internet Archive, the reconstructed space was predominantly Serbian.

Le procedure per ottenere giustizia in caso di questioni legali relative ai nomi di dominio sono varie e di differente complessità. In questo articolo l’autrice analizza il fenomeno del cybersquatting e le modalità migliori per ottenere la riassegnazione del nome di dominio rivolgendosi a enti per la risoluzione delle dispute nazionali e internazionali, descrivendo in sintesi i requisiti necessari e le procedure da seguire.

Ciberspazio e diritto, vol. 16, n. 54 (3-2015), Mucchi Editore, Modena, pp. 405-420.

Résumé : La présente contribution cherche à déterminer si et dans quelle mesure la gouvernance de l’Internet mobilise et affecte le droit international public, et plus spécifiquement ses sources et organisation institutionnelle. Du rapport dialectique qui est à l’oeuvre en la matière sont nés des institutions et modes de régulation hybrides. La gouvernance de l’Internet est ainsi partagée entre des institutions d’essence intergouvernementale admettant la participation d’entités non étatiques et des personnes privées qui acceptent de faire une place aux Etats. Mais cette évolution n’a sans doute pas atteint son point d’équilibre.
Abstract: This contributions seeks to ascertain whether and to what extent the governance of the Internet mobilizes and effects public international law and more specifi cally its sources and its institutional organization. The dialectical relationship at work in this subject area has given rise to hybrid institutions and modes of regulation. The governance of the Internet is thus shared between institutions of an intergovernmental kind accepting the involvement of non-state entities and private persons that accept to make room for states. But this development has probably not reached its balancing point

Fisher College Criminal Justice students set out to measure the scope of illicit opioids availability on the Internet in this study to support and augment efforts of the Commonwealth  of Massachusetts concerning opioid abuse. The perspective is that of a potential opioid abuser using ordinary Internet tools and platforms to find places to purchase opioids illegally. The research then attempts measure how much of the traffic is within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth and what resources are available to combat the traffic.

Fisher College Criminal Justice students set out to measure the scope of illicit opioids availability on the Internet in this study to support and augment efforts of the Commonwealth  of Massachusetts concerning opioid abuse. The perspective is that of a potential opioid abuser using ordinary Internet tools and platforms to find places to purchase opioids illegally. The research then attempts measure how much of the traffic is within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth and what resources are available to combat the traffic.

Contrary to popular belief, authors enjoyed a derivative work right before the 1976 Copyright Act. Just as society's conception of substantial copying infringement has advanced over the years, society's conception of the scope of the derivative work right should also advance into a more workable legal doctrine. The policy of the Copyright Act is to maximize all prospective authors' incentives to create new works and share them with the public. Pursuant to this policy, this article advocates that the exclusive derivative work right should be deleted from the Copyright Act, because the derivative work right already subsists in the rest of authors' enumerated rights. It further argues that courts should carefully consider the appropriate remedies for derivative work infringement, concluding that injunctive relief for infringement is inappropriate when a derivative author has contributed substantial new creativity relative to the portion of the preexisting work infringed.

Focusing on daily (re)productions of national identities online, in this article, I investigate a particular country-code Top-Level Domain, .tr for Turkey. I follow Billig’s concept of ‘banal nationalism’ to argue that .tr (re)produces online Turkish national imaginations. Furthermore, I inspect the hegemonic Turkish norms of sexuality to examine what kind of Turkishness .tr (re)produces. The analyses of the policies governing the allocation process of .tr and the email interviews with the authors of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans* websites in Turkey show that .tr works to (re)produce, in a banal way, queer-free notion of Turkishness online. My analysis also demonstrates that some authors of the analysed websites do not dismiss .tr as banal but refuse to use it in resistance against the Turkish national requirements embedded in the domain. More broadly, I argue for the acknowledgement of cultural structures in internet governance studies.

This paper addresses the proposed transfer of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) oversight away from the US government. The background section explores how the technical architecture of critical Internet resources has certain governance implications, introduces the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and its relationship with the US government through the IANA function and the Af rmation of Commitments. After discussing why the relationship has caused controversy, the paper describes the work underway within ICANN to  nd a successor oversight mechanism and provides a short critique of the proposals so far. The majority of the paper is taken up with more general issues relating to ICANN’s accountability. It explains how the IANA transition was recognized to be dependent on ICANN’s wider accountability, and the trust issues between community and leadership that this exposed. There follows an analysis of ICANN’s strengths and weaknesses in relation to accountability and transparency, followed by conclusions and recommendations.

