Socio-Economic Development

This SpringerBrief focuses on Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in the three basins in the Witwatersrand, South Africa. It provides a background to AMD and its impactsfrom a social science perspective.The South African government and non-governmental organizations’ response to AMD is  assessed, as well the socio-economic and developmental effects of AMD. This volume, which is based on the author’s Master’s dissertation at UNISA, involves  interviews with a range of experts in the field from government departments, environmental organisations  (activists), the private sector (mining), tourism sector and the agricultural
sector. The book discusses existing policy documents on AMD and provides recommendations in response to the many socio-economic impacts which have not been fully addressed. A literature  review on the global context of AMD is provided.

South  Africa’s water systems are already severely harmed by climate change, different forms of pollution, and poorly managed sanitation systems. For these reasons, the country is becoming increasingly water-stressed  and therefore, water will continue to become much scarcer in the future. As a result of AMD’s continued impact on South  Africa’s water systems, as a technical or scientific matter as well as the policy implications for the mining sector, water security and socio-economic sustainability has become a highly contested issue.

Even though this is a generally recognized that tourism development can positively effect on employment, income and education and impact the countries socio-economic development, the empirical research on the tourism development and socio-economic development are limited, specifically in case of state of AJ&K which largely depends upon tourism. The current research intends to add to the literature on tourism development and socio-economic development through empirical examining the connection among tourism development and socio-economic development in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. This research was based on social exchange theory. The data for this study was primary and collected through a questionnaire-based survey in three districts of AJ&K. The current study used SPSS version-21 for data analysis. The study used correlation and regression for analyzing data. This study findings confirmed that a considerable association exists among tourism development and socio-economic development in AJ&K, Pakistan. This research also validates the proposed tourism development and socio-economic development hypothesis. The present study increases the literature about tourism and socio-economic link, specifically for tourism dependent in AJ&K. The study findings are valuable for tourism officials, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and non-governmental organizations working for tourism development as well as economic development in AJ&K. Future researchers can base their research on the findings of this study. The current research is a primary data-based research conducted in a state which is having countless tourism potentials. The study is unique in the sense that to the best of authors’ knowledge it is probably the first of its nature in AJ&K.

The purpose of this paper is to initiate a debate about whether and how we can embed socioeconomic development in information technology (IT). The ICT4D research community has spent significant efforts on critically exploring, problematising and theorising how IT can challenge and often work against development. This paper takes a different approach by exploring if and how to embed development values in IT. The paper contributes by suggesting a concept of development by design, emphasising how to embed development throughout the design and lifecycle of IT. This concept's basis is socioeconomic development as reflected in notions of digital divides, including the values of access to IT, the relevance of IT, social inclusion through IT, and participation in digital innovation. Based on these values and inspired by ideas on how to embed values in IT, this paper also offers an early version of a framework of practice-oriented design principles. This framework can promote socioeconomic development in developing countries by ensuring values being implemented from the design and throughout its lifecycle of IT.

This article attempts to identify the relationship between the persistent polarisation of political opinions and diverse levels of social and economic development. The coexistence of these phenomena may indicate a barrier to inclusive economic development, which connects with the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development. A research aim was to test two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 (H1)—The increase in the spatial disparity of political support in Poland is persistent; and Hypothesis 2 (H2)—The spatial distribution of support for specific political options shows significant correlations with the distribution of social and economic growth. The study involves the following research methods implementation: desk research, intensity indicators and regression analysis. The results confirmed the persistence of spatial divisions in political support, whose distribution reflects to a large extent the diverse levels of social and economic development that exist. Two axes dividing Poland are identified, one between west and east and the other between urban and rural areas. The article connects with the international debate regarding “places that don’t matter” and the reasons behind the growing popularity of populist ideas in society.

The main purpose of this research is to identify and emphasize the potential for tourism with major focus on the development of sustainable or responsible dam site tourism correlated with pro-poor tourism at Maithon Dam, managed by Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), situated at West Bengal and Jharkhand border. Since DVC's major thrusts are concerned with flood control, water management and irrigation, recreational importance has been disregarded to a great extent although the dam site holds considerable prospects for pleasure tourism. Despite tourism industry being established at Maithon Dam site, the extreme seasonal character of tourism and inadequate infrastructural development of the region generates an uncongenial effect on the environment coupled with poverty issues among the local livelihoods. There is lack of tourism driven employment opportunities and insignificant local socioeconomic growth, hence attention is given to tourism as a vehicle for unlocking opportunities for the poor. Methodology employed is both descriptive and investigative while data were collected with the help of questionnaire from purposively selected samples of locals, tourists and visitors of the Dam site and its surroundings. Therefore the present paper analyses and justifies the latent tourism potentiality of the Maithon Dam site, effort being put on securing sustainability of tourism and empowerment of local livelihoods economically.

