Female entrepreneurship

An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, builds, owns, and runs a business; however, what else is involved in starting a new business venture? The United States cultivates a society of individualist outlooks, people that place their needs and the needs of their immediate family before others, which is a sharp contradiction to South Korea’s traditionally collectivist society, where individuals put the needs of the community, family, and their country before their personal needs.  With such differing outlooks, which culture is better at supporting entrepreneurs? This paper will explore possible differences between the cultures of the United States and South Korea in relation to social support for female entrepreneurs.

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

В статье на основе анализа базы данных на 1084 человека, созданной по «Справочным книгам о лицах, получивших купеческие свидетельства» по Москве и Петербургу, рассмотрен вопрос об экономической активности женщин, их стратегиях в бизнесе. Использование этого и других источников позволило дать ответы на вопрос о роли и влиянии предпринимательниц в промышленности и торговле крупнейших российских коммерческих центров – Москвы и Петербурга, где в 1860-е гг. было сосредоточено 45% общероссийского промышленного производства.

Moscow and St. Petersburg female entrepreneurs in the 1860s: the results of the analysis, based on ‘Reference Books on persons taking out guild certificates’

Summary: This article focuses on the results of the analysis of female merchant group (1,084 persons in total), based on ‘Reference Books on persons taking out guild certificates’ and offer a more detailed picture of the activities of those women, as well as the range of skills implicit to their managerial strategies. From the second half of the 1860s onwards, information on persons taking out guild certificates of right to engage in business activities was published in the two capital cities, Moscow and St. Petersburg, in the form of the so-called ‘Reference Books’. This source makes it possible to assess the role and influence of female entrepreneurs in the industry and trade of the biggest commercial centres of Russia.

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

Este caso relata el proceso de fundación y crecimiento de Central Frenos, una empresa del sector de mecánica ligera fundada por un mujer en Chile en la década del 80.  En casi 20 años la emprendedora logra transformar un local de venta de repuestos de frenos en una cadena de mas de 20 servitecas en todo el país.  Al final del caso de plantean interrograntes sobre el  estilo de liderazgo de la fundadora, de como alinear la estructura organizacional debido al crecimiento de la empresa y como continuar con el proceso de expansión.

Purpose–Many “Divas” despite possessing destructive character traits ironically become successful entrepreneurs thus illustrating an alternative “storied” social construction of entrepreneurship. This influences how female entrepreneurs are perceived in the popular press and can be manipulated as an alternative entrepreneurial reality. The purpose of this paper is to build upon research into entrepreneurial identity introducing the “Diva” concept.

Onlookers from outside the Middle East tend to view the region as an essentially hostile environment for women in non traditional roles. While this perspective may be valid in certain contexts, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) sets new standards of support for women in business ventures as it attempts to engage all its citizens in the economic and social development of this rapidly changing country. The present survey paper overviews for the international reader four key areas affecting the success of UAE female entrepreneurship: (1) the legislative attempts to enhance female entrepreneurial achievement; (2) the socio cultural realities constraining women in business ventures; (3) the impact of the UAE's strongly collectivist culture on business networking among women; (4) UAE women's motivation for entrepreneurial endeavor given the abundant options for more secure employment.

İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabı ile inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere reçete veriliyor. Adım adım ve yalın bir şekilde inovasyonun nasıl geliştirilebileceği konusunda önemli sırlar ortaya koyuluyor. Bu kitap, özellikle teknoloji odaklı inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere yapılan hataları da göstererek uygulama ortamı oluşturuyor. Yenilik ilkelerini verirken startupların ve hatta büyük kuruluşların anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme konusundaki donanımını artırıyor. 2000'den fazla başarılı yeniliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli içgörüler sağlıyor.
Bu kitabın anlatım tarzında özel bir algoritma uygulanarak anlamlı gruplar belirlendi. İnovasyon fırsatlarını belirlemek için firmaların iç ve dış büyüme parametreleri ve performans değerleri, rakiplerini de devreye alarak şekillendirildi. İnovasyon odaklı performansın artırılabilmesi, önemli değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi için özel ve hazır yol haritaları sunuldu. Endüstriler için de inovasyon modellerini teşhis edip yeni bir anlayış ve yöntem geliştirme imkânı sunuluyor.
Çevrimsel araştırmanın altyapısını vererek farklı ve anlamlı değişim ve dönüşümü düşündürüp kalıcı ve kullanışlı yollar uygulatarak kitabın ne kadar değerli olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Eğer kurumunuzda anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi inovasyon odaklı gerçekleştirmek isterseniz yenilik ilkelerinin detaylı olarak anlatıldığı İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabını okuyun.
Bu kitabın yazarlarından Larry Keeley'in tecrübelerinden yararlanmak büyük bir fırsat. Kendisi BusinessWeek tarafından inovasyon alanındaki dünya görüşünü ve paradigmaları değiştiren, yedi yenilik gurusundan biri olarak seçilmiş olup Doblin firmasının kurucusudur. Diğer yazarlar ile birlikte inovasyonun tasarlanması ve sürdürülebilir kılınması konusunda dünya çapında pek çok girişimciyi, yöneticiyi, şirketleri ve startupları etkilemiştir.

Early or Child marriage is a strong social custom, particularly for girls in Bangladesh. Most societies have standards that set a minimum age for marriage. But in many communities this age requirement is too low-especially for girls and does not take their psychological or physiological readiness for marriage into consideration. Actually, the vital reasons of early marriage and that's why impact of it's on among them are poverty, superstition, lack of social security, education and lack of awareness. For this kind of facts of it creates also impact on female's health. According to UNICEF report, " the State of the World's Children, 2009 " , " Early marriage is pervasive in Bangladesh, with 64 percent of girls married before age 18. Early pregnancy often results from child marriage; one-third of girls aged 15 to 19 in Bangladesh are currently either mothers or pregnant. " Although child marriage is prohibited legally, but incidences of child marriage through their impact of health are still happening in rural areas of Bangladesh. According to the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years for females in Bangladesh. Along with this Act of child marriage is punishable by law. The right to free and full consent to a marriage is recognized in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and in many subsequent human rights instruments. To prevent child marriage, a wide range of individuals and organizations need to create awareness among people why it's create devastating impact on women's health, particularly the poor. Especially, parents and government can play main role to reducing this kind of impact of through child marriage. An environment should be ensured where children get proper care and facility to grow up completely and properly.

For a long time, the woman was seen in the Old Testament as the temptress of man, seduced by the "primordial snake". She was allied with it, to bring the man to be unfaithful.

The victory that the "seducer" does not get on the man, crept wrongly obtained on the woman and the woman won an alliance with it for groped man.

The woman unfortunately and for a long time, has often been described and debased as the instrument of the "primordial snake", to push the man to sin.

Infidelity man thought therefore caused by women: the right, they said, is the one who resists the lure of woman.

If the right seemed to be the one who remained faithful to God in the trial, the woman seemed unable, from Eve onwards, to remain faithful to this the right was supposed to "go it alone on its way."

However, the woman dashed from the Holy Scriptures, would lose every perversity, every shadow: she's described as the faithful wife, a strong woman, the woman who saves and damns. Certainly the task of the woman emerging from the Old Testament, is different from that of man more than talk, listen; more than proclaim the Word, the hosts; rather than being an active part of the events, and assists them suffers.

The man is never alone, always at his side, or in front of or behind him, there is the shadow of a wife, a sister, a lover, a mother.

В статье на основе анализа базы данных на 299 чел., созданной на основе «Списка фабрикантам и заводчикам Российской империи» (1832) и «Именного списка всем вообще лицам, кои производят в Москве торговлю и промыслы и имеют у себя фабрики и заводы по свидетельствам» (1838), рассмотрен вопрос об экономической активности женщин, их стратегиях в бизнесе. Изучение этой многочисленной группы московских купчих-предпринимательниц позволило придти к выводу, что «купеческий» образец управления бизнесом (не только в промышленности, но и в торговле) был направлен на увеличение конкурентоспособности семейной фирмы путем оптимизации сложного переплетения личных взаимоотношений между членами семьи. В этом случае только наличие четкой иерархии в управлении давало возможность механизму действовать без сбоев.

