Emerging Technologies In Learning

In some classrooms the use of digital tablets for students is already standardized and is integrated into the teaching-learning process of the school. On the other hand, the use of cutting plotters is not common, although they are low-cost, easy to use and transportable devices. These machines are usually found in digital fab-rication spaces such as Makerspaces, Fab labs, etc. However, it is interesting to introduce these technologies in traditional classrooms. This article describes an experience carried out at Colegio San Isidro, Los Salesianos de la Orotava, Tene-rife in the 3rd year of secondary school in the subject of plastic, visual and audio-visual expression, in which an activity of design and creation of pop-up cards has been carried out. This activity is made in many subjects in order to develop crea-tivity or to understand three-dimensional concepts (mathematics, plastic, etc.). This activity involves cutting and folding paper that is usually done with scissors or cutter...

The understanding of local coping and survival strategies are very important to know about how a community deals with hazardous condition. Each community builds own local survival strategies to overcome the vulnerability of familiar disastrous events. Histories have shown that  'Majuli' the largest riverine Island of the world has been experiencing the effects of flood since past. The mainland of Majuli Island is surrounded by several small islets or chapories and the studied area “Bhakat Chapori” is one of them.Local people of this chapori have been living with flood since long and now flood became a part of their life and culture. This present study includes how local or indigenous knowledge system of the villages of Bhakat chapori can help them to manage mild effects of flood as per their own survival strategies. The paper is an outcome of ongoing doctoral research work,  purely based on ethnographic fieldwork. Here an attempt has made to document and understand the local survival or coping strategies of a small island during flood events. Some strategies are so effective that those can be applied other parts of the country or world for the better survival of the people.
Key words: Survival; Coping strategies; Flood; Local / Indigenous knowledge system

Human beings occupy a prominent position in creation. They are positioned on the surface of the earth as "managers" who oversee, care for other creations, and exercise dominion over them. However, several human activities such as deforestation, desertification, unregulated application of chemicals on plants, and so on have led to the degrading state of the environment, leading to natural disasters like storms, erosion, global warming, and so on. The resultant effects of these unguarded activities have severe implications on the lives and health of humans. This paper examined how Christian educators can employ Christian Education to engage youths in securing the degrading environment from further damage and bringing it back to life. Secondary sources were used to collect data, and a descriptive approach was used to analyse the facts collected. The study gathered from the review of related literature that the Bible plays a crucial role in creating environmental ethical awareness in youths. Also, Christian Education can leverage agents of socialisation to instil environmental moral consciousness in youths through environmental advocacy campaigns, workshops, and discipleship programmes on environmental ethics awareness. In addition, special training on maintenance culture and environmental ethics advocacy among youths are essential assignments Christian educators can carry out by including such programmes in the church curriculum and through periodic public awareness. Therefore, this paper submitted that engaging youths in environmental ethics through Christian Education is viable for creating a sense of proper stewardship. The result of this would make our environment a better place to live in.

In some classrooms the use of digital tablets for students is already standardized and is integrated into the teaching-learning process of the school. On the other hand, the use of cutting plotters is not common, although they are low-cost, easy to use and transportable devices. These machines are usually found in digital fab-rication spaces such as Makerspaces, Fab labs, etc. However, it is interesting to introduce these technologies in traditional classrooms. This article describes an experience carried out at Colegio San Isidro, Los Salesianos de la Orotava, Tene-rife in the 3rd year of secondary school in the subject of plastic, visual and audio-visual expression, in which an activity of design and creation of pop-up cards has been carried out. This activity is made in many subjects in order to develop crea-tivity or to understand three-dimensional concepts (mathematics, plastic, etc.). This activity involves cutting and folding paper that is usually done with scissors or cutter...

In a world of sharp transformation driven by digital technologies, education is facing a paradigm shift that exposes vulnerabilities and threats of Open Education models in the face of the trend of commodification. This article seeks to offer useful insights into the threats, challenges, and opportunities for open universities and massive online open courses in the digital revolution. The methodology fol-lowed a systematic content review of literature. With the advent of the internet, we have verified a profound transformation in the way we communicate and produce within the academics. The digital revolution favored the freedom of access to information. The digital revolution poses challenges but also opens up unprecedented opportunities for democratization and accessibility. The transformation process of open universities has to maintain the referential of the profound incorporation of pedagogical and technological innovation based on research and seek new strategies of organizatio...