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ : The Gnassingbé clan has ruled the country since 1967. The demand for political alternance, initiated by institutional and electoral reforms, constituted the major contentious issue between the government and the challengers of the Gnassingbé regime throughout the survey period. An alliance of opposition parties and civil society groups organized peaceful demonstrations in opposition to the regime, which were often violently suppressed. Civil society organizations and representatives of the Christian church supported the demands of the opposition. The legislative elections of 20 December 2018, boycotted by the major opposition parties, resulted in an easy victory of the ruling party. The local elections, crucial for democratization at the grass-roots, but postponed time and again since 1987, were again postponed in December 2018 sine die. The human rights record of the government has improved but remains poor. Despite undeniable improvements to the framework and appearance of the regime's key institutions during the review period, democracy remains far from complete. However, the international community, notably Togo’s African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a ‘laissez-faire’ approach in the interests of regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum. Public investment in infrastructure (e.g. roads, harbour) and increases in agricultural productivity, notably of export crops, had been the key drivers of economic growth. However, growth remains vulnerable to external shocks and the climate and has not been inclusive. Positive growth was overshadowed by increasing inter-personal and regional inequality as well as an increase in extreme poverty. Moreover, money-laundering, illegal money transfers and trafficking grew alarmingly. The business climate improved considerably nevertheless. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  RÉSUMÉ:: Le clan Gnassingbé dirige le pays depuis 1967. La demande d'alternance politique, initiée par des réformes institutionnelles et électorales, a constitué le principal différend entre le gouvernement et les rivaux du régime de Gnassingbé tout au long de la période d'enquête. Une alliance de partis d'opposition et de groupes de la société civile a organisé des manifestations pacifiques contre le régime, qui ont souvent été réprimées avec violence. Les organisations de la société civile et les représentants de l'église chrétienne ont soutenu les revendications de l'opposition. Les élections législatives du 20 décembre 2018, boycottées par les principaux partis de l'opposition, ont permis une victoire facile du parti au pouvoir. Les élections locales, cruciales pour la démocratisation à la base, mais reportées à plusieurs reprises depuis 1987, ont été à nouveau reportées en décembre 2018 sine die. Le bilan du gouvernement en matière de droits de l'homme s'est amélioré mais reste médiocre. Malgré des améliorations indéniables du cadre et de l’apparence des principales institutions du régime au cours de la période considérée, la démocratie est loin d’être achevée. Cependant, la communauté internationale, notamment ses homologues africains du Togo, l’UA et la CEDEAO, a adopté une approche de «laisser-faire» dans l’intérêt de la stabilité régionale et de leurs intérêts nationaux face au Togo. La croissance économique est restée stable à environ 5% par an. Les investissements publics dans les infrastructures (par exemple, les routes et les ports) et l’augmentation de la productivité agricole, notamment des cultures d’exportation, ont été les principaux moteurs de la croissance économique. Cependant, la croissance reste vulnérable aux chocs extérieurs et au climat et n’a pas été inclusive. La croissance positive a été éclipsée par l'augmentation des inégalités interpersonnelles et régionales ainsi que par l'augmentation de l'extrême pauvreté. En outre, le blanchiment d’argent, les transferts d’argent illégal et le trafic se sont multipliés de manière alarmante. Le climat des affaires s’est néanmoins considérablement amélioré.

As a small village in a micro state, Marsaxlokk always depended on actions undertaken by the central government. Thus the development of Marsaxlokk is directly correlated with the development policies undertaken by government. This dissertation will try to shed light over how three policy areas have affected the day to day life of residents of Marsaxlokk and how these policies have shaped their future. Chapter 1 will help the reader better understand the Aim of the Study, the History of Marsaxlokk and the Methodology used. Chapter 2 will first analyse existent literature that better explains development and its many facets, then Housing, Education and Fisheries policies will be investigated. Chapter 3 will first present a study of the Demographic Changes in Marsaxlokk, then the three policies analysed in the previous chapter will be studied in relation to their relevance to the Marsaxlokk community. In Chapter 4, Evaluations, Conclusions and Recommendations will be made.

This Malayalam article attempts to make visible the phenomenon of housework, which has remained invisible in much of social life, social science discourse and policymaking. The secondary status accorded to housework and its implications for individuals, society and women as a group are analysed here. The significance of this at a national-international level, the necessity of including housework in national income accounting and the relevance of further studies in this area are touched upon.

Roti (Food) | Kapada (Clothing) | Makaan (Shelter)
These three are the basic rights of every citizen. The discrimination and exclusions in satisfying these basic necessities of life results in poverty. Design of interventions is complex due to the deep-rooted social structures, legal frameworks and national policies which have to be addressed if they are identified as constraints for poor people's livelihood.
In the past few decades, the concern for street vendors gained a lot of light. The conflict between them and the city official is never ending and needs to be resolved. This dissertation attempts to highlight the need for an inclusive infrastructure to safeguard the livelihood options of the urban poor and use design as a catalyst to help conceive new solutions that are mutually benefiting to all the stakeholders concerned.

This paper review female entrepreneurship and socioeconomic development using the theoretical foundation of the social feminist theory (SFT) versus the theory of need of achievement with entrepreneurs' personality trait and intentions of the geographical perspective of Nigeria. The study adopted a self-administered questionnaire. The data set consists of 360 female entrepreneurs that are engaged in various business in Abia, Kano and Lagos state. These states were considered for the study based on the fact they are Nigeria commercial centres. The convenience sampling technique was employed to distinguish the female entrepreneurs who took part in the survey. The answer received from the questionnaire survey was analysed using Smart PLS due to the exploratory nature of this study, data analysis and interpretation was held out with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The analysis of the responses of respondents revealed that female entrepreneurship positively correlated with socioeconomic development. Explicitly, the personality trait of the female entrepreneurs correlated positively with socioeconomic development. Likewise, the result showed a positive and essential relationship between entrepreneurship intention and business growth. This suggests that the social feminist theory and theory of need of achievement foundation confirm that the female entrepreneurial personality traits and intention significantly affect socioeconomic development and business growth of the geographical areas of the study.

