Egg

Three experiments were carried out to determine whether dietary wood (oak) charcoal applied during entire or phase feeding period would affect growth performance, abdominal fat weight, carcass weight, carcass yield, carcass composition and nutrient excretion of broilers and to determine whether dietary wood charcoal supplementation would affect laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In the first experiment, different inclusion levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 g/kg feed) of wood charcoal in the diet were examined for a 6-week-period using broiler chicks of initial age 1 week. Dietary wood charcoal significantly increased feed intake (P<0.001), body weight gain (P<0.001) and improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) up to 28 days of age. However, at 49 days of age, charcoal inclusion did not significantly (P>0.05) affect body weight gain, feed intake, carcass weight and carcass yield, but increased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio, carcass ash content, fat excretion, while reducing (P<0.05) mineral excretion in a dose dependent manner. In the second experiment, a phase application of dietary wood charcoal for a 6-week-period broiler chicks of initial age 1 week was assessed. During the first 28 days of age wood charcoal improved feed conversion ratio significantly (P<0.05). At 49 days of age, the groups receiving charcoal in the starter and/or finisher diets showed significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain and carcass weight than the control group receiving no charcoal. In the third experiment, different levels (0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg feed) of wood charcoal supplementation to a layer diet were examined for a 7-week-period using laying hens of initial age 34 weeks. Dietary charcoal supplementation did not have a significant effect on any parameters related to performance and egg quality, but significantly reduced number of cracked eggs and the reduction was dose dependent (P<0.01). These data demonstrate that wood charcoal inclusion to the diet could be of value in improving broiler performance during the first 28 days of fattening period. In later ages, the positive effects of wood charcoal are limited. However, in laying hens dietary supplementation of wood charcoal reduces number of cracked eggs.

Telur merupakan bahan pangan yang sempurna, karena mengandung zat-zat gizi yang lengkap bagi pertumbuhan mahluk hidup baru. Protein telur mempunyai mutu yang tinggi, karena memiliki susunan asam amino esensial yang lengkap, sehingga dijadikan patokan untuk menentukan mutu protein dari bahan pangan yang lain. Tetapi disamping adanya hal-hal yang menguntungkan itu, telur memiliki sifat yang mudah rusak .Struktur dan komposisi telur secara terperinci dapat dibagi menjadi : kerabang, membrane, albumen, khalaza dan yolk
Telur tersusun atas sebagian besar air (75% dari berat telur) dan bahan organik yaitu protein 12 %,lipida 12%, vitamin dan karbohidrat  1 % sedangkan bahan anorganik yakni mineral . Telur memiliki sifat-sifat fisiko kimia yang sangat berguna dalam pengolahan pangan. Sifat-sifat tersebut meliputi daya busa, emulsi, koagulasi dan warna
Dua cara penentuan kualitas telur yaitu penentuan secara eksterior dan interior telur.Telur dapat mengalami kerusakan, baik kerusakan fisik maupun kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan mikroba. Mikroba dapat masuk ke dalam telur melalui pori-pori yang terdapat pada kulit telur, baik melalui air, udara, maupun kotoran ayam
secara umum, telur memiliki masa simpan 2 – 3 minggu apabila tanpa penanganan pengawetan
Penaganan telur : pencucian dengan soda kue atau air hangat, pengemasan kering, perendaman dengan larutan kapur atau bahan penyamak nabati atau penutupan pori-pori dengan penyemprotan minyak

The intensive cultivation conditions for marine larvae may easily cause microbial problems, resulting in poor growth and mass mortality, and techniques for improvement by enhancing environmental and larval factors should be developed. Establishment of a beneficial, protective microflora of marine larvae can be obtained by use of microbial matured water and probiotics. Microbial maturation of the rearing water before use in the larval tanks, can be obtained by running the water through a maturation unit that selects for non-opportunistic microflora. A diverse bacterial flora established by non-opportunists is believed to inhibit proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in the water and the larvae. When used in the earliest developmental stages of marine fish larvae, enhanced growth and survival can be obtained. Also, the introduction of probiotic bacteria may promote the defence of the gut flora against pathogenic bacteria. Probiotic bacteria can be added directly to the water or administered to the larvae via live food, such as rotifers and Artemia. Further developments in these techniques are needed for improved control of bacterial number, growth and colonisation in the larval gut, as well as the identification of bacteria with probiotic effect on the host. Disinfection of eggs is a positive factor for control of growth and transfer of bacteria in larviculture. For marine fish eggs glutaraldehyde has suitable properties as a disinfectant, which improves hatching, development and survival of larvae. Because marine fish larvae have no specific immune system at hatching, non-specific defence is very important during the first developmental stages, and suitable techniques for stimulation of the non-specific immune defence may become important in future marine larval rearing. Enhanced viability of marine fish larvae and juveniles, has been obtained by treatment with FMI, which is a mannuronic acid polymer. Routes of administration were either into the water or via live food. A technique for incorporating immunostimulants in rotifers and Artemia for controlled transfer of immunostimulants to marine larvae, is described.

