MAC

Among the family of pulse time modulation (PTM) techniques, square wave frequency modulation (SWFM) is particularly well suited to the transmission of high-quality wideband instrumentation and video signals such as MAC and high definition TV over optical fibres due to its attractive combination of performance and simplicity. This paper discusses aspects of SWFM and describes two experimental systems employing novel demodulators suitable for 5.5 MHz (PAL) and 12 MHz wide format MAC bandwidth systems respectively. >

Protecting passwords is now a big challenge because users want to do all types of work online via user-friendly devices such as mobile, tablets etc. Now, It is difficult to implement the secure heavy weight algorithms such as AES, RSA etc. in hardware constrained devices. It has been observed that users want all types of security services in an online public environment. Authentication is the first and foremost step to enhance security. Various applications are available for real time authentications such as keyless car entry and opening home-doors through security algorithms under remote keyless entry System (RKES). Now, it is the demand of the time to implement the lightweight security algorithms without compromising the security. In order to fulfill this challenge, this paper proposed a strong model for enhancing authentication security. In this work, strong authentication techniques are implemented with the light weight algorithms. This model received good comparison results.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are dense wireless networks of small, low-cost sensors, which collect and disseminate environmental data. WSNs facilitate monitoring and controlling of physical environments from remote locations with better accuracy. They have applications in a variety of fields such as environmental monitoring, military purposes and gathering sensing information in inhospitable locations. Sensor nodes have various energy and computational constraints because of their inexpensive nature and ad-hoc method of deployment. The main emphasis in this paper is to study the methods and techniques by which we can preserve more power by means of delaying ID conflict resolution until necessary in WSN. It has no requirement on apriori unique IDs of the sensor nodes, and is easy to integrate with the directed diffusion communication paradigm. In this thesis work, all the nodes in the WSN will be assigned using random ID and global ID assignment so that they will be uniquely identified in the WSN. These IDs are then treated as the network addresses of the nodes.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted a lot of interest over the last decade in wireless and mobile computing research community.  Applications of WSNs are numerous and growing, which range from indoor deployment scenarios in the home and office to outdoor deployment in adversary’s territory in a tactical battleground. However, due to distributed nature and their deployment in remote areas, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats that can adversely affect their performance. This problem is more critical if the network is deployed for some mission-critical applications such as in a tactical battlefield. Random failure of nodes is also very likely in real-life deployment scenarios. Due to resource constraints in the sensor nodes, traditional security mechanisms with large overhead of computation and communication are infeasible in WSNs. Design and implementation of secure WSNs is, therefore, a particularly challenging task. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the state of the art in security technologies for WSNs. It identifies various possible attacks at different layers of the communication protocol stack in a typical WSN and presents their possible countermeasures. A brief discussion on the future direction of research in WSN security is also included.

Bullet Point Summary:
• The community of Chinese people in Italy has grown rapidly in the past ten years. Official statistics indicate there are at least 320,794 Chinese citizens in Italy. Milan, in Northern Italy where COVID-19 first struck, has the largest Chinese population in Italy.
• Before there was a COVID-19 Coronavirus, there was and still is a tuberculosis global Pandemic, a Pandemic which presently kills someone approximately every 21 seconds — about 1.5 million or more in 2018 alone [ https://www.tballiance.org/why-new-tb-drugs/global-pandemic]. It is still treatable, but only if looked for and considered.  By 2013, Faccini et al reported in Emerging Infectious Diseases, an outbreak of tuberculosis, Beijing strain, in a primary school in Milan, Italy which was eventually traced to include 15 schoolchildren with active TB and 173 with latent infection.
• The coronavirus, AKA Covid-19, first appeared in Lombardy and Veneto. [See Map Figure 1]. Italy's first victim was a 76-year-old woman who was found dead at her home 50 km. (30 miles) south of Milan, in Lombardy, on Thursday, March 12, 2020 and tested positive for the coronavirus. A 78-year-old man died of the infection in a hospital near Padua, in Veneto, during the next evening.
• Traditionally, Italy has a low incidence of tuberculosis (TB); and in 2008, the incidence of notified cases was only 7.6/100,000 population. Yet even by 2009, in Milan, the largest urban area and the birthplace of Italian COVID-19, in Lombardy, the incidence climbed steeply to 20.44/100,000 population. By 2019, Cuomo et al attributed this to rising immigration patterns.
• With the sharp increase in tuberculosis statistics, the basis of what would happen to Northern Italy had been laid, the tripling of an “underlying” tubercular medical condition that could provide fertile grounds to foster a second pandemic pathogen. But what would happen next in Northern Italy was an event that no one could have foreseen.
• On January 22nd, 2020, Customs authorities from the Guardia di Finanza in the northern Italian city of Padua seized and burnt nearly 10 tons of Chinese pig meat, potentially infected with African swine fever. By the end of 2019, half of China’s swine herd —250 million pigs, were dead. Padua is located in the Veneto region of Italy. The coronavirus, AKA Covid-19, first appeared in Lombardy (Milan) and Veneto (Padua). Swine fever is deadly among pigs, though it poses no risk to humans.
• But if Italy thought it had incinerated its problems away by burning tainted Chinese pig meat, much of which probably originated from Wuhan’s vast pig reservoir, it had another thought coming. Now, infectious particles were circulating through the air of Northern Italy. Furthermore, if Swine fever posed no risk to humans, what did pose a risk is a common disease in pigs called Mycobacterium avium (AKA MAC or fowl tuberculosis), a non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM). In one study, the incidence of Mycobacterium avium (fowl tuberculosis) in a pig population was an astonishing 81%. As reported by some workers, M. avium isolates from swine represent a major threat to human beings. And the similarity of the IS1245 RFLP [restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)] patterns of the human and porcine isolates indicated a close genetic relatedness, suggesting that M. avium is transmitted between pigs and humans. Such M. avium infection can occur wherever the right “underlying pulmonary conditions” exist, which can be an event as simple as a childhood or reactivated tubercular infection, or merely tying up the lungs with an excess of dust or particulate matter.
• Thus, just before the event attributed to COVID-19 in Northern Italy began, a deadly combination of rising TB rates followed by the introduction of porcine [from pigs] M. avium [also called fowl tuberculosis] into the environment would eventually first bring the Italian Northern provinces, and then the entire peninsula to its knees. This precise series of events led to the Great Pandemic of 1918 at Fort Funston and the Chinese episode at Wuhan, a major player in China’s pig industry.
• Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) or mycobacterium avium is a poorly understood disease which fulfills almost all of those characteristic signs and symptoms attributed to the latest “novel” Coronavirus.  In general Mycobacterium avium is a milder disease then Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most common type of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infection that causes pulmonary disease in the United States are due to the group of bacteria in the M. avium complex (MAC).
• When it appears in the lungs, Mycobacterium avium favors an older population with an underlying condition. As with COVID-19, not all people with a nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infection such as M. avium need to be treated.  On the other hand, if it disseminates or spreads systemically, the patient can present with fever or high fever, diarrhea, fatigue, shortness of breath, chronic or recurrent sore throat and cough……….most of which have been reported in Coronavirus patients.
• Non-tubercular-mycobacteria (NTM) such as Mycobacterium avium can be asymptomatic or can cause symptoms similar to tuberculosis, such as cough, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.
• It is projected that the present Italian outbreak and outbreaks worldwide will follow the timetable of Yang’s Wuhan study, which describes an annual TB surge in Wuhan as being fueled by increased transmission in the winter; peaking in March, with a second smaller peak in September.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, “ad-hoc” network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e.g., disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas, including a summary of MANET’s characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future.