The aim of this study is to investigate the image of municipalities and also to determine the things that give the city a positive image of the territory. Methodology: The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the ideas and paradigms that were developed in the works of leading domestic sociologists, cult urologists, economists, and marketers. The applied individual methods include comparative analysis, typology, classification method, questionnaire, method of analysis of social factors and events Results: The Program of socioeconomic development must be amended in the form of a subprogram for the formation of a positive image of the municipality of Chekhov, since today there are no projects or programs aimed at creating a positive image of the municipality to one degree or another, its popularization and perception among the local population and among tourists. Moreover, information support of the main assets of the municipality of Chekhov (information about the advantages of the territory, photographs and advertising leaflets) in social networks, the media, on the Internet, that is, marketing of historical and cultural heritage with a priority on the work of A.P. Chekhov Applications of this study: The formation of a favorable image is of fundamental importance primarily for residents of the municipality. It affects the creation and support of social optimism among the population, trust in the authorities and confidence in the future. Novelty of the study: The image of the municipality is formed from the priority elements of its structure and a set of certain factors of development and promotion of the territory. So, the novelty of this study is to asses this image in modern life.

Актуальность. В статье рассмотрены информационно-коммуникационные технологии как фактор политического, экономического и технологического влияния на мировое развитие. ИКТ предоставляют колоссальные возможности для научно-технологического развития, с одной стороны, через ускорение процессов получения результатов научных изысканий, на которые ранее требовались десятилетия и огромные инвестиционные ресурсы, а с другой – за счет расширения возможностей по обмену научно-технологической информацией. ИКТ стали основной причиной ускорения процессов имитации технологий, методов, товаров, смены приоритетов НИОКР от стремления получать новые фундаментальные знания, создавать новые базисные технологии и радикальные инновации к формированию системы, нацеленной на появление большого числа незначительных
инноваций на цикличной основе. ИКТ стали важнейшим источником накопления мирового технологического капитала. С 1980 по 2018 г. общее число заявок на выдачу патентов в сфере ИКТ составило почти 22,4% мирового объема заявок на выдачу патентов. Совокупное число заявок на выдачу патентов в сфере ИКТ в 1980–2018 гг. превысило 13,3 млн. ИКТ трансформируют целые отрасли экономики, позволяют получать значимый эффект с точки зрения эффективности функционирования предприятий и формировать новые рынки, предоставили дополнительные возможности для экономических агентов по доступу к инвестиционным ресурсам для развития или запуска новых проектов.
Цель исследования. Оценка влияния процессов развития ИКТ на мировое социально-экономическое и научно-технологическое развитие на долгосрочную перспективу.
Задачи исследования. Формирование базы знаний о развитии мирового технологического капитала, выявление и анализ ключевых процессов, особенностей, моделей и факторов развития
ИКТ в долгосрочном периоде, анализ влияния научно-технологического прогресса в сфере ИКТ, развитие технологического и человеческого капитала.
Результаты исследования. Исследование позволило выявить несколько важных тенденций мирового технологического развития в сфере ИКТ, которые могут быть использованы при формировании национальных стратегий и программ долгосрочного социально-экономического развития, программ поддержки развития ИКТ. Результаты исследования дают понимание о преимуществах ИКТ для развития национальных экономик, какие угрозы и риски связаны с применением ИКТ.

Relevance. The article considers information and communication technologies as a factor of political, economic and technological influence on world development. ICTs provide enormous opportunities
for scientific and technological development, on the one hand, by accelerating the processes of obtaining the results of scientific research, which previously required decades and huge investment resources, and on the other-by expanding opportunities for the exchange of scientific
and technological information. ICTs have become the main reason for accelerating the processes imitation of technologies, methods, goods, the processes of changing R&D priorities from the desire to acquire new fundamental knowledge and create new basic technologies and radical innovation to implement improving and pseudo-innovations.
ICTs have become the most important source of global technological capital accumulation. From 1980 to 2018, the total number of patent applications in the field of ICT amounted to almost 22,4% of the global volume of patent applications. The total number of patent applications
in the field of ICT in the period 1980–2018 exceeded 13,3 million. ICTs transform entire sectors of the economy, allow us to obtain a significant effect in terms of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises and form new markets, provided additional opportunities for economic agents to access investment resources for the development or launch
of new projects.
The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of ICT development processes on the global socio-economic, scientific and technological development in the long term.
The objectives of the research are to form a knowledge base on the development of global technological capital, identify and analyze key processes, features, models and factors of ICT development in the long term, analyze the impact of scientific and technological progress in the field of ICT, the development of technological and human capital.
The results of the study. The study revealed several important trends in the global technological development in the field of ICT, which can be used in the formation of national strategies and programs for long-term socio-economic development, programs to support the development of ICT. The results of the study provide an understanding of the advantages
of ICT for the development of national economies, what threat.

The Rule of law, for the purpose of this paper, limits arbitrary government power and ensures fairness, equality and justice in society. 1 Therefore no person or class of people is deemed above the law (as is still the case in many developing societies) and opportunities are not reserved for or usurped by the rich and powerful. Dr. Thomas Fuller 2 enunciated the point succinctly in 1733 such: "Be you never so high, the law is above you." The rule of law thus creates stability and order built on legal checks on government and the maturation of a society into realising the wisdom and benefits of limiting arbitrary power and embracing equality, fairness and justice. I specifically refer to the description of the rule of law set out by the United Nations: For the United Nations, the Rule of Law refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency. 3

Like many developed countries in the world, China currently faces many serious demographic challenges that pose a potential risk to the country’s socio-economic development and stability. The current demographic development and trend is characterized by a change in the reproductive behavior of the population, characterized by a decline in birth rates, a change in family behavior, and a shift in the value system. This paper is aimed at identifying the impact of population policy and the degree of its influence on both the economic and social system of the country. Based on a deterministic approach, the findings reveal and demonstrate the serious demographic challenges facing China, and we are noting that there is no guarantee that parametric adjustments, such as shifting the retirement age, will de facto ensure the financial health of the pension system by preventing bankruptcy. We point out the risks and prospects for the sustainability of China’s socio-economic development based on an analysis of past and current Chinese demographic policy.