The present investigation demonstrates establishment of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) priority Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Particularly, POPs analytical methods were established using native and 13C-labeled internal standards of HCHs, HCB, cyclodienes, chlordanes, DDTs, mirex, dioxin-like PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs by isotope dilution technique. The relative response factor for 6-point calibration curve native standards (18 replicate analysis) were in the ranges of 0.93–1.43 with relative standard deviation ranges from 1.68 to 4.96%. Instrument detection limit and instrument quantification limit was established for various POPs at femtograms. Concentrations of UNEP-POPs were measured in liver (n = 10) and egg (n = 10) of great cormorants and their major diet, gizzard shad (n = 2), collected in and around Tokyo, Japan. DDTs (ranges in liver and egg, respectively) were predominant accumulants (9800–310,000 and 9600–73,000) followed by dioxin-like PCBs (4500–69,000 and 7900–150,000), chlordanes (2600–16,000 and 700–4,800), cyclodienes (650–4600 and <1–1000), HCB (680–2800 and 180–590), HCHs (230–1800 and 120–490), PCDD/DFs (3.2–27 and 1.7–5.7) on nanogram per gram lipid basis. Concentrations (ranges) of POPs in gizzard shad were in the following order: DDTs (3900–16,000), chlordanes (3400–14,000), cyclodienes (340–1300), HCB (110–480), and HCHs (140–360) on nanogram per gram lipid basis.

This study was carried out in Elazig and its surrounding areas between 1996-1997. Among the ticks collected between March-August, those with Rhipicephalus bursa
were detected and examined for their developments in vitro condition. Themaintenance and all development stages seen during the evolution period of R. bursa were followed in an oven set to 26 oC with a humidite rate of 85-90 %. In this environment, it has been determined the preoviposition periods of R. bursa as 3-10 days, oviposition period as 6-13 days, egg hatching time (incubation period) as 20-23 days, coming up time of the hatched egg as 7 days, larva’s survival period as 210 days, skin change period of the saturated nymph as 6-8 and the survival periodsof the starved imago following the shin change as 90-120 days. The nourishment phases of the tick lasted on a lamb and rabbit in June. The larva inserted into the rabbit ear were observed to start blood sucking within 2-3 days, complete larva and nymph phases between 17-25 days ticks and leave the host after ward. The starved imagos, allowed nourishment in the lamb’sear, were found to become saturated and leave the host within 8-10 days.

Fresh eggs are natural and inexpensive source of high quality micronutrients. Egg products are used widely by the foodservice industry in a variety of forms with white, yolk and whole liquid. Thermal processing remains the most commonly used method for achieving safe and convenient these food products including eggs. However, the high temperatures cause detrimental effects on nutritional components such as coagulation and also changes in taste and texture. It is necessary for fresh eggs products to reach the final consumer with high quality. Ultrasonication is a one of the fast, versatile, emerging, and promising green technology used in the food industry from last few years with extended the shelf life including egg processing.

Heavy metals in the muscles, livers, kidneys and eggs of loggerhead turtles and green sea turtles were analysed to develop a non-killing method of heavy metal monitoring using eggs. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in the liver and kidney than in the muscle and eggs of loggerhead turtles. Within an egg, yolk contained the highest concentrations and burdens of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations in egg yolks within the oviducts of a single loggerhead turtle were uniform without significant intra-oviduct variation. Similarly, there were no inter-clutch differences of an individual green turtle during one nesting season. Heavy metal concentrations in the yolk of eggs from the oviduct indicate the accumulation levels in female turtles, suggesting that the analysis in yolks of sea turtle eggs collected randomly from any clutch enable the estimation of the heavy metal concentrations in nesting female turtles, since there is less fluctuation of heavy metal concentrations in yolks of eggs laid by nesting loggerhead and green turtles.