Статья содержит результаты исследования предпринимательства женщин в России XIX века.В XIX столетии наблюдалось интенсивное развитие российского предпринимательства и расширение купеческого слоя. Организация предпринимательской деятельности в дореформенный период носила преимущественно династический (наследственный) характер. Рассмотрение сотен случаев приобщения женщин к предпринимательской деятельности показывает, что вначале в порядке исключения, а затем уже и привычно, начинают возникать ситуации, когда женщина была вынуждена фактически вставать во главе семейного бизнеса. К концу XIX в. женское предпринимательство стало играть важную роль в экономике. Результатом было появление слоя женщин, обладавших значительным личным богатством. Владение огромными капиталами влияло на трансформацию гендерных ролей женщин-предпринимателей, как в семейном, так и в общественном дискурсах. В последней трети столетия в рядах предпринимательской элиты имелась когорта женщин, стоявших во главе фирм и осуществлявших успешный менеджмент. Участие женщин-предпринимателей в экономической сфере достигло к рубежу XIX-XX вв. уровня от 10% до 20% и играло важную роль в модернизации России.

В статье Г.Н. Ульяновой, посвященной проблеме женского промышленного предпринимательства в XIX в., на основе анализа официальных массовых данных промышленной статистики по г. Москве (1814, 1832, 1853, 1871, 1890) сделан вывод о значимой роли женщин в экономическом пространстве. В первую очередь это было обусловлено законодательно оформленным правом раздельности собственности в браке, что давало женщине имущественную самостоятельность. Автор установила, что 1814 г. в Москве было 9 женщин-предпринимателей, в собственности которых имелось 11 фабрик, в 1832 г. – 35 предприятий (35 владелиц). В 1853 г. число таких фабрик возросло до 99 (97 владелиц), в 1871 г. - 79 фабрик (76 владелиц), в 1890 г. - 56 фабрик (54 владелицы). В статье обрисованы такие параметры женского предпринимательства, как отраслевая принадлежность и экономическая характеристика предприятий, социальный и этнический статус собственниц, а также представлены: информация по истории ряда предприятий, биографии их владелиц.

Galina Ulianova «Female Entrepreneurs in the Industrial Development of Nineteenth-century Moscow»

This paper review female entrepreneurship and socioeconomic development using the theoretical foundation of the social feminist theory (SFT) versus the theory of need of achievement with entrepreneurs' personality trait and intentions of the geographical perspective of Nigeria. The study adopted a self-administered questionnaire. The data set consists of 360 female entrepreneurs that are engaged in various business in Abia, Kano and Lagos state. These states were considered for the study based on the fact they are Nigeria commercial centres. The convenience sampling technique was employed to distinguish the female entrepreneurs who took part in the survey. The answer received from the questionnaire survey was analysed using Smart PLS due to the exploratory nature of this study, data analysis and interpretation was held out with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The analysis of the responses of respondents revealed that female entrepreneurship positively correlated with socioeconomic development. Explicitly, the personality trait of the female entrepreneurs correlated positively with socioeconomic development. Likewise, the result showed a positive and essential relationship between entrepreneurship intention and business growth. This suggests that the social feminist theory and theory of need of achievement foundation confirm that the female entrepreneurial personality traits and intention significantly affect socioeconomic development and business growth of the geographical areas of the study.

The subject of female entrepreneurship is rapidly gaining attention in emerging countries because of the claims of researchers that female entrepreneurs can make a significant contribution to economic and business development. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experience of female entrepreneurship in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region to extract the lessons learnt and to provide insights into the formulation of policies and recommendations to guide the development of female entrepreneurship. The research methodology employed for this paper is essentially a qualitative research design based on review and analyses of secondary data on female entrepreneurship sources from journal articles, reports prepared by professional firms, studies of entrepreneurship conducted by research organizations, and statistical data derived from surveys conducted by reputable organizations. The main finding is that female entrepreneurship is relatively vibrant in LAC as a whole but differences exist in the level of female entrepreneurship development among countries region. The value of this paper is that it identifies the most effective policies for promoting female entrepreneurship to support the goal of advancing female entrepreneurship in LAC and other similarly placed emerging countries. The development policies highlighting the key players are presented as a model which targets emerging countries.