Актуальность. В статье рассматривается роль информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ) как фактора социально-экономического и научно-технологического мирового развития
в долгосрочном периоде. Информационно-коммуникационные технологии оказали значительное влияние и на научно-технологическое развитие большинства стран. Так, ряд стран, используя результаты научно-технической революции, обеспечили технологическую базу для устойчивого экономического роста, развития национального человеческого и технологического капитала. Вместе с тем, с одной стороны, влияние ИКТ на социально-экономическое развитие в разных странах не было одинаковым, что связано со значительным числом разнообразных факторов, а с другой – широкое применение ИКТ в мировом масштабе обусловило проявление ряда негативных тенденций и рисков для устойчивого мирового развития и стабильности международной экономико-политической системы.
Целью исследования является оценка влияния ИКТ на мировое социально-экономическое развитие в долгосрочном периоде 1960–2019 гг.
Задачами исследования являются формирование массива данных о мировом социально-экономическом развитии и развитии ИКТ, выявление и анализ ключевых процессов, особенностей, факторов развития ИКТ в долгосрочном периоде, анализ влияния ИКТ на мировое социально-экономическое развитие.
Результаты исследования. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы как государственными структурами, так и научным сообществом при разработке государственных программ, национальных проектов и стратегий долгосрочного социально-экономического развития, они позволяют оценить преимущества, которые предоставляют ИКТ для развития национальных экономик, оценить их вклад ИКТ в экономический рост и влияние
на социально-экономическое развитие страны.

Relevance. The article discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a factor of socio-economic and scientific-technological world development in the long term. Information and communication technologies have also had a significant impact on the scientific and technological development of most countries. Thus, a number of countries, using the results of the scientific and technological revolution, have provided a technological base for sustainable economic growth, the development of national human and technological capital. At the same time, on the one hand, the impact of ICTs on socio-economic development in different countries was not the same, which is associated with a significant number of different factors, and on the other hand, the widespread use of ICTs on a global scale led to a number of negative trends and risks for sustainable global development and the stability of the international economic and political system.
The aim of the study is to assess the impact of ICT development on global socio-economic development in the long term 1960–2019.
The objectives of the research are the formation of an array of data on global socio-economic and ICT development, the identification and analysis of key processes, features and factors of ICT development in the long term, the analysis of the impact of ICT on global socio-economic development.
The results of the study. The results of the study can be used both by government agencies of executive power and the scientific community in the development of state programs, national projects and strategies for long-term socio-economic development, they allow us to assess the benefits that ICTs provide for the development of national economies, to assess their contribution of ICTs to economic growth and impact on the socio-economic development of the country.

Education is regarded as one of the major tools in the development process. Education can go a long way in the growth of productivity, promote employment avenues, better health etc. Education can improve the socio-economic development of a state or a region by providing skilled workforce, higher employment and also helps in reduction of poverty in the society. These in turn help in increasing per capita income, improve people’s status, reduce population growth, improve living standards, improve environmental quality and also help in the decision making of the people and thus help in attaining the broader objective of socio-economic development. This paper makes an attempt to examine the relationship between education and socio-economic development in India over the period 2008 to 2018. Education Development Index and Socio-Economic Development Index were developed on the basis of indicators taken under consideration to find out whether there exists any relationship between education and socio-economic development in India. A simple regression was conducted among them and the results shows that there exists a significant association between education and socio-economic development

This study is undertaken to investigate the impact of socioeconomic development on sustainable business development among small and medium scale business in Nigeria. The significance of socioeconomic development in achieving sustainable business development among small and medium scale business, especially in a developing country like Nigeria, cannot be overemphasized. This study employed a survey research design as data were elicited from the respondents who agreed to fill out the questionnaires. In this study, several socioeconomic development indicator variables such as Selfreliance in Development, Policy Delivery Mechanism, and Access to Health Facilities were employed among others. The findings elicited from this study revealed that socioeconomic development recorded a positive impact on sustainable business development among small and medium scale business in Nigeria.

This paper delivers a cohesive system dynamic model for the assessment of sustainable development indicators, which will assist to explore the alternative scenarios of access to market, human well-being, environmental degradation, pattern of energy consumption, environmental balance, sustainability, and quality of life. This model is developed through the interaction of three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and environment. This theoretical framework will help policy makers and decision makers for sustainable development planning of not only Nepal but also other countries. In addition, this model will create wider space for policy makers, professionals, academics, and researchers to analyze the interconnectedness of sustainable development indicators and their future prospects in the rest of the world.

The study assessed the extent of port contribution to the Calapan City development in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. It used descriptive research designed and involved 20 arrastre and PPA personnel, 5 ship managers, 10 truckers and 15 passengers who were purposively selected, came from Calapan City, represented significant contribution specifically using the port and could give knowledgeable information on port activities. It also utilized open-ended questionnaire and unstructured interviews. The study found out that Calapan City Port contributed to the development of the city in terms of agriculture and trade and industry to a very high extent. However, Calapan Port only contributed to the development of Calapan City in terms of tourism, education, health finance and power/energy and telecommunication only to a high extent. An accounted data on inbound and outbound of products, commodities and people who make use of the port for socioeconomic functions should be presented with due concern to the city government of Calapan so that a combined effort for further improvements of key areas should be undertaken jointly by Philippines Port Authority and the city's concerned agencies. A further and deeper study with due consideration of other Philippines Port Authority (PPA)-managed ports in Oriental Mindoro which cover various variables as contributions of local government units to port development, needed services by port users and PPA's organizational climate and culture should be undertaken by future researchers.

