Uwb

UWB systems based on impulse radio have the potential to provide very high data rates over short distances. In this paper, a new pulse shape is presented that satisfies the FCC spectral mask. Using this pulse, the link budget is calculated to quantify the relationship between data rate and distance. It is shown that UWB can be a good candidate for high rate transmission over short ranges, with the capability for reliably transmitting 100 Mbps over distances at about 10 meters.

Short-range wireless systems have recently gained a lot of attention to provide seamless, multimedia communications around a user-centric concept in so called Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology presents itself as a good candidate for the Physical Layer (PHY) of WPAN, both for high and low data rate applications. Many ongoing developments of Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) system concentrate mainly on the physical layer, without significant considerations being given to the medium access techniques especially for targeted ad-hoc networking scenarios. Here, we further refine the framework, the network challenges, and defines a global network cost function, which takes into account both physical, and network layers parameters to derive general guidelines for ad-hoc networks based on UWB technology.

В данной работе предлагаются три различные модели для описания диаграмм направленности TEM рупора в E-плоскости в сверхширокой полосе частот. Каждая из предлагаемых моделей различаются по точности, частотной полосе и по времени вычисления. Модели сравниваются между собой и с методом конечных элементов. Приведенные данные о полосе согласования по коэффициенту отражения позволяют сделать вывод, что наибольший интерес представляют исследования диаграммы направленности в границах этой полосы, от 1 до 15 ka. Предлагаемые модели вполне описывают изменение диаграммы направленности в E-плоскости во всей полосе согласования антенны и открывают новые возможности для оптимизации нерегулярного СШП TEM рупора по характеристикам диаграммы направленности.

A compact monopole micro strip rectangular patch antenna having truncated ground plane(TGP) with notches is presented in this paper. Ultra-wide band (UWB) patch antenna is feed by micro strip line feed. Parametric analysis have been conducted by designing the pair of notches on both patch and ground plane, analysis by varying the distance between rectangular radiating patch and truncated ground plane, at last by obtaining micro strip feedline position. Optimum results are observed when gap between the radiating patch and TGP is 1mm and for centered feeding of microstrip feedline. The obtained reflection coefficient is less than -10dB for a frequency range of 3.1GHz to 12 GHz. The proposed antenna has been designed on a FR4 substrate with dielectric constant єr = 4.4, loss tangent (tan δ) = 0.02. The radiation pattern is directional in E-plane and nearly omnidirectional in H-plane. Efficiency decreases at the higher frequency edge due to the lossy substrate and it is upto 70%. The UWB antenna is simulated using CAD FEKO 6.2 suit electromagnetic simulator using MoM (Method of Moment).

A wide variety of sensors have been used to attempt to most accurately calculate
the positions of UAV drones in swarms. Global Positioning System (GPS), Inertial
Measurement Unit (IMU), and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) are the most common and the
most reliable sensors that are used. This proposed fusion method uses a novel Double
Kalman Filter method to combine the data from these 3 sensors to most accurately
achieve cooperative positioning. In the simulation, we used 30 UAVs as a swarms to
verify the validity of the method. As the results shown, our method outperformed
several other methods.

This research presents the development of a self-governing mobile robot navigation system for indoor construction applications. This self-governing robot navigation system integrated robot control units, various positioning techniques including a dead-reckoning system, a UWB platform and motion sensors, with a BIM path planner solution. Various algorithms and error correction methods have been tested for all the employed sensors and other components to improve the positioning and navigation capability of the system. The research demonstrated that the path planner utilizing a BIM model as a navigation site map could effectively extract an efficient path for the robot, and could be executed in a real-time application for construction environments. Several navigation strategies with a mobile robot were tested with various combinations of localization sensors including wheel encoders, sonar/infrared/thermal proximity sensors, motion sensors, a digital compass, and UWB. The system successfully demonstrated the ability to plan an efficient path for robot's movement and properly navigate through the planned path to reach the specified destination in a complex indoor construction site. The findings can be adopted to several potential construction or manufacturing applications such as robotic material delivery, inspection, and onsite security.

This thesis evaluates the potential of Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio for wireless sensor network applications.

Wireless sensor networks are collections of small electronic devices composed of one or more sensors to acquire information on their environment, an energy source (typically a battery), a microcontroller to control the measurements, process the information and communicate with its peers, and a radio transceiver to enable these communications. They are used to regularly collect information within their deployment area, often for very long periods of time (up to several years). The large number of devices often considered, as well as the long deployment durations, makes any manual intervention complex and costly. Therefore, these networks must self-configure, and automatically adapt to changes in their electromagnetic environment (channel variations, interferers) and network topology modifications: some nodes may run out of energy, or suffer from a hardware failure.

Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio is a novel wireless technology that, thanks to its extremely large bandwidth, is more robust to frequency dependent propagation effects. Its impulsional nature makes it robust to multipath fading, as the short duration of the pulses leads most multipath components to arrive isolated. This technology should also enable high precision ranging through time of flight measurements, and operate at ultra low power levels.

The main challenge is to design a system that reaches the same or higher degree of energy savings as existing narrowband systems considering all the protocol layers.

As these radios are not yet widely available, the first part of this thesis presents Maximum Pulse Amplitude Estimation, a novel approach to symbol-level modeling of UWB-IR systems that enabled us to implement the first network simulator of devices compatible with the UWB physical layer of the IEEE 802.15.4A standard for wireless sensor networks.

In the second part of this thesis, WideMac, a novel ultra low power MAC protocol specifically designed for UWB-IR devices is presented. It uses asynchronous duty cycling of the radio transceiver to minimize the power consumption, combined with periodic beacon emissions so that devices can learn each other's wake-up patterns and exchange packets. After an analytical study of the protocol, the network simulation tool presented in the first part of the thesis is used to evaluate the performance of WideMac in a medical body area network application. It is compared to two narrowband and an FM-UWB solutions. The protocol stack parameters are optimized for each solution, and it is observed that WideMac combined to UWB-IR is a credible technology for such applications. Similar simulations, considering this time a static multi-hop network are performed. It is found that WideMac and UWB-IR perform as well as a mature and highly optimized narrowband solution (based on the WiseMAC ULP MAC protocol), despite the lack of clear channel assessment functionality on the UWB radio.

The last part of this thesis studies analytically a dual mode MAC protocol named WideMac-High Availability. It combines the Ultra Low PowerWideMac with the higher performance Aloha protocol, so that ultra low power consumption and hence long deployment times can be combined with high performance low latency communications when required by the application. The potential of this scheme is quantified, and it is proposed to adapt it to narrowband radio transceivers by combining WiseMAC and CSMA under the name WiseMAC-HA.

The demand for wireless wideband communications is rapidly increasing due to the need to support more users and to provide more information with higher data rates. Ultra wideband (UWB) technology based on the use of very narrow pulses on the order of nanoseconds, covering a very wide bandwidth in the frequency domain, could be a possible solution to this problem. UWB is a wireless technology developed to transfer data at high rates over very short distances at very low power densities and an area of immense current interest, with numerous potential applications. This paper presents the currently UWB technology and its potential applications. How this technology implemented without causing interference to other existing communication is also discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of this technology are looked into deep as well.

In this paper, on-body propagation modelling has been investigated applying various numerical computational techniques. Propagation measurements with body-worn antennas have been carried out at 2.4 GHz inside and outside an anechoic chamber respectively for narrowband communication channel characterisation. Both simulation and measurement results have been also obtained at the UWB (ultra wide-band) band.

—The presented paper exhibits a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed symmetrical staircase shaped, planar monopole Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna having dimensions 40x30x1.6mm 3 with 5GHz WLAN notch band characteristic. The staircase pattern in the radiating patch and the U-shaped slot resonator in the feed line are used to achieve the UWB and notch the 5GHz WLAN band, respectively. The proposed antenna has impedance bandwidth ranging from 2.84GHz-13.9GHz to cover UWB. Interference caused by WLAN band from 5.15GHz-5.35GHz and 5.725GHz-5.825GHz is notched effectively. The proposed antenna has been printed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. Keywords— CPW, monopole, staircase rectangular patch, notched band, ultra wide band (UWB)

Low noise amplifier is a crucial and essential component in RF receiver design. It amplifies the received weak RF signal with minimum noise contribution. Designing Low noise amplifier with CMOS technology is one of the important topics in research fields due to its advantages of low power, low cost and higher integration. Applications of LNA include WLAN, WSN and UWB applications. In this paper a detailed survey is provided for various LNA design techniques. The designed circuit is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software.