This dissertation serves as a contribution to the existing research surrounding female entrepreneurship in the middle east, it offers a different approach to understanding the entrepreneurial journeys of women in the Middle East. Majority of preliminary research on the topic takes a quantitative approach, hence the researcher decided to conduct the research following a qualitative approach. Women have been able to describe their own individual experiences, by supplying their opinions and detailed stories. 10 women were interviewed, allowing the researcher to investigate and examine the factors encouraging and affecting them and explaining the mechanisms they explored in order to combat any drawbacks.
The findings of this analysis has suggested some of the factors encouraging them into entrepreneurship are; the desire to be self-sufficient, passion for the industry they are venturing into, the availability of family support in some cases and the desire to provide quality service provisions. Another factor was flexibility as being an entrepreneur gave them the opportunity to work at home with hours that suited them, especially those that had children. The findings also uncover some of the factors that somewhat impeded their journey. Upon analysis of the intricate details of each interview, gender cultural stereotypes seemed to have been a prominent issue majority of the women faced, which in turn affected some of the starter points of them venturing into entrepreneurship. A few of the women also disclosed some religious implications that impacted the content in which they shared, for those that were using social media, family was another issue raised for the more mature participants, as juggling being a parent and also fulfilling requirements for starting their businesses proved difficult for some of the women. An interesting find was discovered in regards to the demographic of the women as women who were younger had less negative experiences venturing into entrepreneurship and also all of them adopted social media to boost their entrepreneurial activities. Recommendations discussed women leveraging male partnerships to aid in business and combating gender cultural stigmatizations, another recommendation encouraged female empowerment initiatives and successful female entrepreneurs providing training and support for other women. Additionally, user paid advertisements to leverage the maximum benefits of social media were also suggested.

In business psychology, more than a dozen different definitions exist for the term personality.  Often when assessing personality within the confines of a US small business workplace setting, it is employee states and traits under inquiry not the small business owner themselves.  Modeled after and validated against the NEO PI-R 120-scales, which have also been translated successfully into Hindi is the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-120).  Unlike the NEO PI-R 120, the IPIP-120 is offered for public use under Creative Commons license.  Could female entrepreneurial personalities in the US and India be pre-evaluated consistently over time, as effectively as some Online personality- matching dating sites if such measurements were to be used to influence opinions about forming potentially life-long/generational legal international small business partnerships?  This literature review concluded yes.

This study aims to determine the impact of self-confidence on entrepreneurial intention among women.  The preliminary research reveals that self-confidence and self efficacy were often used interchangeably by researchers, uncovering a clear need for distinctions between the two terms.  To test the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between self-confidence and entrepreneurial intention, women of various backgrounds were asked to complete a self-confidence questionaire that was developed by modifying a self-confidence inventory. created by Shrauger and Schohn (1995) for college students along with the Entrepreneurial Intention Scale developed by, David Dunaetz, Ph.D and the author.  Participants were recruited from social media and 182 respondents were obtained.  Research revealed that there is a positive correlation between self-confidence and entrepreneurial intention.

ABSTRACT
“Tantra arose at a time when Buddhism was expanding the social inclusiveness of its constituency, teachings, and path to liberation. Monastic Buddhism was flourishing, but Tantra opened a new path for lay participation and initiative.
As one of the most spectacular systems that have been transmitted to us from ancient times, Tantra is assemblies of practical methods which guide the aspirant towards a spiritual state, making her overcome their own limitations that have been self-imposed in the process of the development of the personality.
From the point of view of sacred outlook, women are the embodiment of the principle of emptiness. Taking the form at face value in a substantial way causes the observer to miss the essential nature of the form. That is why the “Dakini” is a symbol. When we see the symbolic nature of the Dakini, there is fresh insight about the nature of all phenomena. For these reasons, my paper speaks of the "feminine," not of the "female." When Dakinis are spoken of as "female," mistakes can be made in interpretation. Beauty, harmony, health, self-confidence, wisdom, personal development, complete happiness, perfection, overwhelming fulfillment, great success in all aspects of life, wonderful couple-relationships etc. all are accomplished naturally on the way of becoming a perfect woman or, in Tantric words, a “Dakini” or genuine manifestation of Shakti! Before being a ‘somebody’ (whatever your desires are), a person has feminine within. Getting to realize this amazing gift will awake all the hidden potentialities this extraordinary condition hides! The paper will focus on the “feminine” in Buddhist Tantrism.”