This study was purposed to establish the perception of adolescents on sexual and reproductive health services (SRH) in Chipata Township of Lusaka district in Zambia. The study focused on three main thematic areas, including; identification of factors leading to adolescents' taking up of sexual and reproductive health services; determination of barriers to accessing and utilizing SRH services among adolescents, and identification of the role of guardians/parents and health care providers in the access of SRH services by adolescents. As a case study analysis, the study used a qualitative research approach with purposive and convenient sampling as techniques in which 32 participants who were adolescents' boys and girls, health service providers and parents/guardians featured. Research instruments used included in-depth structured interviews. The data were analysed through thematic and content coding of emerging pertinent commonalities in views of participants. The study revealed that among the several factors which lead adolescents to access the sexual and reproductive health services were: fear of getting pregnant; postponement of early marriages, and finding someone to talk and to know more about sexuality. Contrariwise, among the key barriers to service accessibility were negative attitude by health service providers; lack of information on the services and their availability; long waiting hours and long distances to the health centers; lack of confidentiality among health service providers which lead to lack of trust; non-availability of most essential contraceptives in health centers (method mix); cultural norms which prevent adolescents from accessing contraceptives e.g. no sex before marriage and providers being adults only. The study further established that parents and health care service providers play critical roles such as providing and promoting SRH information and offer curative services respectively. The study recommends that government through the Ministry of Health should strengthen training programs in adolescent health for service providers; adolescents and young people should be involved in program planning, service delivery, and information dissemination; strengthening community structures for supportive environment and use of innovative approaches such as social media in delivering social and behavioral change communication (SBCC) rather than the traditional information, education and communication (IEC) materials.

This study aimed at exploring and examining the extent to which the Mwomboshi Dam Project impacted on the displaced residents' livelihood. It utilized a case study approach which incorporated a qualitative paradigm. Using purposive sampling technique, a total of fifty (50) participants out of the 402 displaced persons representing 72 homes were selected for the study to constitute a representative sample. Data were collected through semi-structured interview guides and subjected to content analysis in which recurrent themes and categories of information were identified and analysed. Three major themes were analysed and these were the actual effects of the displacement scheme on the residents, form of compensation given to the displaced residents, and whether government took interest in monitoring the welfare of the residents post their displacement. Firstly, results showed that displacement of the people resulted into their homelessness due to loss of land, inadequate land for cultivation, increased poverty due to cut off in their daily activities such as gardening, children drop out of school due to long distances from school. Secondly, it was also ascertained that the major form of compensation for the displaced persons was in monetary form and according to the participants, the amounts were not adequate to guarantee quality livelihood. Finally, findings further established that government officials responsible for resettlement schemes had never visited the displaced community since the inception of the project-not even through representatives. Therefore, based on these findings, the study recommended that before any such development project is implemented, people must be informed in advance so that sustainable alternatives devoid of excruciating impact can be sought. Government together with project owners must compensate victims adequately so as not to interfere with their daily livelihood and the form of compensation must be equal to the land lost. Government must also make sure that the condition of these people is closely monitored after the displacement has taken place as a hallmark of any meaningful development initiative.

Tribes are generally concentrated in heavily forested areas that combine inaccessibility with limited political or economic significance. 100 years back, the economy of most tribes was subsistence agriculture or hunting and gathering. Tribal members traded with outsiders for the few necessities they lacked, such as salt and iron. Improved communication, roads with motorized traffic, and more frequent government intention figured in the increased contact that tribal people had with outsiders. Tribe fared best where was little to induce non-tribals to settle; cash crops and commercial highways frequently signaled the dismemberment of the tribes. Merchants have long been a link to the outside world, but in the past, they were generally petty traders, and the contact they had with tribal people was transient. The stigma of the criminal label still follows them to this day. Many laws and regulations in various states prohibit certain communities of people from travelling; others must still register at police stations in the districts they pass through. This close association with authority makes nomadic tribes especially liable to suspicion when crimes actually occur. The percentage of DNTs in custody and under investigation is greatly disproportionate to their population.

Abstract
Contemporary notions of civil society are diverse, and debates around its fundamental role in enhancing the process of democratization in Eastern Europe, Africa and other parts of the developing world are the basis for its existence. Increasing political instability, unaccountable economic and management systems, corruption, asymmetric development, social injustice, authoritarian regime forms amongst others, have been the key areas of anxiety in many countries. This paper begins by tracing the emergence of civil society in Eastern Europe from the 1980s extending to Africa. It subscribes to the fact that civil society existed in Africa before colonialism, and that civil society formations were mostly captured under the voluntary sector which to some extent demonstrated some form of autonomy from the state. Civil society agenda during this period was apolitical. It was only when colonialism sets in and politicized the very existence of civil society formations that a growing political sensation started gaining grounds. However, the repressive measures of colonial administration silenced any form of civil society awakening. From the colonial era to that of independence under president Ahidjo, civil society was configured under same trade associations, agricultural work parties and the voluntary sector in general, with virtually no political activism. As a point of departure and anchored within the broad paradigm of civil society and Africa’s political activism, this paper intends to critically analyze some captivating elements surrounding the civil society of Cameroon. It starts by positioning the concept within the framework of Cameroon’s political transformation process and the actual role civil society played in attaining this objective.Acknowledging both the conformist and activist roles played by Cameroon civil society, this paper focuses more on the activist dimension of the concept.This paper contends that Cameroon civil society during the early 1990s was more vibrant and willing to exert pressure on the Biya regime for a pluralistic political system. During this period, political activism was crafted in what I have captioned ‘civilian group militancy.’Unlike then, current trends of civil society shows a relatively weak capacity and unwillingness to commit and unite as one force to challenge the incumbent regime. The paper asserts that the state, on its part has used all forms of machinery to render the civil society disjointed and divided in realizing its objective for change.The researcher has employed a qualitative method in analyzing data collected from primary and secondary sources, semi-structured interview session and views from direct and personal observation pertaining to the subject in question.

