FM

OBJECTIVE: Recently, new body indices, including body adiposity (BAI), a body shape (ABSI), and body roundness (BRI) indices have been developed to estimate adiposity. The aim of this study was to compare percent fat mass (%FM) with novel indices in an elite athlete population.
METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, %FM in 159 male and 50 female athletes using a four-component model was assessed. The %FM was compared with body mass index (BMI), BAI, ABSI, BRI, and with other %FM field methods (bioimpedance spectroscopy and skinfold prediction equation). These associations were determined using multilinear regression analysis, which resulted in predictive models of %FM in athletes. Cross-validation was performed using the prediction residual error sum of squares (PRESS) statistics method.
RESULTS: Although higher associations than other indices were observed, BRI still presented low coefficients of determination (men: R(2) = 0.36; women: R(2) = 0.25) when comparing with other field methods (R(2) range, 0.33-0.75). Using BAI as the independent variable, the R(2) was 0.07 for men and 0.14 for women. ABSI did not result in a significant association with %FM in women (R(2) = 0.05) while in men a significant association was found (R(2) = 0.22). The BMI model resulted in a R(2) = 0.20 for men and R(2) = 0.22 for women. Waist circumference and the sum of skinfolds were the anthropometric variables with the highest association with adiposity. New alternatives were presented with higher coefficients of determination (PRESS R(2) ranged from 0.47 to 0.71).
CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed body indices are limited in predicting %FM in elite athletes, particularly when compared with other commonly and readily available field methods like bioimpedance analysis or skinfold prediction models.

The new digital terrestrial television transmission signals use the OFDM system. This system has the fundamental problem that the peak power to average power ratio (PAPR) of the signal is significant. In this paper, a satellite communication system is proposed as a supplemental network for digital terrestrial broadcasting. It is shown that effective use of the satellite power becomes possible at a large PAPR by using the FM system with a constant signal envelope as the secondary modulation, so that the problem can be resolved. It is shown analytically that a larger FM gain can be obtained by limiting the peak voltage of the OFDM signal by clipping. The degradation of the BER caused by clipping is derived by simulation and the system is optimized with regard to the degree of clipping. Taking the size and operational cost of the receiving station into account, channel design is performed assuming a real satellite channel. The overall transmission characteristics such as the transmission capacity of the satellite repeater and the channel quality are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 74–84, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20385

Constructing new classes from existing ones by inheritance or subclassing is a characteristic feature of object-oriented development. Imposing semantic constraints on subclassing allows us to ensure that the behaviour of superclasses is preserved or refined in their subclasses. This paper defines a class refinement relation which captures these semantic constraints. The class refinement relation is based on algorithmic and data refinement supported by Refinement Calculus. Class refinement is generalized to interface refinement, which takes place when a change in user requirements causes interface changes of classes designed as refinements of other classes. We formalize the interface refinement relation and present rules for refinement of clients of the classes involved in this relation.

ABSTRACT Conventional electrical grid is transforming into smart grid—an evolutionary solution to satisfy rapidly emerging and vibrantly changing requirements of utilities and customers by intelligently leveraging telemetry concepts of instrumentation and control engineering in form of communication technology network infrastructure. The paper presents analogy of ‘smart grid’ to ‘industrial process’ and ‘communication technology infrastructure’ to ‘instrumentation telemetry’. Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI), monitoring and automation of substations, power network monitoring, Home Automation Network (HAN), Demand Response (DR) and integration of solar PV—have been identified as ‘Critical Applications’ and Reliability, Scalability, Interoperability, Congestion, Energy Efficiency, Latency and Security – have been identified as ‘Critical Parameters’. Review of recent works has been presented for each segment.