Educational science

Lucia Lumbelli (1937–2019) war eine der bedeutendsten Persönlichkeiten der Erziehungswissenschaften in Italien und sowohl mit Gestalttheorie, als auch mit der Rogerianischen Gesprächsführung eng vertraut. Reflection response, die teilnehmende Rückmeldung emtionaler Inhalte in wertschätzender, empathischer Atmosphäre, verbunden mit grundlegenden gestalttheoretischen Forschungsarbeiten, haben Lumbellis Forschungsarbeiten zeitlebens begleitet und nachhaltige Ergebnisse für Pädagogik, Psychotherapie und psychologische Forschung hervorgebracht. Diese Verbindung lässt sich mit dem phänomenologischen Vorgehen in Psychotherapie und Forschung aus gestalttheoretischer Sicht passgenau vereinbaren.

Kaedah intervensi 'WOW' diperkenalkan untuk mendorong murid bertanya soalan 'apa' (what) dan 'mengapa' (why) tentang gambar dan video yang ditonton oleh mereka. Dalam kajian tindakan ini, gambar dan video yang menunjukkan haiwan yang pelik telah digunakan bagi meningkatkan minat 56 orang murid tahun dua. Kajian tindakan dijalankan dalam dua sesi dan data dikumpul melalui pemerhatian tingkah laku, temu bual dan kekerapan penyoalan oleh murid. Peningkatan tingkah laku positif dalam kalangan murid kelas 2J adalah sebanyak 48% dan 40% pada sesi pertama dan sesi kedua masing, manakala murid kelas 2P menunjukkan peningkatan sebannyak 44% dan 45%. Pada sesi pertama, bilangan soalan yang ditanya oleh murid kelas 2J meningkat sebanyak 25 soalan dan kelas 2P meningkata sebanyak 42 soalan. Pada sesi kedua pula, kelas 2J menunjukkan peningkatan 53 soalan, dan kelas 2P sebanyak 37 soalan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan gambar dan video yang digunakan dapat meningkatkan tingkah laku positif dan minat murid dalam pembelajaran Sains.

This study investigated direct compensation management and task performance of teachers in the Public Secondary Schools in Imo State, Nigeria. The purpose was to determine the influence of direct compensation management on the teachers’ task performance in public secondary schools. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A sample of 664 teachers was selected from three education zones by proportional stratified sampling. Systematic sampling was used to identify the individual sample subjects. Data was collected with a researcher constructed questionnaire titled, “Direct Compensation Management and Teacher Task Performance Questionnaire (DCMTTPQ)”, with a reliability coefficient of 0.816. The research questions were analyzed using weighted means and standard deviation while Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation was used to analyze the hypotheses. The results revealed that irregular payment of teachers’ salaries and allowances reduced to a great extent the teachers’ task performance. It also revealed that there is a high and negative correlation between direct compensation management in Imo State public schools and the teachers’ task performance. Based on the findings and conclusion, it was recommended that Imo State Government should be more committed to the welfare of teachers by paying their salaries and allowances as at when due in order to enhance their task performance. The paper also recommended the immediate implementation of 26% of annual budget allocation to education as recommended by UNESCO at both the Federal and State levels to meet up with the demands of teachers’ direct compensation management.

The main purpose of the current study is to examine the construct, convergent and discriminant validity of the Sources of Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale (Usher & Pajares, 2009) in a Turkish sample. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (1986) served as the theoretical framework for the current study. According to Bandura (1986), people’s self-efficacy develops from 4 sources: (1) Mastery Experiences, (2) Vicarious Experience (3) Social Persuasion and (4) Physiological States. Research studies in this area revealed that mastery experiences and social persuasion are highly correlated. Even it is not clear that these two constructs are distinct constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to examine the construct validity of the scale. In order to see if mastery experiences and social persuasion are two distinct constructs, discriminant validity was examined. The participants were 616 secondary school students in Turkey. 3-factor and 4-factor models were nearly identical in terms of goodness of fit of data in the confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of discriminant validity revealed that mastery experiences and social persuasion are not two different constructs.