This paper reviews and analyzes government e-service delivery through Union Digital Centers (UDCs), being identified as telecenters. With the emergence of e-governance, e-services delivery has become expedited across different countries in the world including Bangladesh to foster socio-economic development. However, the
concept of ‘digital divide’ or ‘digital gap’ limits the ultimate success of e-delivery services by increasing the gap between rich and poor. In connection to the digital gap, literature evidence that telecenters have largely failed to reach targeted hardcore poor. This research has used a survey technique to collect data from 383 respondents
located at 14 different UDCs and seven divisions. The findings of the paper contemplate a positive response in terms of availability, cost, convenience, and delivery of services. Nevertheless, strengthening the approach of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) remains a necessity to reach the success goal in e-governance. This study would be particularly helpful for practitioners or government policy-making agencies to identify perceptions on
e-services at root level.

The study was conducted to find out how the establishment of Catholic Diocese had impacted positively or otherwise on the lives of the people in the Northern part of the Volta Region. The survey used research tools including questionnaire administration, interviews, personal observation and the review of related literature. The findings of the research showed a number of important issues. The study showed that the Diocese was vigorously pursuing programmes and projects such as in education, health, agriculture, and women's development. The research showed that the policies being pursued were also contributing to the poverty reduction programmes of the various District Assemblies in the Northern part of the Volta Region. The study concluded with some recommendations. Among the recommendations is the need to orientate and inculcate the concept of self-reliance in the people. It is important to indicate that for proper self-reliance, the Diocese must take local economic planning very seriously. This means there must be a re-thinking of the whole structure of the church. The Diocese can encourage all parishes to embark on a “green revolution” where more farms could be established and maintained. On education, it is highly recommended that the Diocese should come up with a 5-year strategic plan for the development of education in the Diocese. It became clear from the study that the process of reducing poverty in any community is not an easy task and so the Diocese having taken it upon itself to contribute to the reduction of poverty in the Northern part of the Volta Region would need the unflinching support of all stakeholders especially the District Assemblies in bringing about the needed change in the life of the people.

In this article the authors explore the current state of higher education in South Africa in an attempt to locate the study within the current socio-economic and political imperatives driven by the knowledge economy and a changing global environment.  The article is based largely on an examination of current education policy documents that address future developments in higher education in the South African context.  The key aim is to understand the trajectory that higher education in South Africa is taking to help millions of young people in South Africa (including those who are currently excluded from sought-after fields of study and training institutions) access those opportunities that are available and, in the process, to promote equity and redress, quality, development, democratization, academic freedom, institutional autonomy, effectiveness and efficiency, and public accountability.  The authors acknowledge that great strides have been taken in the country to make higher education a reality for many young people.

This paper investigates political violence and its socioeconomic consequences on the development of Bayelsa State particularly and Nigeria generally. To achieve this objective, the study uses both the primary and secondary sources of data collection. A sample of 294 respondents was selected and administered with questionnaire in each of the three Local Government Area selected in the three senatorial districts of Bayelsa State through the simple random sampling techniques. The data obtained from the respondents were manually analysed through Chi-square. The Frustration-aggression theory was used as the main theoretical framework for the study. The results of the study revealed that political violence discourages both local and foreign investment in Bayelsa State. Thus, political violence has serious implications on the socioeconomic development of Bayelsa State. Therefore, the study recommends among others that political leaders should play a role in building effective government through their constitutional duties and mandates.

In the course of the research it has been revealed that each country in the world most frequently provides support in the sphere of socio-economic development of territories among other areas of activity. Herewith, it has been established that a significant place in this direction also belongs to supporting the development of rural territories. The aim of the scientific article is a thorough study of key aspects concerning planning of the socio-economic development of territories on the example of European Union Member States with transition economy. The research methods such as comparison and grouping have been used to study the features of planning of socioeconomic development in the territories of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and the Czech Republic. Theoretical aspects of socio-economic development’s planning of territories have been considered. The practical aspects of socio-economic development’s planning of the territories of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and the Czech Republic have been analyzed, which are presented through such indicators as: average life expectancy; employment of the population; economically active population; number of enterprises actively engaged in activity; indicator of agricultural labor. According to the results of the studies conducted and the key takeaways of practical aspects of socio-economic development’s planning of territories,

A number of districts of different states (Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and Chhattisgarh) in India are affected by extremist movement in which Purulia district of West Bengal is important one where they claim to be fighting for the rights of the tribes in the forest belt. The group has tried to draw attention through committing several grisly murders, blowing up schools and railway tracks by triggering some explosions. They are engaged seditious activities in the remote and relatively inaccessible places of the district. In the remote areas, they are able to convince the poor, illiterate or less educated people for supporting them and blaming the administration for their under development. A careful geospatial investigation reveals that those blocks which are located very close to the Ayodhya Hill are more affected by the extremist activities (e.g. Balarampur-I, Arsha, Baghmundi Bundwan and Jhalda-I). It is very clear that the activities occurred near the hilly areas and in inaccessible terrain.