This paper discusses the design of a pyramidal horn antenna with high gain, light weight, linearly polarized, suppressed side lobes for UWB applications. The procedure is straightforward, and determines the physical dimensions of pyramidal horn that determine the performance of the antenna. The length, flare angle, aperture diameter of the pyramidal antenna is examined. These dimensions will determine the required characteristics such as impedance matching, radiation pattern of the antenna. The proposed antenna is simulated with commercially available packages such as Ansoft HFSS. The antenna gives decent gain of about 35 dB over operating range while delivering 4-13 GHz bandwidth.

In communication circuitry detection of ultra weak signals at reception end is delicate. In order to have precision performance and acceptable gain in ultra wide band frequency range the noise performance and power consumption for low noise amplifier is significant. Among different techniques, this paper presents the simulated result for a distributed low noise amplifier with four stage amplification to ensure minimum noise figure as well as low power consumption. The simulation work is based on TSMC 0.18μm process parameter.

Wideband noise cancelling LNAs reported in recent literature consume very large power because of the additional stages required for noise cancelling. This makes them inappropriate for portable applications. Based on this fact, the design of a low power, noise cancelling, wideband LNA is presented in this paper. To demonstrate the proposed circuit, novel use of popular current reuse LNA architecture in combination with the noise cancellation technique is presented. The current reuse architecture aids in obtaining necessary phase difference between signal and noise while providing power optimization. This paper presents detailed mathematical analysis of the modified input impedance, gain and noise figure. The proposed LNA is designed for UWB applications using 130 nm IBM CMOS process. The simulation results demonstrated 3 dB bandwidth of 2.35-9.37 GHz with maximum forward gain (S21) of 10.3 dB and achieved minimum noise figure (NF min ) of 3.68 dB. The simulated input referred third order intercept point (IIP 3 ) and 1 dB compression point (P1dB) are found to be −4 dBm and −12.55 dBm respectively. With a power supply of 1.3 V, the proposed circuit consumes 9.97 mW only.

In this article, a dual-band WLAN/ultrawideband (UWB) printed wide slot microstrip-fed antenna is presented for multi-input multi-output (MIMO)/diversity applications. The proposed antenna consists of a U-shaped patch, a T-shaped monopole path, and a pentagonal wide slot in the ground plane. The antenna is designed to cover both the WLAN (2.4-2.485 GHz) and UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz) ranges, with value of S 11 below À10 dB. The antenna is constructed on a FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 28 Â 28 Â 1 mm 3. It is shown that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for diversity polarization applications. The simulation results show that the different configurations of the antenna in the MIMO/diversity have good S-parameters over the operating frequency bands. The simulation and measured results of the proposed dual-band antenna as well as that of the MIMO/diversity antenna configuration agree well. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:461-465, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

A compact slotted Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antenna suitable for wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) dongle application is designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS14.0. Antenna design for USB dongle will be a challenging task due to its space constraint and it also needs to maintain good impedance and radiation performance across a wide operating bandwidth. Here this UWB antenna is designed by simply cutting notches and embedding slots in the patch in order to achieve multiple resonance having effective bandwidth of about 10.42 GHz (2.8 to 13.38GHz) with 3dBi of peak gain which covers operating band of WPAN using UWB. Gain is further enhanced by using electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure concepts. Overall size of UWB antenna is 11x15x0.8mm3 which is very suitable for USB Dongle device.

In this article, a dual-band WLAN/ultrawideband (UWB) printed wide slot microstrip-fed antenna is presented for multi-input multi-output (MIMO)/diversity applications. The proposed antenna consists of a U-shaped patch, a T-shaped monopole path, and a pentagonal wide slot in the ground plane. The antenna is designed to cover both the WLAN (2.4-2.485 GHz) and UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz) ranges, with value of S 11 below À10 dB. The antenna is constructed on a FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 28 Â 28 Â 1 mm 3 . It is shown that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for diversity polarization applications. The simulation results show that the different configurations of the antenna in the MIMO/diversity have good Sparameters over the operating frequency bands. The simulation and measured results of the proposed dual-band antenna as well as that of the MIMO/diversity antenna configuration agree well. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:461-465, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

Wideband noise cancelling LNAs reported in recent literature consume very large power because of the additional stages required for noise cancelling. This makes them inappropriate for portable applications. Based on this fact, the design of a low power, noise cancelling, wideband LNA is presented in this paper. To demonstrate the proposed circuit, novel use of popular current reuse LNA architecture in combination with the noise cancellation technique is presented. The current reuse architecture aids in obtaining necessary phase difference between signal and noise while providing power optimization. This paper presents detailed mathematical analysis of the modified input impedance, gain and noise figure. The proposed LNA is designed for UWB applications using 130 nm IBM CMOS process. The simulation results demonstrated 3 dB bandwidth of 2.35-9.37 GHz with maximum forward gain (S21) of 10.3 dB and achieved minimum noise figure (NF min ) of 3.68 dB. The simulated input referred third order intercept point (IIP 3 ) and 1 dB compression point (P1dB) are found to be −4 dBm and −12.55 dBm respectively. With a power supply of 1.3 V, the proposed circuit consumes 9.97 mW only.