https://www.ksiegarnia.beck.pl/prawo-instytucje-prawa-prywatnego/id12616,Umowa-o-rejestracje-domeny-internetowej.html

Rozdział I. Domena internetowa – charakterystyka ogólna zawiera omówienie następujących kwestii:

pojęcie domeny internetowej;
rodzaje domen internetowych (domeny pierwszego poziomu (TLD), domeny drugiego i dalszych poziomów);
administracja domenami internetowymi (zarządzanie domenami na szczeblu centralnym, krajowym, instytucjonalnym, jak również i indywidualnym);
rejestracja domeny internetowej (procedura);
funkcje domeny internetowej;
domena internetowa jako przedmiot obrotu gospodarczego (,,sprzedaż’’ domen, parkowanie domen, opcje domenowe oraz przechwytywanie domen);
prawna regulacja problematyki domen internetowych w aspekcie porównawczym.
Rozdział II. Charakterystyka podmiotów uczestniczących w zawarciu lub wykonywaniu umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej zawiera omówienie następujących podmiotów:

operator rejestru, m.in. charakterystyka ogólna, wzajemne uprawnienia i obowiązki NASK oraz ICANN;
rejestrujący (charakterystyka ogólna, osoba fizyczna nieposiadająca pełnej zdolności do czynności prawnych lub ograniczona w zdolności do czynności prawnej jako rejestrujący);
rejestrator (zwięzła charakterystyka podmiotu pośredniczącego w zawarciu lub wykonywaniu umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej).
Rozdział III. Charakterystyka przedmiotu umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej podejmuje zagadnienia dotyczące: hipotezy uznania domeny za rzecz, hipotezy uznania domeny za dobro niematerialne, hipotezy uznania domeny za przedmiot własności intelektualnej, hipotezy uznania domeny za składnik przedsiębiorstwa, hipotezy uznania domeny za wspólne dobro ludzkości.

W Rozdziale IV. Zawarcie umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej Autor omawia następujące zagadnienia:

regulamin nazw domeny .pl jako wzorzec umowy;
tryb zawarcia umowy;
chwila i miejsce zawarcia umowy;
forma umowy.
Rozdział V. Charakterystyka treści umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej zawiera omówienie obowiązków stron umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej – operatora rejestru (m.in. obowiązek rejestracji, utrzymywania domeny) oraz rejestrującego (m.in. obowiązek uiszczania opłat).

W Rozdziale VI. Kwalifikacja umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej Autor dokonuje porównania umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej z następującymi typami umów, m.in.:

umową o świadczenie usług telekomunikacyjnych;
umową o dzieło;
umową najmu;
umową dzierżawy;
Autor rozważa także zasadność umieszczenia umowy o rejestrację domey internetowej w kategorii umów nienazwanych oraz umów o świadczenie usług nieuregulowanych innymi przepisami, do których stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy o zleceniu (art. 750 KC).

Rozdział VII. Wygaśnięcie stosunku z umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej dotyczy takich tematów jak:

przyczyny i skutki wygaśnięcia stosunku z umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej w całości;
przyczyny i skutki częściowego wygaśnięcie stosunku z umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej (Autor omawia przyczyny i skutki wygaśnięcia poszczególnych obowiązków mieszczących się w treści stosunku z rejestracji domeny internetowej).
Rozdział VIII. Odpowiedzialność z tytułu niewykonywania lub nienależytego wykonania zobowiązań zawiera omówienie takich tematów jak: odpowiedzialność ex contractu, modyfikacja ustawowych granic odpowiedzialności kontraktowej, jak również omówienie odpowiedzialności kontraktowej stron umowy o rejestrację domeny internetowej.

The process introduced by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to assess and allocate new generic top-level domains (gTLDs) offers a vehicle for content regulation at two levels. First, regarding the gTLD itself, objection procedures were set up to allow third parties to challenge an applied-for gTLD deemed to be contrary to “general principles of international law for morality and public order” or detrimental to broadly defined communities. The real target of these objections managed by the International Chamber of Commerce was not the gTLD itself, but the potentially controversial content that might be published under it. Second, these preventive measures were coupled with a strengthened anti-abuse policy for new gTLDs. ICANN amended its standard agreements with domain name registries and registrars to impose additional safeguards, compliance with “all applicable laws”, and remedies such as suspension of the domain name, which is a powerful tool to deny access to online content. Surprisingly these amendments were not discussed under ICANN’s consensus policy development process but added at the request of governments after the launch of the New gTLDs Program. These provisions, if actually enforced by ICANN, could lead to content policing by private entities without any measure to ensure due consideration of domain name holders’ freedom of expression.