Este trabalho discute o Manifesto Anticolonialista, escrito em 1957. Tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de luta pela independência das colônias portuguesas na África através do referido Manifesto. Analisa o contexto que estava envolvido o continente africano e os impactos que o manifesto provocou na luta colonial.

Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.

Delay-sensitive video transmission over IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) is analyzed in a cross-layer optimization framework. The effect of delay constraint on the quality of received packets is studied by analyzing “expired-time packet discard rate”. Three analytical models are examined and it is shown that M/M/1 model is quite an adequate model for analyzing delay-limited applications such as

Abstract: Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system connected by mobile nodes with wireless links. Due to absence of infrastructure, MANET is used in various applications, such as battlefield, business applications, and remote areas. As, communication among the nodes is through the insecure wireless link, security is very important issue for this type of networks. MANET is vulnerable to attacks such as Black hole attack, Gray hole attack, wormhole attack, Sybil attack, and Route table modification attack. Which is based on cluster organization of network, this paper provides is approaches are detected and prevent the black hole attack over the MANET. Most of them use the properties of malicious activities of node and network during attack condition. These techniques are provides the efficient detection and prevention over MANET environment this techniques are limited to adopt a single problem of security from black hole detection.
Keywords: MANET, Black hole attack, MAC, AODV, QOS.
Title: A WEIGHTED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR IMPROVING MANET SECURITY
Author: Shirsty Chandel, Prof. Ashish Tiwari
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-120X (online), ISSN 2348-1196 (print)
Research Publish Journals

For next generation wireless networks, supporting quality of service (QoS) in multimedia application like
video, streaming and voice over IP is a necessary and critical requirement. Wireless Mesh Networking is
envisioned as a solution for next networks generation and a promising technology for supporting
multimedia application.
With decreasing the numbers of mesh clients, QoS will increase automatically. Several research are
focused to improve QoS in Wireless Mesh networks (WMNs), they try to improve a basics algorithm, like
routing protocols or one of example of canal access, but in moments it no sufficient to ensure a robust
solution to transport multimedia application over WMNs.
In this paper we propose an efficient routing algorithm for multimedia transmission in the mesh network
and an approach of QoS in the MAC layer for facilitated transport video over the network studied.

WLANs have become increasingly popular and
widely deployed. The MAC protocol is one of the
important technology of the WLAN and affects
communication efficiency directly. In this paper,
focusing on MAC protocol, we propose a novel
protocol that network nodes dynamically optimize
their backoff process to achieve high throughput
while supporting satisfied QoS. Distributed model
MAC protocol has an advantage that no
infrastructure such as access point is necessary. On
the other hand, total throughput decreases heavily
and cannot guarantee QoS under a high traffic load,
which needs to be improved. Through theoretical
analysis, we find that the average idle interval can
represent current network traffic load and can be
used together with estimated number of nodes for
setting optimal CW. Since necessary indexes can be
obtained through direct measurement from channel,
our scheme will not increase any added load to
networks, which makes our schemes simpler and
more effective. Through simulation comparison
with conventional method, we show that our
scheme can greatly enhance the throughput and the
QoS no matter the network is in saturated or nonsaturated case, while maintaining good fairness.

The biggest advantage of building “intelligence” into a sensor is that the sensor can process data before sending them to a data consumer. The kind of processing that is often needed is to aggregate the data into a more compact representation called an aggregate, and send the aggregate to the data consumer instead. The main security challenges to such a process are (1) to prevent Byzantine-corrupted data from rendering the final aggregate totally meaningless and (2) to provide end-to-end confidentiality between the data providers and the data consumer. This chapter surveys the state of the art in techniques for addressing these challenges.

Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.