Keywords: Tantra; Tantric Buddhism; Dakini; Feminine; Shakti; sacred; Symbol; fulfillment; Women

Four days after Christmas, on the 29 December 1773, Frà Giuseppe Agius recorded the news of the sudden death of a certain Teresin Francesa in his diary. Teresin used to sell embroideries and miscellaneous items next to the main door of the Law Court in Valletta. At first glance this one-line inscription may seem insignificant. However, a closer reading reveals succinct details on one of Valletta's eighteenth century female entrepreneurs.

Over the past 30 years, a great deal of research has been undertaken to enhance understanding of individual and organizational characteristics associated with entrepreneurship in general and women entrepreneurs in particular. As the scholarly study of female entrepreneurs and their businesses increases, a clearer understanding of women entrepreneurs and their businesses has begun to emerge. This paper contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by organizing the research stream about female entrepreneurs into several key areas, taking a critical and timely look at the key issues, and providing recommendations for addressing gaps in the literature.

Entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming the backbone of economic growth worldwide. Encouraging people to take entrepreneurial initiatives is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and empower people. In principle, there should be no difference between men and women. In practice, various factors restrict the ability of women to reach their full potential. Thus, this paper has addressed the issue of female entrepreneurship with special emphasis on the sociocultural context of developing countries. It has highlighted the barriers to women’s entrepreneurship and critical issues of women’s entrepreneurship in rural areas. A qualitative research approach was adopted to fulfill the research objectives. Study findings show that females are involved in trade, commerce, household factories, and agricultural activities. Also, they are dedicated, courageous, and bold to take risks to establish their businesses. Although they face social pressures to manage their household activities efficiently, they remain vigilant to work and become independent. Furthermore, the study show that different countries have various institutional characteristics which help to explain why some nations and ethnic groups are more entrepreneurial than others. Therefore, in a developing country, to be or not to be a woman entrepreneur is affected by various institutional aspects.

Female entrepreneurs around the world account for a large number of enterprises and contribute to economic growth and social cohesion. In spite of the significant role played by female owned business and the resources mapped out to develop and promote female entrepreneurship, female businesses die earlier than that of men. This study was to evaluate the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigerian socio-economic context using micro level data from Anambra State. The study adopted a mixed method approach by administering questionnaires and conducting focus group discussion. Based on McClelland’s need for achievement theory, the findings of the study showed that the female entrepreneurs in Nigeria operate in an unfavourable business environment ranging from poor infrastructural facilities, corrupt activities from government agents, low access to finance and government regulatory policies. Also due to socio-cultural influences, the female entrepreneurs face some level of discrimination and are not afforded the same opportunities as their male counterparts. Based on the findings, the paper recommends the need for government to improve financial inclusiveness in the economy especially among female entrepreneurs. 

Keywords: challenges, environment, entrepreneurship, Nigeria,
JEL Classification: B54, J17, O44

The present study examines how business actors participated in and influenced government decision-making regarding their own economic and political interests in early- nineteenth-century Finland. The research period is characterised by a major political change; Finland, previously the eastern part of Sweden, was incorporated in 1809 into the Russian Empire as an autonomous Grand Duchy after a war that arose out of European power politics. The beginning of the era of Russian rule signified several changes. For instance, the Diet of the Estates, which had been a traditional channel of political influence for business life under Swedish rule, did not convene between 1809 and 1863.

The study maintains that in the prevailing situation the system of submitting petitions and appeals took on more importance for Finnish business life. Petitions and appeals are seen as expressions of political activity through which the subjects – including business actors – could seek a variety of government favours. The petitions and appeals were formally addressed to the Russian Tsar, but in practice the majority were dealt by the highest national governmental body, the Imperial Senate of Finland. In order to illuminate how widely and for what purposes business actors used this channel of influence, the petitions and appeals received by the Senate’s Economic Department, which dealt with the routine of administration, are studied in nine reference years between 1810 and 1850. In addition, two committees that were appointed to consider economic questions provide further evidence for the findings of this study. An analysis of the use of petitioning and the committee system provides a better understanding of the ways by which business actors aimed to promote their interests in a regulated environment.