The essence of higher education is to ensure value re-orientation and social transformation in our lives for national culture that would entrench and reshape national character and image via effective student affairs administration. This is with a view to promoting national image, healthier, stronger and courageous graduates; respect for human life, corporate and national values. The study therefore examined student affairs administration in higher education as a tool for value re-orientation and social transformation of the undergraduates. The study adopted survey research design. Using a self-designed and pilot–tested questionnaire, data were collected from a random sample of 400 drawn from four universities in the southwestern geopolitical zone of the country. Using proportionate sampling technique, 21, 24, 48 and 307 respondents were drawn from Redeemer’s University (RUN), Adeleke University (AU), Oduduwa University (OUI) and Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) respectively. Data were analysed using simple percentage. The results showed that municipal facilities were adequately available (89%), functional (98%) and consistently managed (90%) in both RUN and AU. However, these facilities were in short supplies in OUI (42%) and OAU (48%). Thus, it was recommended that more concerns should be shown to the provision, adequacy and management of municipal facilities in the universities such that the potential values in those facilities are benefited to reshape the value system of students thereby enhancing their social transformational process.

This research aims to discover students' views, attitudes and intentions in the early childhood education concerning web-based lectures. It examines whether students develop positive or negative attitudes, if they identify added value and how their intentions are shaped. It also detects difficulties and possible barriers that they encountered. At the same time, is examined whether their attitudes are correlated with the variables of the degree of familiarity with technology and the year of studies. The survey involved 277 students who attended part of their course through two web-based lectures. The survey used a researcher-made questionnaire for the detection of attitudes, while quantitative data was obtained which was also combined with qualitative ones. Results show that students develop a positive attitude and intentions about web-based lectures. They recognize and appreciate the added value of web-based teaching. Both the variables, degree of familiarity with technology and the year of studies appeared to determine the formation of their attitudes positively. However, this positive assessment was made in relation to the traditional face to face classroom lecture, and only in the perspective of its partial replacement.

Although it may be a cause of regret for some, modern education providers seem poised to continue and extend the use of technology in the provision of education. The precise details of how this use of technology unravels over time will be revealed gradually, but important decisions about how to fund distance learning provided electronically and what the expected outcomes will be, need to be made on the ground. However, even though the technologies now available are rather new, distance learning does have a recognised history to which we can and should refer. The purpose of this paper is to shortly present past studies with ideas and models of funding e-learning university programmes from both institutions’ and students’ point of view.

The present research had the purpose to analyze how students perceived a physical activity (PA) course in higher education that used the Sport Education (SE) model. The study addressed: i) Students overall enjoyment; ii) Students’ skill acquisition self-perception; iii) Students’ game rules knowledge self-perception; iv) Students’ instructional preference. Twenty-six students from an American university located in the Southern region attended this course. The Futsal (indoor-soccer) course offered two 75 minutes class per week. Two forms of data collection were used: a five-point Likert-type scale survey and a post-course interview. Students reported to have a very high enjoyment in all six major features of the SE model. In addition, statistical significance was reached when students reported their perceived skill acquisition and game rules knowledge acquisition. Students also reported to prefer SE when comparing to other physical activity courses that used a traditional pedagogy.

This paper provides a brief background on the Lesson Study approach and its variant forms such as Modified Lesson Study, Learning Study and Virtual Experiential Learning Study. In addition, the authors have included a brief discussion about information and communication technology (ICT) and its impact in both education and professional training that has given rise to the development of the Quasi-Lesson Study (QLS). The main ICT contribution highlighted in this paper is the YouTube video-sharing service that can be used in the training of teachers and/or allied educators in both mainstream and special schools as well as educational therapists working in private learning centers/remedial learning clinics in Singapore and Malaysia today. YouTube sharing is used at various phases in the QLS cycle to help a teacher, allied educator or educational therapist become better equipped with not only the know-what (i.e., content knowledge and skills), but also the know-how (i.e., techniques and strategies) when working with students with special needs. How YouTubeTM sharing can help in overcoming the constraints of coordinating a lesson observation and other challenges in traditional Lesson Study, such as the awkwardness of being observed, is also discussed. More professional training ideas may thus spin off from the QLS concept, as others may be inspired to transcend the limits of traditional Lesson Study through the QLS approach.