The personalized diagnosis, assistance and evaluation of students in open learning environments can be a challenging task, especially in cases that the processes need to be taking place in real-time, classroom conditions. This paper describes the design of an open learning environment under development, designed to monitor the comprehension of students, assess their prior knowledge, build individual learner profiles, provide personalized assistance and, finally, evaluate their performance by using artificial intelligence. A trial test has been performed, with the participation of 20 students, which displayed promising results.

Exam questions as a test instrument to measure educational success must have good quality. This quality can be measured by the level of cognition expected of students. The level of cognition reflects the mastery of learning materials as a form of evaluation of the teaching and learning process outlined in the curriculum. For this reason, the exam questions need to be mapped into the cognitive process dimensions, namely based on the categories in the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (RBT). The mapping method used is Natural Language Processing (NLP) as one of the fields of Artificial Intelligence development. The stages in this mapping are pre-processing, including tokenization, stemming, stop-word removal, and feature extraction using POS Tagging. The output of this mapping process is in the form of categories of test items into RBT: remembering (C1), understanding (C2), applying (C3), analyzing (C4), evaluating (C5), and creating (C6). The classification results obtained information th...

Lately, personalized learning approach attracted the attention of so many researchers due to its capacity to improve the quality of educational system. This approach provides opportunities to maximize the potential of all students based on their profile. This indicates the necessity of grouping learners' profiles appropriately in order to optimize contribution of personalized learning approach in achieving learning objective. The problems occurred when classifying learners' profile especially when dealing with large number of learners, restricted time to classify, and requirement of authentic data. To solve the problem, we proposed the implementation of Bloom's taxonomy-based serious game as an assessment tool replacing paper-based tool for the gameplay data collection. Three different methods namely: BN, NB, and J48 were implemented to obtain the highest accuracy of classification. Our study finds that the NB classifier gives the highest percentage accuracy that is 92.3...

The bibliography suggests students with autism to use verbal contact for communicating, but they are lack in the language production. This study is to observe whether the using of question-asking exposures for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the application of WH questions will attract them to answer it and whether they give feedback responses. In the context of qualitative research that being conducted through junior high school students with autism, the data showed that there were improvements in the students’ language production and in the feedback responses. The results lead to the further research that in the context of teaching students with autism, the use of WH questions can be more explored.

A three layer e-learning course development model has been defined based on a conceptual model of learning content object. It starts by decomposing the learning content into small chunks which are initially placed in a hierarchic structure of units and blocks. The raw content components, being the atomic learning objects (ALO), were linked to the blocks and are structured in the database. We set forward a dynamic generation of LO's using re-usable e-learning raw materials or ALOâ??s In that view we need a LO authoring/ assembling system fitting the requirements of interoperability and reusability and starting from selecting the raw learning content from the learning materials content database. In practice authoring systems are used to develop e-learning courses. The company EDUWEST has developed an authoring system that is database based and will be SCORM compliant in the near future.

e-Learning is a good opportunity for companies to up-skill their employees and to meet the demands of lifelong learning but the implementation of it needs to be well prepared and managed because it takes often high investment costs both on the financial and the organisational side. That is why it is important for a company to know if it is e-learning ready. E-readiness and e-learning readiness are already well covered in literature and several theoretical models are suggested. We developed an e-learning readiness measurement instrument based on these models. We used it as a survey instrument to conclude about the e-learning readiness of Flemish hospitals.

This paper examined the level of usage of emerging technologies in the teaching and learning of Social Studies in secondary schools in Ogoja Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The paper maintained that teaching and learning are crucial in any educational endeavour, and Social Studies is an indispensable component of the school curriculum that requires the best, modern technological approach in its pedagogical process. The study was anchored on Bruner's theory of instruction and survey research design. The population comprised all Social Studies teachers in public secondary schools in Ogoja Education Zone of Cross River State. This amounted to 234 teachers and 1855 students in five local government education authorities (LGEA). Using stratified and simple random sampling technique, three LGEAs were selected from which 72 teachers and 282 students were chosen for the study. A structured and validated questionnaire was the major instrument for data collection. Data was analysed using simple percentages, mean and standard deviation. Result showed that only very few teachers and students were aware emerging technologies and the utilisation in the study area. The major challenge in the use of emerging technologies is unavailability and inaccessibility of resources to procure and operate the technologies. It was recommended that faculties and colleges of education should provide adequate teacher-education training to enhance teachers' capacity to use emerging technologies in schools.