The study, which draw on a sample of 871 petitions and appeals and case studies of two committees, demonstrates that the representatives of the Finnish business life aimed to influence both major and minor matters through the above mentioned ways of contacting the top decision-makers: the scale could vary from privileges to produce soap in a small manufacture to issues involving large-scale business ventures and major legislative measures that would eventually change the development of whole segments of the economy. The study provides new insights into the development of business-government relations in the early part of the century and the transition from merchant to industrial capitalism, the gradual process of the diversification and internationalization of Finnish business life, female entrepreneurship and the birth of new industries.

RÉSUME
Mueller (2004) démontre que les intentions entrepreneuriales des femmes sont moindres que celles des hommes surtout dans les pays en voie de développement. Qu’en est-il dans un pays en économie de transition comme l’Égypte? Tout en relançant le questionnement de Mueller (2004), cette étude articule une comparaison sexuée et une approche genrée pour mieux comprendre le rôle des rapports hommes/femmes dans la formation de l’intention entrepreneuriale féminine dans une culture donnée. Grâce à une recherche quantitative menée en 2010 auprès de 320 étudiants égyptiens francophones au Caire, les auteurs ont pu démontrer que les étudiantes égyptiennes ont fortement le désir d’entreprendre et de concrétiser assez rapidement leur projet, qu’elles sont assez confiantes dans leurs compétences à créer et conscientes des obstacles qu’elles rencontreront. L’étude révèle également certaines ambivalences des projets entrepreneuriaux des jeunes égyptiennes liées aux rapports de genre. Notre étude complète ainsi les conclusions de Mueller (2004) et Langowitz et Minniti (2007). Nous pouvons arguer du fait que dans un pays en économie de transition, le déséquilibre des motivations entrepreneuriales des femmes et des hommes est limité.

Abstract- Female entrepreneurship is considered an important tool in enabling female empowerment and emancipation.  The main objective of this study is to investigate female undergraduate students’ attitudes toward and perceptions of entrepreneurship (Comparison Ethiopian Public and Private Universities). In the light of recent world events, this has become a crucial area to study and understand – especially with respect to, attitudes toward entrepreneur, motivations, constraints and consequences. The reason why final year female undergraduates are chosen for the current study is because they are at a period in their career development where they are considering different career routes and are therefore, a potential source of future female entrepreneurs. For research design; cross-sectional, descriptive and inferential designs study were used in the study. In the study both primary and secondary data were used. Pertaining to data analysis the researchers had used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques mainly descriptive analysis using percentages, tables and graphs deployed. While for inferential statistics like distribution based analysis for nominal data type, chi-square, and multi-regeration were used to test the statistically significant difference (independency) of variables, impacts of independent variables on dependent variable.

Building on a theoretical framework of integrated entrepreneurial competencies with substantial literature supported by Baron and Ensley (2006), Bartlett and Ghoshal (1997), Karra, Nelson and Tracey (2008), Man, Lau and Chan (2002), and McGregor et al. (2000), this study conceptually interpreted a framework of entrepreneurial competencies in microenterprises through conducting a multi-case qualitative method. By collecting and analyzing related documentation, reviewing literature, and observing researchers’ observations and participants involved the study identified six key entrepreneurial competencies in microenterprises i.e., opportunity exploration competencies, opportunity exploitation competencies, organizing competencies, strategic competencies, relationship competencies, and commitment competencies. As a result, the researchers provided the structure for further research for the practice and advancement of micro-entrepreneurship.

This study is a conceptual exploration of entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs
from disciplinary and methodological perspectives. It provides a holistic review of literate in
order to describe the current landscape of gender based research within entrepreneurship
filed with respect to entrepreneurial learning. The paper also aims to identify the
opportunities and new vistas for further research in relation to gender based research within
field of entrepreneurial learning. The conceptualisations from non-entrepreneurship studies
on learning of female entrepreneur view female entrepreneurs as an adult learner only hence
overlooking the role of entrepreneurial context in such learning. Studies from filed of
entrepreneurship has recognised the role of context and environment in regional and
geographical terms. This review suggests that there is meagre baseline knowledge of the
entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs and that qualitative researches are needed
in order to generate more grounded knowledge on the subject matter.