This study examined 307 elementary school children’s judgements and reasoning about bullying and other repeated transgressions when school rules regulating these transgressions have been removed in hypothetical school situations. As expected, children judged bullying (repeated moral transgressions) as wrong independently of rules and as more wrong than all the other repeated transgressions. They justified their judgement in terms of harm that the actions caused. Moreover, whereas children tended to judge repeated structuring transgressions as wrong independently of rules (but to a lesser degree than when they evaluated bullying) and justified their judgements in terms of the disruptive, obstructive or disturbing effects that the actions caused, they tended to accept repeated etiquette transgressions by arguing that the acts had no negative effects or simply that the rule had been removed. The findings confirm as well as extend previous social-cognitive domain research on children’s socio-moral reasoning.

This paper provides a critical appraisal of influence of teachers’ characteristics on learning achievement in primary schools in Kenya. The main objective of the study is to analyze the influence of teachers’ characteristics on quality education in primary schools. The paper examined the role played by pedagogy in influencing learning achievement. The paper also assessed the role played staff development in promotion of quality primary education. The paper further investigated the influence of class size in promotion of quality primary education. .Particular attention is given to the crises in inputs and processes that affect the output of quality primary education. This study uses the systems theory. Systems theory was advanced by Ludwig von Bertalnffy (1968). He emphasized that systems are open and interact with their environments to acquire qualitatively properties. Systems theory focuses on the arrangement of relations between the parts which connect them into a whole. It furthe...

In Nigeria and in Mubi North Local Government Area in particular, the girl-child access to basic education was observed to be at its lowest ebb. The reasons for this may revolve around religious and cultural beliefs. This study examined the role of women education in national development; particularly in the aspect of children’s health and educational attainment. The sample for the study consisted of 200 women randomly selected from five villages in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State in Nigeria. A checklist was used to collect data from the respondents. The internal consistency of the instrument was determined using Guttmann’s Split-Half statistic. This yielded a reliability value of 0.80. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentages and Kolmogorov-Smirnov z two samples test. Results of data analysis showed that women education could play a significant role towards improving the health and education of children. The study ...

This paper is an attempt at highlighting the relevance of Open and Distance Learning in the education of girls and women in a country like Nigeria. Girls’ and women’s participation in education in Nigeria has been slowed down as a result of some barriers. Barriers to girls’ and women’s access to education are multifaceted. However, the ODL system has a philosophy that aims at removing barriers to education and allowing learners to study what they want, when they want and where they want. ODL can be effectively used to remove barriers to girls’ and women’s education in Nigeria.   Article visualizations:

The aims of this research study developed a model evaluation to assess the activity development of students in the Primary Education level in Thailand. The research was conducted by the research and development (R&D) process that it was administered in two phases; to investigate on analyzes the concept of student development activities, assessment of student development activities in primary school classes, and theory-driven evaluation and interviews with those involved with the activities of the students was the first phase. The second phase, creating an evaluation model to assess activity development for primary educational students. The third phase, to trial evaluation model by experimenting with different sized schools which sample consisted of nine schools, including small, medium, and expansion opportunity schools. The fourth phase, to assess the evaluation model that it has developed the tools used to assess the valuation model based on the evaluation of standards development...

The study seeks to understand students’ opinion about implementation of co-operative learning approach. An experiment on co-operative learning approach was conducted on 78 students of standard IX studying in schools affiliated to the SSC Board and with English as the medium of instruction. It has used one tool, namely, Co-operative Learning Implementation Opinionnaire. It was found that on the whole, students are substantially satisfied with the implementation of co-operative learning approach. It was found that there is a gradual improvement in average group performance measured using a rubric in terms of (a) involvement in decision-making, (b) extent of social interaction, (c) involvement in group contribution, (d) tenacious behaviour and (e) group structure and operations over a period of 16 class periods. Students have also expressed several strengths and a few weaknesses of co-operative learning approach when data were analysed qualitatively. Some of the strengths of the co-ope...