In this paper a dual port microstrip antenna with tunable band pass filter is proposed for cognitive radio applications. In single port reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio, sensing and communication is done simultaneously. This can lead to failure of real time communication, also it may induce interference to primary user, dual antenna system solves this problem. The proposed antenna consist of one UWB microstrip antenna for sensing the holes in spectrum and other is communication antenna. Communication antenna is made tunable by using varacter diode in 'G' shaped DMS(defected microstrip structure) filter integrated in feedline.The sensing antenna is having UWB bandwidth from 3.4 GHz to 13.2 GHz and efficiency of more than 80%. The narrowband antenna has dual and triple operating frequencies which is tunable in the range of 4-5 GHz, 6-10 GHz and 10-11 GHz according to the biasing of varacterdiode. This antenna as efficiency more than 70%. .

The problem of synthesis and analysis of circular antenna array for the
azimuth scanning in ultra-wide band (more than 1:100) is considered. The review of
UWB radiators used as the elements of antenna arrays is given. The results of the
matching characteristics analysis of various modifications of TEM horns have been
obtained with the use of a numerical-analytical theory and FEM are given. Numerical
modeling of the matching characteristics of and radiation of a circular antenna array
of asymmetrical loop TEM horns as elements is done. Comparison of the results of
numerical simulation and physical experiment is conducted.

We present an ultra-wideband transceiver designed for ultra-low-power communication at sub-10 cm range. The transceiver operates at a 5.6 GHz carrier frequency, chosen to minimize path loss when using a 1 cm antenna, and can switch its architecture between self-synchronous rectification and low-IF to adapt its power consumption to the channel characteristic in real time. A low-power digital circuit exploits redundancy in the modulation scheme to provide a real-time BER estimate used to close the mode-switching loop. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS, the transceiver consumes 25 W when transmitting and 245 W when receiving in low-power mode, plus 45 W in the clock generator, and only requires an external antenna. Dual-mode operation allows range extension and mitigates interference.

A compact multiband‐notched printed ultra‐wideband (UWB) coplanar waveguide (CPW)‐fed slot antenna is presented. The band notched characteristic is achieved by creating quarter‐wavelength stubs in the ground plane. These stubs act as stop‐band filters along the feed line over certain narrow frequency bands. Addition of each stub to the antenna structure creates an extra independent notch band. Antenna with single, dual, triple, quadruple, and penta notch bands can be created by this technique. The notch bands can be chosen from practical frequency bands such as 3.5 GHz WiMAX, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz WLAN, 7.25–7.75 GHz for the downlink of X‐band satellite communication systems, and ITU at 8.2 GHz band all within the UWB range. Each of the notch bands can be tuned in frequency independently. The antenna has a small size (24 × 27 × 0.8 mm3), and almost stable omnidirectional radiation pattern. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulations.

Over the past few years Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology has taken the realms of communications circuit design to new levels. This paper demonstrates the design and simulation of a very high speed Flash Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) for UWB applications. The ADC was implemented in 90 nanometre (nm) CMOS design process. The converter works at an optimal sampling rate of 4.1 Gig-Samples per second (Gsps) for an 800 MHz input bandwidth corresponding to a 1V full scale reference. The converter has moderate linearity error tolerance of about ±1 LSB (62.5 mV) without use of any averaging techniques. The ADC works on a 1V supply and has an overall power consumption of 114 mW.

The performance of impulse radio is investigated for ultra-wideband (UWB) channels and orthogonal M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) in terms of the maximum achievable information rate, where the outputs of the M-ary correlation receiver implemented through the rake structure with conventional maximal ratio combining are subject to either soft or hard decisions. The major difference observed between the soft-and hard-output systems is that at low values of the mutual information the minimum information bit energy to noise ratio required for reliable communication increases with the constellation size for the hard-output systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that independent of the type of the output, achievable rates are considerably low at medium-to-large signalto-noise ratio (SNR) values in UWB channels compared to those in additive white Gaussian noise channels, as the frequencyselectivity of the UWB channel destroys the orthogonality of the transmitted PPM signals. Interference from other users and constellation size put additional constraints on the achievable rates at high SNR.