Computational thinking is an important and necessary part of a modern person’s thinking. It has been proven that the development of this way of thinking in students with mental disabilities allows them to navigate quickly in the modern world, identify problems and create complex solutions. Online schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the possibilities of the usage of web technologies in the education of children with mental disabilities. This study aims to evaluate the impact of web technologies on the development of computational thinking of students with mental disorders. The experiment involved 14 students aged 8-12 and 4 tutors. For 8 weeks children were trained in computational thinking and computer science. Assessment of computational thinking was performed with cCT-test by El-Hamamsi et al. before and after the experiment. After conducting computer science lessons using web technologies the respondents showed a higher level of computational thinking (M=15,7, SD=...

In this work the educational capabilities of the virtual world Second Life are researched and tested. A virtual world is constructed to support education for sustainable development. The life and characteristics of the shark is studied as this fish has received a lot of negative publicity and is in the danger of extinction. A virtual museum was developed for this purpose. The research question is focused on whether it can be used effectively in a modern classroom and how difficult is for an educator to develop such an application. To achieve that, a number of learning activities were developed, a number of on line questionnaires were issued and a series of virtual meetings were held. Teachers used the application and answered the questionnaires. The entire effort was attempted through Internet exclusively.

In this paper we present an audacious solution based on Bayesian networks and educational approach for the construction of evolutionary personalized learning paths. We mean by evolutionary learning paths, paths that are composed gradually as learners advance in their learning, i.e in real time. To do this, the system selects the hypermedia units of learning to apprehend based on the results of formative assessments, psychological and cognitive characteristics of learner. The architecture that we propose is based, firstly, on the semantic web, First, in order to model the domain model and to index learning resources so as to maximize their reuse, and then to represent the personal and cognitive traits of learners in a learner model while integrating their learning styles according to the Felder and Silverman model; and secondly, a probabilistic approach based on Bayesian networks that calculates the probability of success of each candidate hypermedia unit, for selecting those who are...

Defining a computational environment for radiology and image-diagnosis education requires the development of a model that covers the resident doctorâ??s training necessities and creates the mechanisms necessary for the construction of this environment, especially integrating the various systems in use or in development, in a hospital school. This work presents a proposal to define strategies for the creation of a computational environment for radiology and image-diagnosis teaching, specifically aimed towards the education of the resident physician in this area. The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was used to elaborate a comprehensive model under a systemic focus and bring up actions for its implementation. Initially, the current radiology teaching structure will be contextualized, and information systems that could be applied to support this type of activity will be discussed. The next step will be the revision of the SSM and the application of each step proposed by this methodology ...

Critical thinking skills are one of essential employability skills for graduates when entering the workforce. The lack of critical thinking skills among Malaysian graduates is a concern as these skills are important for success in the 21st century. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effects of online reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) through Facebook discussion on students’ critical thinking. In this study, the online RPT approach in Facebook was used to nurture students to think critically. In RPT, the tutor role is switched between participants in each task, giving equal opportunities to all learners to benefit from the tutor and tutee role. This approach was integrated into their learning for 4 weeks to increase students' critical thinking. During the learning process, they need to involve in 4 critical thinking tasks based on Bloom's taxonomy. 29 undergraduate students from the school of education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities at Universiti Teknologi Malay...

Pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) is one of the key measurements of quality education. This article presents the pupil-teacher ratio for 133 public primary schools in a local government area (LGA) of Ogun State, Nigeria. The data were obtained from a complete enumeration of the records of each school. It was discovered that the average PTR obtained from the data analysis is higher than the national average. Using PTR equals 35 as a benchmark of Nigeria, only 25 (19%) schools out of the 133 schools considered have an acceptable PTR (below 35), 52 (39%) schools have a moderate PTR (between 35 and 50) and 56 (42%) schools have unacceptable and high PTR (above 50). This article shows that there is high pupil-teacher ratio in the country’s public primary schools. This research will be helpful in the following; educational evaluation and assessment, audit and quality assurance, decision makers in the Ministry of Education in gap analysis for recruitment purposes, assessing the level of implementa...