Private tuition is the practice of academic teaching and learning from outside of the school hour with a fee but a few studies acknowledged what private tuition provides to the receivers beyond the teaching of academic subjects. In this study, the data were subtracted from 1119 Grade 9 students’ survey reports and 18 interviewees’ responses from Kale Township, Myanmar. The study revealed 88% the students receive different forms of private tuition and 69.1% of them are in private boarding tuition. Besides, it highlighted students got supportive services for their learning in private tuition in addition to the academic teachings.  Article visualizations:

This study aims to present pre-service teachers’ perceptions of “administration” and “school principal” reflected through metaphors; a purpose based on the fact that although they are trained in educational administration with only one course at university, pre-service teachers who are trained in the faculties of education constitute the group with the highest potential for becoming educational administrators in Turkish education system. The study group is the 4th grade (senior) university students who were chosen by means of criterion sampling method and who study at Preschool Teaching, Primary School Teaching, Social Sciences Teaching, Science Teaching, Music Teaching, Art Teaching, Psychological Counseling and Guidance programs at Adnan Menderes University. The criteria were the students’ year of education and the course of Turkish Education System and School Management they take during their higher education. In this study which is based on phenomenology research design, a writt...

The aim of this study is to determine whether preschool term of 6 years old children’s objects at their around changing of characteristic feature related to what they stand in good stead, efficiency depend on their ideas, having an impact on their reasoning skills or not. The study is designed at experimental design. Efficiencies of object oriented prepared by researcher are conducted by researcher at experimental group. As a result of the analysis: it is determined that there is a significant difference on behalf of experimental group in terms of reasoning skills both inductive and deductively about problems needed to think in a different situation from normal state of things had information or inductive experience in problems related to subjects had information or experience, in terms of attention skills and reasoning skills. It is determined that there is no significant difference among groups in problems needed to think others’ concerns. Article visualizations:

Selecting and applying appropriate research techniques, analysing data using information and communication technologies, transferring the obtained results of the analysis into tables and interpreting them are the performance indicators evaluated by the Ministry of National Education under teacher competencies. At the beginning of the courses that can meet pre-service teachers’ needs of these knowledge and skills, there is undoubtedly the course of scientific research methods. The scientific research methods course (SRMC) has an important mission in the upbringing of tomorrow's researcher pre-service teachers. However, this mission is not possible by considering only theoretical knowledge. At this point, practical-based the research project gains importance. The purpose of this study was to reveal the thoughts of pre-service teachers about a small-scale research project (SSRP) in the scope of a SRMC. The study was carried out with 61 pre-service teachers from the faculty of educa...

In this research the authors aimed at determining the TPACK self-efficacy for pre-service science teachers on material development, the relational screening model was used. The research was carried out with a total of 141 pre-service science teachers from Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University in 2016-2017 fall academic years. The data were collected by using the " Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) self-efficacy scale for pre-service science teachers on material development " developed by Balcin and Ergun (2016). Independent-t test, one way variance analysis (Anova) and Tukey analysis were used in the statistical evaluation of the obtained data. Also, data are evaluated on 0.05 level relevance and its percentage, frequency, average and standard deviation levels are calculated. According to the findings obtained in the research, it was determined that the variables of grade level and teaching technologies and material development courses were influenced by TP...

Migration can be regarded as a social phenomenon by changing the policies of social life and countries. Both the whole world and Turkey act as a scene for diverse and intense migration mobility in recent years Escape way of economy, changes in political and social life, readjustment of borders in Eastern Europe and developments in Middle East have accelerated individual and massive migration movements. It is clear that the immigration phenomenon and its multicultural life and effects will continue to transform for many years. It is important to determine the migration perceptions of prospective teachers who will prepare generations for such an age of transformation. The aim of the study is to examine migration fact and effects of migration on education from prospective teachers’ points of view. To answer the main statement of the research , two sub-questions were formed. 1) With which metaphors migration fact is explained by prospective teachers? Which categories can be formed in te...