There is a growing interest for simultaneous identification and centimetre-resolution localization of multiple targets in indoor environments. A hybrid passive UHF/UWB RFID concept has been recently proposed that conciliates the potential from high resolution UWB impulse radio with the typical range from UHFRFID identification systems. This paper proposes a new planar antenna for hybrid passive tag systems, which operates both in the UHF-RFID band and in the FCC UWB band. The co-designed UHF andUWB antenna elements are printed back-to-back on each side of a common substrate with appropriate topology for future integrationwith a single UHF-UWBRFIDchip. Experimental tests have shown that both UHF-RFID and UWB performance of the hybrid antenna are comparable to available commercial solutions that work just on a single band. The antenna is adequate for lowcost mass production of hybrid passive tags. It aims at low-cost passive RFID systems combining the ability of item identification with precise tracking in indoor environments.

Five poles quarter-wave short-circuited stubs is designed and developed to support the ultra-wide band (UWB) applications. The filter, with a total size of 41 mm ϫ 12 mm operates within 2.7-9.83 GHz, produces a fractional bandwidth of greater than 100%. The filter is fabricated on RT/Duroid 5880 board with thickness of 0.508 mm. Measured results indicate that the filter, consisting of five short-circuited stubs, and a stepped impedance transmission line can cover up to 114% bandwidth within UWB frequency range with insertion loss (S21) better than 1.27 dB.

We propose a MAC protocol for very low radiated power (1 microwatt) ultra-wide band (UWB) mobile ad-hoc networks. Unlike traditional approaches, our protocol fully utilizes the specific nature of the physical layer of UWB. This makes it possible to realize a fully distributed protocol that reaches a reasonably high bit rate per source in spite of the low power. We use dynamic channel coding as an efficient way to adapt to varying channel conditions due to mobility and interference.

A novel bandpass filter (BPF) for an ultra-wideband (UWB) system is proposed in this letter. The BPF consists of four coplanar stripline (CPS)-to-microstrip transitions. Each transition is employed for broad electromagnetic (EM) coupling between a short-circuited CPS and an open-circuited microstrip line. The equivalent circuit model of the proposed geometry is derived and utilized in the impedance and mode matching analysis. Measured results show good agreement with the analysis and simulated ones.

characteristics measured for the input ports at bottom and top layer-the return losses for the input ports at the top layer reach almost 30 dB within the operational bandwidth. The measured differential phase response of the coupler is shown in Figure 9(a). As we can see the differential phase does not equal 90°; however, the characteristics are linear and can be equalized by adding sections of 50-⍀ transmission line [1, 7]. To achieve the constant 90°differential phase of the coupler two sections of the transmission line with electrical length of 7°at 2.5 GHz were added. The measured differential phase characteristics of the coupler with the phase correcting lines are shown in Figure 9(b). In this case the 90°phase shift between the signals at coupled and transmission ports is achieved and the phase deviation is less than 2°within a wide operational band. Figure 10(a) shows the manufactured coupler in which the compensating capacitive elements are shown, whereas Figure 10(b)-the coupler in which the additional phase correcting transmission lines are added. 4. CONCLUSIONS The capacitive compensation technique proposed recently by us to improve performance of the coupled-stripline circuits has been for the first time use in the design of multilayer microstrip couplers. The deteriorative influence of parasitic reactances related to the transition regions between coupled and signal lines was shown and a significant improvement of couplers' frequency characteristics by adding compensating shunt capacitances has been presented. Results of measurements of the designed compensated three-strip 3-dB directional coupler confirm usefulness of this technique in application to the design of high-performance multilayer microstrip-coupled-line asymmetric directional couplers. The elaborated high-performance 3-dB/90°microstrip directional coupler (its coupled-line structure etched from both sides of the thin dielectric laminate) can be easily mounted as SMD component to the main substrate, where a large microwave network is designed.

In this study, we present a new approach based on radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) for estimation of specific absorption rate (SAR) in 2D cylindrical human model with three layers. The simulation results obtained using RBFNN were compared with the FDTD results. The estimated local SAR values using RBFNN has proved to be an impressive approximation to the FDTD results.