This phenomenological study explored undergraduate students’ perceptions of the usefulness and ease of using online examinations in relation to the practicality and security of those who enrolled for Teaching Mathematics in the FET Phase. The perception theory, which outlines positive and negative perceptions, was used to underpin this study. An interpretive paradigm was also used as the study employed a phenomenological qualitative research design. The study generated data from 12 students who participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. The findings of the study revealed both positive and negative perceptions of online examinations. Positive perceptions that made online examination pleasurable were cost saving and saving on travel time, writing at one’s own pace and space, submitting answer sheets online, getting immediate feedback, and writing online and offline. On the other hand, negative perceptions included difficulties in using the Invigilator App, noise pollution, ...

This work presents a system for on-line study purposes and for demonstrative operation of water quality monitoring based on previous full-scale trials in a commercial aquaculture facility under the scope of a R&D project. This system is still under development, and was designed for sharing resources in R&D activities and later in distance learning blended courses. An application developed in LabVIEW is responsible for receiving information from physical and chemical data (water level, flow, oxygen, temperature, pH, ORP and CO2) through a hardware interface. The acquired data are recorded in a Microsoft Access database that can be locally queried as desired. An IP camera allows students to observe the system in real-time. Students can log into the system and follow the real-time variations of a specific water quality parameter and the synergetic effects of these changes on the levels of other constituents. The water tanks contain no living beings in order to allow free adjustments of...

The present paper aims at exploring the potential role that social media technologies play in learning foreign languages. For this purpose, a survey was carried out to examine students’ and language learners’ perceptions and attitudes about using these platforms. Results of the research study revealed that the great majority of the respondents actually use these web-based applications to enhance their language skills. Most importantly, they noted that social media contribute in improving their listening, reading, speaking and writing skills. Accordingly, we strongly recommend that instructors use these online tools in distant, blended, or face-to-face language learning settings.

The objective of this work is to investigate the potential benefits of using social media in education. A thorough examination of a large set of these online tools has revealed that social media have many educational advantages. In fact, it has been found out that these web-based applications can improve communication among students and between teachers and students. Thanks to these technologies, both teachers and students can interact with each other in a matter of seconds. Social media can also be used to promote studentsâ?? engagement. Students who often complain of being intimidated or bored in the classroom may feel comfortable to express their creativity and voice their opinion on a social network website. Another finding of this study is that social media applications foster collaboration as they allow students to work together to achieve a common goal. Given these educational benefits, we recommend that these online social tools should be used in learning environments.

The year 2020 witnessed several world transformations: from the new millennial of the 21st Century into the 4th Industrial Revolution, and now with the global pandemic of Covid-19. All these require educational transformations, especially in engineering. The challenging world requires new skills, particularly lifelong learning, complex problem solving and adaptability, the blurring systems of the 4th Industrial Revolution needs dynamic and integrated curriculum, and the global pandemic forces the extensive use of online learning. All these transformations, with respect to engineering education, requires the transformation of education from teacher-centered to student-centered learning (SCL), as outlined in the Outcome-Based Education (OBE). This paper systematically addresses how the transformation of engineering education can be achieved with effective implementation of SCL using a simple but just as powerful method, the Informal Cooperative Learning (ICL).

Critical thinking skills are one of essential employability skills for graduates when entering the workforce. The lack of critical thinking skills among Malaysian graduates is a concern as these skills are important for success in the 21st century. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effects of online reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) through Facebook discussion on students’ critical thinking. In this study, the online RPT approach in Facebook was used to nurture students to think critically. In RPT, the tutor role is switched between participants in each task, giving equal opportunities to all learners to benefit from the tutor and tutee role. This approach was integrated into their learning for 4 weeks to increase students' critical thinking. During the learning process, they need to involve in 4 critical thinking tasks based on Bloom's taxonomy. 29 undergraduate students from the school of education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities at Universiti Teknologi Malay...