The aim of this research is to reveal the results in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the process for learning environments to be designed in compliance with 7E learning cycle model in physics lesson. "Action research", which is a qualitative research pattern, is employed in this research in accordance with the aim of the research. The research was implemented at a public high school in Turkey. The research continued for twelve weeks. Two-hour class periods were included on a weekly basis. Study group of the implementation consists of 52 students attending to two different classrooms. The ages of students vary between 15 and 16. Triangulation method was employed in collection and evaluation of data in order to increase research reliability. Observation, interview and peer assessment were used in this study for process description. It is revealed from the observations that the majority of students perceived the lessons as more pleasing by virtue of the discuss...

This study investigated the effectiveness of Experiential Teaching Strategy (ETS) on students' achievement and scoring levels in senior secondary school physics. The study adopted the pretest, posttest, non-randomized control group quasi-experimental design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select two schools used for the study. Two research questions were raised to guide the study. Also, two null hypothesis were formulated and tested for acceptance or rejection at 0.05 significance level. The sample used for the study was ninety five (95) senior secondary two (SS2) physics students randomly selected from the two schools in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study made use of Physics Achievement Test (PAT) with internal consistency of 0.82 using Kuder Richardson Formular 21. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Finding of the study showed that Experiential Teaching Strategy (ETS) had significant effec...

The aim of this research study was to develop the evaluation model (EM) through learning management integrating unified instructions (LMIUI) of the Basic Educational Teachers under Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) with the research and development process. To have integrated with the texts, documents, reports, research articles, and a database of three professional education experts was interviewed. The draft evaluation form to verify the suitability and feasibility of this evaluating draft form with nine qualified experts using a technique based on a specialized symposium (Connoisseurship). The EM model estimates to trial in 13 basic schools under the Roi-Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 1. The EM model was assessed with the feasibility of appropriate dimensions for accuracy and usefulness by the board of evaluators was involved in determining the concurrent validity forms of assessment and evaluation form that the dimensions of the possibility of reasonabl...

Discovery learning is a method of inquiry-based instruction, in discovery learning, learners have opportunities to discover facts and relationships for themselves. In Vietnam, this method was approached from many decades ago. The paper will present the results of the investigating mathematics teachers' opinions on the use of discovery learning in teaching geometry in junior schools of Vietnam in the case of instructing topic "trapezoid".

The overall purpose of this study was to identify teachers’ views about types and causes of students’ undesirable behaviours and the techniques they use to cope up with. This study is qualitative in nature, and in the pattern of a holistic multiple case study. To identify the schools, the researchers used convenience sampling technique. The work group was determined using maximum variable sampling. As a result, the working group consisted of four participants from Turkish school and four from Ethiopian school. The data were collected be a semi-structured questionnaire interviewing the participants face to face. The data were analysed by the help of computer program called Nvivo using content analysis technique. The observed behaviours common to both schools were being late, cheating, not doing the given tasks, talking without permission during the lesson, hyperactivity and lack of attention, complaining about their teacher to family, not paying attention to personal hygiene and bein...

Some areas of education place students at the centre of learning; for example, creative drama is one of these active learning methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a creative drama-supported psychology course on the levels of self-concept, social anxiety, empathic tendency, and communication/assertiveness skills of 2 nd year AÇÜ Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Department students. For this study, a quasi-experimental research model with a control group, pre-test, and post-test design was utilized. The teaching methods suggested by the current psychology curriculum were utilized with both the control and experimental groups, and for the experimental group the identical curriculum was also supported through the creative drama method. The study was conducted on sophomore students enrolled in sections A and B of the psychology course offered in the nursing department of Artvin Çoruh University. Also, the group which was enrolled to take the drama-supported...

This study aimed to delineate and to describe the elementary school program for street children called special service class in elementary school at Surabaya. Using qualitative approach, data was collected through observation, interview, and documentation study. This research focused on the implementation of special service class program including supporting factors and its obstacles, and the stakeholder's respond to the accomplishment of the program. As a result, implementation of special service class program run quite well. It can be seen by reaching the purpose of the program to capture street children in order to get an education in formal school. Availability of teacher and infrastructure became supporting factors but one of the obstacles was the lack of parent's awareness about the importance of education for their children. The society declared they supported the program to help them getting a formal education.