A novel transparent ultra-wideband antenna for photovoltaic solar-panel integration and RF energy harvesting is proposed in this paper. Since the approval by the Federal Communications Committee (FCC) in 2002, much research has been undertaken on UWB technology, especially for wireless communications. However, in the last decade, UWB has also been proposed as a power harvester. In this paper, a transparent cone-top-tapered slot antenna covering the frequency range from 2.2 to 12.1 GHz is designed and fabricated to provide UWB communications whilst integrated onto solar panels as well as harvest electromagnetic waves from free space and convert them into electrical energy. The antenna when sandwiched between an a-Si solar panel and glass is able to demonstrate a quasi omni-directional pattern that is characteristic of a UWB. The antenna when connected to a 2.55-GHz rectifier is able to produce 18-mV dc in free space and 4.4-mV dc on glass for an input power of 10 dBm at a distance of 5 cm. Although the antenna presented in this paper is a UWB antenna, only an operating range of 2.49 to 2.58 GHz for power scavenging is possible due to the limitation of the narrowband rectifier used for the study.

An Ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna fed by a coplanar Waveguide (CPW) is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular shape box embedded with semicircle slot in the patch. It occupies a total area of 39×36.275 mm 2 . It provides a wide impedance bandwidth of 7.39 GHz ranging from 2.66 GHz to 10.05 GHz. The parametric studies are performed to understand the characteristics of proposed antenna. The details of proposed ultra-wideband are described. The various antenna parameters like Sparameters, current distribution and radiation pattern are studied. The proposed antenna is also suitable for WLAN/WiMAX/ UWB applications.

Four iterations of a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-Fed KOCH SNOWFLAKE fractal antenna are studied. Increasing the number of iterations allow us obtaining a simple and miniaturized antenna with good performances, operating for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications. The proposed antennas are a good solution for the 3.7-4.2GHZ C-Band, the 5.15-5.82 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and for the 5GHZ Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access system (WIMAX) applications. The simulation was performed in FEKO 6.3.

Next generation wireless communication system may be near filed magnetic induction Communication (NFMIC) which has major application in Body Area Network (BAN). Communication takes place in and around the body is called BAN. This Paper describes the working principle, power equation, its significance and application in NFMIC. It is compared with the other short range wireless technology such as B1uetooth, WLAN, UWB, ZigBee and RFID inside a BAN. This provides information how NFMIC is going to be next generation wireless communication.

Sensor radars (SRs) are important for a variety of applications requiring passive tracking of moving targets. The accuracy of passive tracking is severely degraded by wireless propagation impairments such as multipath, clutter, and non line-of-sight conditions, especially in indoor environments. These impairments can be alleviated by exploiting the multiple sensing and smart processing of radar signals. In this letter, we aim to illustrate the dependence of sensor topologies, waveform processing methods, and tracking algorithm parameters on SR performance. A case study involving both monostatic and multistatic ultra-wideband SRs for indoor environments is presented by jointly considering the wireless medium, ranging technique, and tracking algorithm.

Matching and radiation characteristics of a horn-lens TEM antenna are studied theoretically and experimentally in an ultra-wide frequency band. Theoretical results are obtained by means of electromagnetic modeling on the basis of the finite-element method. Antennas with different geometries of the lens and different methods of excitation of the TEM horn are considered. Direct excitation by a coaxial line and excitation with the use of a smooth transition from a coaxial line to a stripline are studied. The results of calculations are compared with experimental results.

Using an asymptotic solution to the 2D diffraction problem for the open end of a horn, the method transverse sections, and the results of the numerical analysis, a numerical-analytical model for matching of symmetric TEM horns is built. The finite element method is used to estimate the accuracy of this model. The model is used to find optimum values of the input and output characteristic impedances as well as the variation law of this impedance along the horn length optimal from the viewpoint of obtaining the minimum value of the low-frequency boundary of matching at a level of −10 dB for a semiinfinite frequency band. The finite element method is used to refine the values of the determined parameters. Matching characteristics of synthesized horns are compared with available results.

characteristics measured for the input ports at bottom and top layer-the return losses for the input ports at the top layer reach almost 30 dB within the operational bandwidth. The measured differential phase response of the coupler is shown in (a). As we can see the differential phase does not equal 90°; however, the characteristics are linear and can be equalized by adding sections of 50-⍀ transmission line [1,. To achieve the constant 90°differential phase of the coupler two sections of the transmission line with electrical length of 7°at 2.5 GHz were added.