Insecurity in South Sudan and specifically in Twic East County of Jonglei State can be described as a thorn in the flesh because it has literally crippled the economy of the County in the recent past, almost bringing it to its deathbed. Despite numerous efforts to end the war in the county, the socioeconomic sphere continues to suffer, an impact of which is the deterioration of the living standards of the residents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the insecurity dynamics on socioeconomic development in Twic East County, Jonglei State, South Sudan. The specific objectives of this study are; To establish the analyzed of insecurity on the social well-being of the residents of Twic East County, to analyze the causes of insecurity, and finally to assess the effect of insecurity on the economic development of Twic East County; and this will be done using Karl Max Class Conflict theory and complemented by securitization theory. The qualitative data will be used to explain the concepts obtained by quantitative data. The information obtained will be presented using bar graphs. A total number of questionnaires were distributed among the respondents of Twic East county, Jonglei state, South Sudan. A return rate of 90% was achieved as out of the 201 questionnaires distributed ,180 were received from the respondents of Twic East county which represented 90% of data analysis as well as answering research questions formulated in chapter one are covered. The study has also filled a knowledge gap in terms of the role poverty and competition for resources play in projects sustainability of this security project in Twic East County. Ethnicity and ethnic hatred are critical to socioeconomic development. In conclusion, ethnic hatred are critical to SocioEconomic development. As such, the Government lacks the opportunity to decide on important aspects of the insecurity due to very many international bodies involved. Furthermore, disarmament has a positive and significant effect on reconciliation most especially when conducted on environment that has accuracy and not biased before and during the process. On a geographical dimension, this study was primarily limited to Twic East County, Jonglei State, South Sudan. Therefore, it may not be appropriate to generalize to the whole population of insecurity in this county or any other county. For this reason, further empirical investigations in different Counties are needed. As such, further research need to be carried out to establish what other factors contribute to implementation of insecurity dynamics on reconciliation in south Sudan as a country

Существует проблема определения уровня валютного курса, оптимального для обеспечения целей экономического развития страны. Для экономики России, ориентированной на экспорт, манипулирование валютным курсом играет колоссальную поль в определении структуры национальной экономики, создания условий, благоприятных для развития одних отраслей, роковых для других. Вокруг определения оптимального уровня валютного курса велась и ведется ожесточенная борьба партий, имеющая плследствия не только для перспектив развития определенных экономических отраслей, но и для благосостояния и политического представительства определенных слоев населения. Цель данной статьи - обобщить эти последствия, экстраполяция этих выводов представляет интерес для любой страны, имеющей экспортно-ориентированную экономику.

In an attempt to search the role of Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in rural poverty alleviation in Sri Lanka this study evaluates the impact of livelihood interventions under Ultra Poor Program (UPP) of Berendina Development Services (BDS) in improving the living conditions and reducing the poverty of project beneficiary households (BHHs). The contribution of NGOs in alleviating poverty remains only partial and is contested. Conforming to the debate, in helping the poor climb out of poverty for example, NGOs now have developed various strategies focusing the demand-side approach by initiating the development programs or projects. In line with this international trend, Berendina Development Services, Sri Lanka has implemented livelihood development interventions for 43 selected poor families in Dehiovita Divisional secretariat in 2013 following the baseline survey carried out during 2012. To assess the impact of program primary data was collected from a sample household survey of 36 BHHs in Dehiovita Divisional Secretariat. Qualitative data were collected from case studies. Impact variables included degree of livelihood diversification; changes of four forms of assets (financial, physical, human & social) and material stile of life; net revenue from livelihood interventions proposed. The study evidences to suggest that BDS livelihood interventions have been able to reach the poor in rural areas: deprived people and other marginal groups and increased their family income level by Rs. 3,138.89 per month due to such interventions. The provision of livelihood assistance by BDS caused to increase the degree of diversification of livelihood strategies among BHHs. However, income flow is not regular from some of the project related activities due to internal & external shocks in which situation may leads to limit the sustainability of the success. However overall quality of life did not show much improvement as quality of housing, investment on children’s education & community participation have not shown any significant improvement during the project period. On the base of these findings, it can be concluded that while BDS livelihood interventions are very reasonable to help the poor to exit from the poverty trap, it tends not to alleviate poverty. However incorporation of elements of advocacy into the project design would have delivered much better results which should be an area of concern in future poverty alleviation endeavors.

In the context of urbanization and expanding markets for agricultural products, the prospects for smallholder farming systems to contribute to development across sub-Saharan Africa is particularly relevant today. Despite scepticism among some, arguments in the literature point to potential productivity, inclusion and multiplier non-farm growth benefits arising from the development of small-farming systems. This research investigates such viewpoints by categorizing countries according to whether national agriculture is small-farm dominated
or large-farm dominated and looking at variables dependent on relevant socio-economic phenomena. Findings indicate small-farming countries have performed better in improving levels of productivity, reducing poverty and advancing structural transformation in the period
in question. Findings are robust to the effects of differing levels of rural investment. However, sample sizes and the nature of data collection in a context of scarcity limits the capacity to generalize findings. Although the research finds small-farming countries outperform large-farming countries in progress across these variables, bivariate analysis does not establish that linkages from agricultural development to first, poverty reduction and, second, structural transformation are stronger in small-farming contexts. Overall, findings show that possessing an agricultural sector dominated by smallholdings is no impediment to making progress across key indicators of social and economic development. Consequently, reflection on the merits of public expenditure to support smallholder models and opportunities to leverage private finance in smallholder farming are emphasized. Further, the scope for integration
of small- and large-farming models in mutually beneficial arrangements can be a useful complement to mechanisms that support exclusively smallholder farming models.