The study was conducted to answer the following questions: • What are the methods and languages used in teaching by the contractual teachers? • When is Filipino, Ilocano, and English used in teaching? • What are the effects of methods and languages used by the contractual teachers to the learners? The respondents were 29 contractual teachers and 400 students of Isabela State University-Roxas Campus. Descriptive survey method, audio-recording, and a questionnaire checklist were used. Based from the result of the study, the method always used was the panels while the methods often used were: The languages used in teaching were: English, Filipino, Ilocano and code-switching from Filipino-English. The Filipino language was often used in providing standards, and giving opinion or approval. English language was often used in discussing the lessons, interpreting, and in giving preliminary activities in class. Ilocano language was often used in deepening the discussion. Code-switching from ...

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of drug use on student interest in learning and identify counselling interventions that can be used when dealing with drug use among secondary school students in Matinyani district. Descriptive survey was used in this study. Fourteen public secondary schools were involved with population of 1701 students. Purposive sampling was used in the sample selection to select 5 schools which included a girls’ boarding, a boys’ boarding school, a mixed day school, a mixed boarding school and a mixed day and a boarding school. A sample size of 269 was used. The data was collected by use of a Core Alcohol and Drug Survey Questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the study instrument was established through a pilot study. A correlation coefficient alpha of 0.7408 was obtained. According to, Fraenkel and Wallen (2002) a reliability co efficient of 0.7 or more implies high degree of reliability. Data was analysed by use of descriptive stati...

The importance of poetry in the life of the child cannot be over-emphasized. This has to the necessity of incorporating the teaching of this aspect of literature in the curriculum at the Junior High School level in Ghana. This works looks at the importance of poetry and what it seeks to achieve in the life of the child and then, delves into the pedagogies involved in treating the subject at this level of study. It provides the necessary steps that can guide teachers to do the teaching of poetry with ease and also to stimulate the interest of the pupils at this level of education.  Article visualizations:

This survey investigated the barriers to equitable access to basic education in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State and pointed out the implications for human capital development.  The survey took place during the 2016/2017 academic session and involved both parents and head teachers. Data were collected mainly through a 26-item questionnaire developed by the researchers and validated by two experts. Its reliability coefficient using Cronbach’s Alpha yielded 0.81, meeting Pallant’s (2005) recommendation. A total of 32 head teachers and 400 parents volunteered to provide opinions, which constituted the data for the study. By using the convenience sampling procedure, it was possible to get only those respondents who were available and willing to participate in the study. A total of 432 copies of questionnaires were returned for analysis. Result of the analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics showed that in the 2016/17 session alone, 2,286 out of school children we...

The study was carried out to find out the views and perceived understanding of the process approach in science teaching by primary school teachers. A survey was carried out in Seke urban primary schools. Convenience sampling of 140 teachers participated in this research study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The SPSS data analysis package was used to analyses the data. The study found out that most teachers did not have knowledge of the process approach and they used the content and the concept approach in science teaching. The study recommends a capacity building programme for primary school teachers focusing on use of the process approach in science teaching

This study was aimed at investigating the Altruistic behavior of adolescents in relation to their Emotional maturity. 200 adolescents (boys and girls) from rural and urban areas were selected by random sampling technique. The investigator has adopted a normative survey method, in the present study. Altruism scale, developed by Dr. S. N. Rai and Dr. Sanwat Singh (1981), and Emotional Maturity Scale by Dr. Yashvir Singh and Dr. Mahesh Bhargava (1993) was used for data collection. For the analysis of data, the descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, correlation and 't'-test was employed. In this study, an attempt has been made, to compare the Altruistic behavior and Emotional maturity of adolescents, with respect to gender and locale. No significant difference was found in Altruistic behavior of adolescents, with respect to gender and locale. Whereas, a significant difference was found in Emotional maturity of male and female adolescents. The essential conclusion ...

