Economic Structure

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are considered as one of the main sources of climate change. The problem recently arises when we want to identify which are the most caused to CO2 emission or even which are the most environmentally harmful sectors. This paper presents an attempt for trying to estimate air emission when changing economic structure. The methodology used in the study is based on Miyazawa's concept of the inter-relational income multiplier, it was designed to analyse the structure of income distribution by final demands in the standard Leontief's system.

Na gospodarstvo podravske regije, ki je bilo že v preteklosti zaznamovano z vzponi in padci, je leta 2009 vplivala tudi svetovna gospodarska kriza. Avtorica predstavlja vpliv gospodarske krize na to regijo in njene občine ter kako so se nanjo odzvali ter okrevali. V prispevku so bile s pomočjo statističnih podatkov pojasnjene medobčinske razlike družbeno-gospodarske sestave pred zadnjo gospodarsko krizo. Posebna pozornost je bila na podlagi intervjujev namenjena delovanju deležnikov. Preverili smo vpliv strukturnih lastnosti občin pred gospodarsko krizo na njen vpliv in sposobnost okrevanja ter ugotovitve teoretično podkrepili z novejšim konceptom prožnosti, ki proučuje odziv na nenadne spremembe in okrevanje po njih.

Ključne besede: • Podravska statistična regija • občine • recesija • prožnost • družbeno-gospodarska sestava •


The world’s economic crisis in 2009 also influenced the Drava region, which had as well been influenced with rises and falls in the past. The purpose of this article is to introduce the influence of economic crisis on this region and its municipalities, how they responded to it and recovered from it. In this article inter-municipal differences in socio-economic structure have been explained with statistical data. Based on the interviews special attention was paid to stakeholders' functioning. Structural characteristics before the economic crisis have been examined. The findings have been evidenced by newer concept of resilience, which investigate response to sudden interruptions and recovery after then.

Key words
Drava statistical region, municipalities, recession, resilience, socio-economic structure

Penelitian ini merupakan studi empiris pada negara – negara ASEAN, yaitu membuktikan ada tidaknya pengaruh struktur ekonomi, tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat inflasi dan indeks persepsi korupsi terhadap rasio pajak baik secara bersama – sama maupun secara parsial. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh paling dominan terhadap rasio pajak di negara – negara ASEAN.
Populasi penelitian ini adalah data atas besarnya penerimaan pajak, GDP, GDP per sektor, struktur ekonomi dan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK) dari negara – negara ASEAN. Sampel diambil time series dari data atas besarnya penerimaan pajak, GDP, GDP per sektor, struktur ekonomi dan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK) dari negara – negara ASEAN selama 10 tahun, dari tahun 2003 – 2012.
Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah statistik deskriptif, dengan alat uji adalah regresi linier berganda, uji parsial (uji t), uji simultan (uji F) dan koefisien determinasi (R2).
Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa dari keempat variabel yaitu struktur ekonomi, tingkat pertumbuhan eknomi, tingkat inflasi dan indeks persepsi korupsi, hanya struktur ekonomi dan indeks persepsi korupsi yang mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap rasio pajak di negara – negara ASEAN dan struktur ekonomi mempunyai pengaruh yang paling dominan. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa struktur ekonomi, tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi dan indeks persepsi korupsi (IPK) berpengaruh terhadap rasio pajak secara bersama – sama sebesar 72,8%, sedangkan pengaruh lainnya sebesar 27,2% dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang lain yang tidak digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Peneliti mengusulkan agar penelitian selanjutnya lebih dikembangkan dengan menambahkan indikator lainnya yang mempengaruhi rasio pajak, serta jangka waktu yang lebih panjang. Penggolongan negara – negara sampel menurut struktur ekonominya, bukan regionalnya juga perlu diperhatikan.

With the renewed interest in macroeconomic quantifi cation since the 1950s the study of long-term economic growth and development became also an important theme within the discipline of economic history. It developed into a major tool to analyse the process of industrialisation and to identify the forces which explain long-term growth and stagnation of the rich and poor parts of the world. This chapter examines the new branch of macroeconomic history as it developed in the Netherlands after 1945. This new approach initially focused on the problem of the slow industrialization during the nineteenth century, but gradually branched out to include the early modern period and the twentieth century. Studies in this fi eld were characterized by a strong quantitative orientation, and resulted in systematic overview of the growth of the Dutch economy from the Late Middle Ages to the present.