In the book explored the processes of formation, development and smoothing system contradictions in social systems. Using the methodology of general systems theory and the theory of self-organization, the author analyzes based on actual and theoretical generalization of the material manifestations of systemic patterns of interests, needs and contradictions in the Russian Federation.
Монография посвящена изучению процессов формирования, развития и сглаживания системных противоречий в социальных системах. Используя методологию общей теории систем и теории самоорганизации, автор анализирует на основе обобщения  фактического и теоретического материала закономерности проявления системных интересов, потребностей и противоречий на современном этапе развития Российской Федерации. Издание рассчитано на работников органов государственного и муниципального управления, преподавателей высшей школы, аспирантов и студентов вузов.

The socio-economic situation in Crimea has changed under the influence of the
political events of 2014. One of the key economy sectors, the effective functioning of
which is necessary for the sustainable development of the region, is trade. In this
regard, the research is dealt with the trade of Crimea and its role in the socio-economic
development of the region. The results have shown that in 2014–2017 the internal trade
of the region demonstrated higher development rates than in 2010–2013. The slight
slowdown in trade development in general is solely due to the decrease in foreign trade,
which, in turn, is partly due to a change in the settlement procedure, as well as to the
overall Russian policy of import substitution. Thus, despite certain difficulties that are
still typical for the trade of Crimea, the main problems of the industry have been solved
currently or continue to be solved through state regulation measures. Further
development of the trade industry will contribute to the improvement of the socioeconomic
situation in the region and the well-being of its residents

The study examines how changes in the landuse and landcover of the Nigerian portion of the Lake Chad affect socioeconomic activities of the inhabitants of Lake Chad that is, the fishermen, farmers, cattle headers and water transporters. Abadam and Kukawa Local Government areas were sampled from all the other LGAs that share their boundaries with the lake for this study. The seasonal behavior of the Lake Chad results into seasonal changes in the lake's landuse and landcover. Structured questionnaire was administered to 270 respondents in the two LGAs. An oral interview was also conducted to generate more information to compliment those in the questionnaire. The results of the study show that the changes in the behavior of the Lake Chad control the socioeconomic activities of those that rely on the Lake Chad for their survival. These changes bring about migration and switching of occupation by those who rely on the lake. The study concludes and recommends that, the current effort to recharge the lake by LCBC through River Oubangui in Central Africa should be sustained so that the lake can recover to its former size and landcover. Recharging the Lake Chad will boast fishing and agricultural activities on a commercial scale.

The article discusses the methodological approaches to assessing the socioeconomic development of the region. Methodical approaches to the formation of economic and social programs, as a tool for strategic management of the region's development, should be adequate to its goals, taking into account regional peculiarities, and first of all, aimed at solving specific problems relevant to a particular region.

ÖZ
Yerel yönetimler, yerel ölçekte yerel halkın ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan kurumların başında gelir. Yerel yönetimlerin temel görev alanı yerelde yaşayan insanların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktır. Ancak küresel bir köye dönüşen dünyada yerel yönetimlerin, küresel düzeyde de adından söz ettirebileceği faaliyetlerinin olduğu görülmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi film platolarıdır. Bu film platoları, film endüstrisi için yerel düzeyde kurulan uluslararası alanda faaliyet gösterebilen yapay yaşam alanlarıdır. Bu platoların bulunduğu bölgede yaşayan insanların, kentin fiziksel alanını ve sosyo-ekonomik yapısını derinden etkileyen bir niteliği bulunmaktadır. İstanbul ilinde Büyükçekmece Belediyesi sınırları içinde inşası devam eden ve dünyanın üçüncü büyük film platosu olacağı öngörülen " Midwood " adı verilen projenin o bölgede yaşayan insanlara, yerel yönetim birimlerine sosyo-ekonomik katkısı olacağı ve bölgenin tanıtımına büyük faydası olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma kapsamında öncelikle yerel yönetimlerin sosyo-ekonomik açıdan geliştirilmesinde film platolarının rolü olgusu, Büyükçekmece'de inşaatı devam eden " Midwood Projesi " üzerinden irdelenecektir. Çalışma kapsamında Proje sorumlusu Ahmet SAN ile röportaj gerçekleştirilmiştir.

ABSTRACT
Local governments are the leading institutions that meet local needs at the local level. Their main task is to meet the needs of local people. However, it is seen that there are activities in which local governments can be mentioned at a global scale in this globalized village called earth. One of them is the film studios. The film studios are artificial living spaces founded at the local level for the film industry, and they can operate on an international level. People living in the places where these studios are located have a deeply influential role in the socio-economic and physical structure of the city. It is thought that the project named “Midwood”, which is being built within Büyükçekmece Municipality in Istanbul, Turkey and will be the third largest film studio complex in the world, will contribute to the local people and local governments in that region in a socio-economic manner, as well as to the advertisement of the region. In this context, the role of the film studios in the socio-economical development of the local governments will be examined through the “Midwood Project” which is under construction in Büyükçekmece. Within the scope of the study, an interview was conducted with Ahmet SAN, the project manager.