The MoEST (2006) initiated the application of computer components in the instruction of Kiswahili writing skills so as to heighten the performance on the following Kiswahili writing aspects: communicate fluently in functional and creative compositions, apply diverse sentence structures proficiently, use correctly diverse components of paragraphs, punctuate their writing compositions appropriately and summarize the data in a required number of words correctly. Though, this has not been achieved as witnessed by learners’ poor learning achievements on Kiswahili writing achievements CATs over years among senior learners in learning institutions in Nakuru County, Kenya The objective of the Paper was to Find out the relationship between students taught Kiswahili writing skills using computer aided instruction and those students taught Kiswahili writing skills using traditional teaching methods on performance on Kiswahili writing achievements. This Paper used a causal-comparative design. 750 student participants were sampled from a study population of 12900 students. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to sample the study participants. Students’ questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. Piloting was pre-tested in three learning institutions to establish the validity and reliability of the study items in two weeks before the beginning of the actual research, whereby the research agreed that the research items were valid and reliable; the reliability of students’ questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha Formula. Students’ alpha coefficient resulted, an alpha of 0.74 which was regarded adequate for the research. Descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations were used to analyze quantitative data while an independent T-test were used to test the hypothesis so as to establish out the differences between the two means on Kiswahili writing achievements between the two groups. Quantitative data was presented and interpreted using frequency tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. The research results found that computer components increased Kiswahili writing achievements. The t- test results found that there was a significant statistical difference in favour of the computer components group students, it was concluded that the employment of computer components in the teaching of Kiswahili writing skills heightened Kiswahili writing achievements.

Writing tests is a huge stress for students. Teachers must be flexible when working with children and young people. They should take into consideration another step onto the way of formative assessment of pupils' progress, which is the assessment of knowledge with a choice of three different criteria. A child is responsible for his or her knowledge and he or she can decide at what level is it. There are so many ways of testing and assessing knowledge, and this is just one way out of many, why not trying it?

This study investigates pre-service teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) levels based on different variables. A total of 609 final year student teachers who are trained in five different subject areas (elementary teaching, social science teaching, science teaching, mathematics, and Turkish Teaching) of an education faculty participated in the study. The study was carried out in the spring semester of the 2014-2015 academic year. An adapted Turkish version of the TPACK Scale was used as the data collection instrument. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. An independent t-test, ANOVA, Mann Whitney-U, and Kruskal Wallis Tests for non-parametric data were used for statistical analysis. The results show, in the current state, participants have good levels of TPACK. It is also found that there are meaningful relationships and significant differences between some variables such as gender, program attended, having a personal computer and Internet connection, and sub-factors of the TPACK scale. It is suggested that more practical opportunities should be facilitated for pre-service teachers at education faculties to prepare them for 21st century schools.

The origin and petrogenesis of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), composed of volcanoes that form on
both the ocean floor and the continental crust, are difficult to understand because of the diversity, heterogeneity, and nature of available data. Major and trace elements, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data of volcanic
rocks of the CVL spanning four decades have been compiled to reinterpret their origin and petrogenesis.
Volcanic rocks range from nephelinite, basanite and alkali basalts to phonolite, trachyte and rhyolite with
the presence of a compositional gap between SiO2 58e64 wt.%. Similarities in geochemical characteristics,
modeled results for two component mixing, and the existence of mantle xenoliths in most mafic rocks
argue against significant crustal contamination. Major and trace element evidences indicate that the
melting of mantle rocks to generate the CVL magma occurred dominantly in the garnet lherzolite stability
field. Melting models suggest small degree (<3%) partial melting of mantle bearing (6e10%) garnet for Mt.
Etinde, the Ngaoundere Plateau and the Biu Plateau, and <5% of garnet for the oceanic sector of the CVL,
Mt. Cameroon, Mt. Bambouto, Mt. Manengouba and the Oku Volcanic Group. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics suggest that mixing in various proportions of Depleted MORB Mantle (DMM) with enriched
mantle 1 and 2 (EM1 and EM2) could account for the complex isotopic characteristics of the CVL lavas.
Low Mg number (Mg# ¼ 100  MgO/(MgO þ FeO)) and Ni, Cr and Co contents of the CVL mafic lavas
reveal their crystallization from fractionated melts. The absence of systematic variation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf
ratios, and Sr-Nd isotope compositions between the mafic and felsic lavas indicates progressive evolution
of magmas by fractional crystallization. Trace element ratios and their plots corroborate mantle heterogeneity and reveal distinct geochemical signatures for individual the CVL volcanoes.