This essay argues that the exhortations and admonitions voiced in 1 Timothy, a highly rhetorical pseudonymous letter written in Paul’s name, that widows (i.e. unmarried) women attests to a concern with single women’s patronage of Christ assemblies, which the writing seeks to address by having them marry. The argument seeks to move beyond a common explanation that the epistle was occasioned by ascetical teachings in which women discovered in sexual continence freedom from traditional gender roles. It seeks to furnish a broader economic concern with widows through an historical exploration of the socio-economic status of women who were artisans in the imperial urban economy. It identifies the means by which women gained skill in trades, the roles they played in the ‘adaptive family’ in which tradespeople plied their trade often at economic levels of subsistence. New Testament texts point to artisan women, some of them probably widows, who played important roles of patronage and leadership in assemblies of Christ believers. By attending to levels of poverty in the urban empire, traditional views of the widows of 1 Timothy as wealthier women assigned to gender roles are seen in a new light through consideration of spouses accustomed to working alongside their husbands taking on businesses after they died. While the lives of these women are largely invisible, attention to benefactions of wealthy women to synagogues and associations gives insight into the lives of women acting independently in various kinds of social gatherings.

The objectification of women by society at large exists as a deeply-ingrained, millenia-long social norm, pervading nearly every area of prosaic life. Advertising employs objectification by way of pictorially defining the archetypal woman: who she is; what she is permitted to do; how she should feel; what clothing she should wear. By doing so, the marketing of women’s fashion has created an accepted standard definition of women. This case study of three women’s clothing firms – White House Black Market, Ann Taylor, and New York & Company – explores the potential shift in direction toward a modern form of objectification, that of objectification of women by women, versus objectification of women by men. These companies all state on their website’s info pages that they understand women, market as women to their women customers, and their clothing is intended to empower women. How do these firms redefine women’s purpose in life, in the family, in the career world? How has that purpose shifted from the mid-twentieth century? How have the items of clothing designed, relative to that new definition? How does women’s fashion now seek to positively objectify women toward the end of their empowerment and participation in society? What quantifiable data exist that seem to support the existence and potential success of this type of objectification in advertising women’s clothing to the segmented markets? Lastly, how can these – and other – firms who market women’s clothing further develop their strategies, store designs, and business practices to greater impact by way of competitive advantage? This paper seeks to explore these questions, to elucidate this new, modern form of objectification, and to substantiate its positive impact on women and on advertising.

ABstRACt the intention of this article is to identify the obstacles unique to female entrepreneurs in the tourism industry in Western Cape, south Africa. this is against the backdrop that in order to accelerate economic growth and development in south Africa, female entrepreneurs should also be considered as important vehicles that can bring about the necessary economic growth and development. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate in the SMME sector; specifically among women. This article used the qualitative deductive approach, utilising in-depth semi-structured interviews, which enabled the participants to disclose important information relating to the study. the data were analysed qualitatively using themes. For effect, this article also made use of content analysis because of its significance in qualitative studies.Three themes emerged from content analysis. These include demographic factors; socioeconomic factors and culture. The findings have shown primarily that the factors that impede female entrepreneurs differ from sector to sector. Within the Western Cape Tourism industry, specifically the accommodation sector, unique obstacles abound. While the authors acknowledge that the obstacles faced by female entrepreneurs are unique to this sector, they are equally mindful of the

This paper introduces a cross-cultural, interdisciplinary, and comparative study of how female entrepreneurship is patterned according to a society’s particular configuration of gendered institutions and ideologies. The islands of Puerto Rico, Martinique, and Barbados, colonized by Spain, France, and Britain respectively, exhibit strong differences in the incidence of female self employment and in local patterns of gender roles. Although these societies share a profound social history of sugar plantations and slave labor, their distinct colonial legacies have shaped important differences in the intensities and specific forms of patriarchal institutions and ideologies, differences that remain apparent in each island’s female workforce.