This study examines the use of Facebook Markup Language (FBML) to design an e-learning model to facilitate teaching and learning in an academic setting. The qualitative research study presents a case study on how, Facebook is used to support collaborative activities in higher education. We used FBML to design an e-learning model called processes for e-learning resources in the Specialist Learning Resources Diploma (SLRD) program. Two groups drawn from the SLRD program were used; First were the participants in the treatment group and second in the control group. Statistical analysis in the form of a t-test was used to compare the dependent variables between the two groups. The findings show a difference in the mean score between the pre-test and the post-test for the treatment group (achievement, the skill, trends). Our findings suggest that the use of FBML can support collaborative knowledge creation and improved the academic achievement of participatns. The findings are expected to...

Students’ engagement is widely believed to be the single most significant predictor of persistence in learning process. It is generally reflected in active participation such as listening to presentation, expressing opinions, asking questions, and working on assignment. However, the idea of being embarrassed in front of peers and the feeling of being reluctant to disturb others can often be intimidating for many students and might prevent them to ask questions during class discussion. As the consequence, meaningful discussion that is expected to happen during the lesson oftentimes takes another form of side conversation such as whispering, note passing, and text messaging, the so-called backchanneling. In addition to this, the class size has also been generating another problem. The larger the class is, the greater challenges the teachers face to engage students in their learning. To address this issue, this research investigates how TodaysMeet, a digital backchannel chat platform, ...

Virtual laboratory (VLab) has been observed for its function for the merit of online course delivery. It is believed that the existence of VLab may enhance students’ academic achievements. However, the study which researches its impact on the students’ independence is still limited. This systematic review study aims to determine students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) on the use of VLab by implementing PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design). Further, we examined whether the strategies of SRL, such as cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, behavioral, and contextual strategies owned by students at higher education levels, increased because of leveraging the VLab. We identified 267 articles from Scopus and the Web of Science databases, then utilized the PRISMA guidelines to specify the 249 eligible articles. As a result, only 20 articles passed the criteria of the feasibility stage (1) higher education level, (2) informing online learning, (3) containing ...

Hosam F. El-Sofany 1 , Fayed FM Ghaleb 2 , Sameh S. Daoud 2 , Samir A. El- ... Seoud 3 , Ahmad M. Hasna 1 , and Jihad M. Jaam 1 ... 1Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Qatar university. 2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ain ...

This study is aimed at investigating lecturers' experience in using mobile phone in English teaching practice. Employing qualitative method using Creswell (2014), the study collected data through in-depth-interview and analyzed data through several steps including data preparation and organization, data reading, data coding, data description, data interpretation, and data presentation. The result of the study indicated that the lecturers mostly implemented MALL and utilized mobile phone for three main purposes, namely instructional need, content understanding development, and communication. However, it was found that problem of internet connection became a barrier to fully implement MALL in ELT.

Interactive whiteboard (IWB) use has been associated with increased student motivation, engagement, and achievement, though many studies ignore the role of the teacher in effecting those positive changes. The current study followed the practice of 28 high school science teachers as they integrated the IWB into their regular classroom activities. The extent of teachers’ adoption and integration fell along a continuum, from the technologically confident “early adopter” to the low-use “resistant adopter.” Patterns of use are explored by extracting data from representative teachers’ practice. Science-specific benefits of IWB use, barriers to integration, and lessons learned for professional development are discussed.

Over the past years the concept of role in distance education has become a promising construct for analysing and facilitating collaborative processes and outcomes. Designing effective collaborative learning processes is a complex task that can be supported by existing good practices formulated as pedagogical patterns or scripts. Over the past years, the research on technology enhanced learning has shown that collaborative scripts for learning act as mediating artefacts not only designing educational scenarios but also structuring and prescribing roles and activities. Conversely, existing learning systems are not able to provide dynamic role management in the definition and execution of collaborative scripts. This work proposes the application of Social Network Analysis in order to evaluate the expertise level of a learner when he/she is acting, with an assigned role, within the execution of a collaborative script. Semantic extensions to both IMS Learning Design and Information Packa...