Although Mozambique has considerable agricultural potential, rural poverty remains extremely high. This paper examines the extent to which global and domestic price distortions affect agricultural production and national poverty. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of Mozambique that is linked to the results of a global model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and national price distortions. Model results indicate that agriculture is adversely affected by current trade distortions due to policies in the rest of the world. While a removal of all merchandise trade distortions would reduce import prices, it would also raise agricultural production and reduce poverty. By contrast, removing only agricultural price distortions abroad would have little effect on Mozambique’s agricultural sector. Model results indicate that Mozambique’s own distortions are also biased against agriculture, with producers of processed ...

In this study, some of the possible causes and consequences of inequalities emerging in cities after the transition from the agricultural economy to the industrial and post-industrial society will be examined with some theoretical and economical approaches. Inequalities always existed throughout the history. However, the primary focus of the essay will be the industrialized and post-industrialized urban inequalities.

This paper assesses the sustainability of public debt in Egypt in light of recent fiscal trends. It discusses different estimates of the public debt in Egypt, analyzes key fiscal trends underlying recent growth in the public debt, explores whether these trends are structural or cyclical, and simulates debt-output trajectories based on alternative assumptions about key macroeconomic variables. The paper arrives at four main conclusions. First, Egypt presently has a high debt-output ratio relative to its comparators among lower middle-income countries. Second, the debt is being driven by structural factors rather than by cyclical ones. Third, the structural weaknesses of the budget are mainly related to low tax buoyancy and yields as well as to rising wage, subsidy and interest payment expenditures. Finally, simulation results show that both fiscal adjustment and economic growth would help restrain debt growth and achieve sustainability. In this respect, a desirable strategy would be ...

This paper is a product of a research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, under the leadership of Kym Anderson of the World Bank's Development Research Group. The authors are grateful for helpful comments from workshop participants, and for funding from World Bank Trust Funds provided by the governments of the Netherlands (BNPP) and the United Kingdom (DfID). This paper will appear in Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality and Poverty, edited by K. Anderson, J. Cockburn and W. Martin (forthcoming 2010). This is part of a Working Paper series (see www.worldbank.org/agdistortions) that is designed to promptly disseminate the findings of work in progress for comment before they are finalized. The views expressed are the authors' alone and not necessarily those of the World Bank and its Executive Directors, nor the countries they represent, nor of the institutions providing funds for this research project.

Depuis son indépendance en 1962, le Burundi a été pris dans un cycle de conflit et de pauvreté. Les vagues successives de violence ont creusé des divisions ethniques et régionales, tout en approfondissant une pauvreté déjà aiguë. Les Burundais n’avaient pas de tradition de mobilisation politique autour de leur identité hutue ou tutsie, mais la violence chronique de l'après-indépendance a donné une dimension de masse à ce qui est à l’origine un conflit créé et alimenté par les élites. L’effet devenant la cause, les massacres inter-communautaires répétés ont rendu la population de plus en plus réceptive aux appels à la mobilisation ethnique.

This report, on the regional analytical work, deals specifically with studies on regional economic integration and trade facilitation. There are two reasons for this concentration: 1) the predominance of the two issues in multicountry interactions in all developing country regions and 2) the heavy emphasis on analytical work as the Bank's mode of support on these issues. The remainder of the report is organized as follows. Section II presents the evaluation criteria and approach used in the selection and review of individual studies. Sections III and IV provide, respectively, a summary assessment of the studies in terms of quantitative ratings by evaluation criteria and a qualitative assessment of key issues addressed. Section V makes some suggestions for future Bank work on regional integration; and, lastly, Section VI provides a summary of findings and conclusions. Annexes A and B present, respectively, a list of documents reviewed and other references used in assessing the qu...

This paper uses a three-step Bayesian cross-entropy estimation approach in an environment of noisy and scarce data to estimate behavioral parameters for a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and to measure how labor augmenting productivity and other structural parameters in the model may have shifted over time to contribute to the generation of historically observed changes in the economic arrangement. In this approach, the parameters in a CGE model are treated as fixed but unobserved, which we represent as prior mean values with prior error mass functions. Estimation of the parameters involves using an informationtheoretic Bayesian approach to exploit additional information in the form of new data from a series of Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs), which we assume were measured with error. The estimation procedure is "efficient" in the sense that it uses all available information and makes no assumptions about unavailable information. As illustration, we apply the ...