Paramedical training field allows the integration of practical and theoretical knowledge, the mobilization of knowledge offers the possibility to test the skills necessary for the exercise of the profession. Nursing education is organized based on the principle of alternating between theoretical learning in classrooms, and practical learning in the form of simulation sessions in laboratories and internships in healthcare institutions. Indeed, through our article we study the relationship between these two teaching/learning practical methods applied in nursing and technical health professions students’ education. Our study is of the descriptive correlational type, we carried it out through a survey that we conducted with a sample of 289 students, using a questionnaire developed via the Google Forms platform; the data we collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics method, in frequencies and percentages, presented in the form of figures and simple and bi-variate (Contingen...

Virtual laboratory (VLab) has been observed for its function for the merit of online course delivery. It is believed that the existence of VLab may enhance students’ academic achievements. However, the study which researches its impact on the students’ independence is still limited. This systematic review study aims to determine students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) on the use of VLab by implementing PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design). Further, we examined whether the strategies of SRL, such as cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, behavioral, and contextual strategies owned by students at higher education levels, increased because of leveraging the VLab. We identified 267 articles from Scopus and the Web of Science databases, then utilized the PRISMA guidelines to specify the 249 eligible articles. As a result, only 20 articles passed the criteria of the feasibility stage (1) higher education level, (2) informing online learning, (3) containing ...

The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) will change the shape of education in the future completely, current classroom environment management, collaboration with teachers, and development of AI-based technology platforms. The intelligent adaptive transformation of learning and teaching in higher education required the emergence of all educational process structures. This paper presents a revolutionary educational process called AI-based learning, Which involves technologies within universities, cultures, practices, goals, and communities. This transformation reduces the gap between higher education’s outcome and industry’s needs, by producing lifelong learners. The proposed framework illustrates the full structure, the development steps, and the implementation benefits. The proposed framework also provides connections of scattered scientific research work in different related domains.  Using AI competency-based learning will let students achieve the course outcomes ...

This study is a comprehensive attempt to assess the impact of the cognitive skill of perception in the ability to comprehend a text. More specifically, it investigates the function of perception as a primary structure of the human brain to contact the world and examines the certain cognitive processes of perception that affect text comprehension. It is also presented the relation between cognitive perception and the linguistic approach of pragmatics in order the subject to comprehend the text. Perception is the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Pragmatics is the linguistic field that studies how people comprehend and produce speech or a text as a communicative act. Furthermore, it features the current scientific achievements on the ICTs processes and tools, which exploit the assessment of perception in text comprehension.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the conceptual framework for developing family-centered early interventions for the cognitive functions of 3 to 5-year-old children in Yasuj. Using the convenience sampling method, the researchers analyzed all the foreign and domestic studies conducted until 2018. Also, the snowball sampling method was used to select ten experts to evaluate the components. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis using Nvivo software. Data analysis revealed four organizing themes, including attention, memory, language, and executive functions. Seventeen basic themes that constituted the organizing themes were extracted to develop a family-centered intervention program for cognitive functions. The basic themes were maintaining attention, sustained attention, divided attention, focused and selective attention for the theme of the organizer of attention; visual, auditory and working memory for the theme of the organizer of the memory; expressive and receptive language for the theme of the language and basic themes of planning, emotional control, time management, flexibility, metacognition, response inhibition and organization for the theme of the organizer of executive functions. To validate the thematic model, the researchers designed a questionnaire and gave it to the second group of experts, and the coding reliability was confirmed by Holsti’s method. This package can pave the way for parents of at-risk children and children with developmental delays. It can also help enhance the cognitive functions of normal children.

as dificuldades de aprendizagem matemática constituem um campo bastante complexo e ainda relativamente pouco explorado. Pesquisas com síndromes associadas ao baixo desempenho matemático indicam que há diferentes perfis cognitivos subjacentes às dificuldades na matemática e nos mostram que nem toda dificuldade de aprendizagem matemática é originada da mesma maneira. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as características dos princípios da contagem numérica em dois estudantes: um com síndrome do X-Frágil (SXF) e outro com síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW). Foram feitas observações em sala de aula e no espaço escolar e investigaram-se os princípios numéricos em cinco situações matemáticas diferentes com intenção de observar os seguintes princípios numéricos: correspondência um a um, ordem constante, cardinalidade, abstração e irrelevância da ordem. Concluiu-se que o princípio da correspondência um a um (termo a termo) mostra-se em desenvolvimento mais lento do que nas crianças da mes...