Fertility Rate

2 Abstract: The present study was designed to study the effect of different growing media (clay, composted leaves and sand + composted leaves (1: 1 v/v) and fertilizer rates of mineral NPK (19: 19: 19) at 0.0, 2.5, 5 g / plant and their combined effect on the vegetative growth, flowering qualities, bulbs production and chemical constituents of leaves of

The fertilization and activation of fishoocytes are vital, but unfortunatelyoverlooked, processes in fisheries research.This paper sets out to review our presentunderstanding of these important events inteleost fish and, drawing comparisons withmammalian research, to highlight areas in whichresearch effort is urgently required. Presently, the commercial culture of manyimportant freshwater, but especially marine,teleosts is beset by problems associated withfertilization, hatching and early embryonicdevelopment. These problems have beenparticularly acute in certain species leadingto the application of spawning inductiontechnologies in an effort to optimizeproduction. Increased knowledge of theprocesses of egg activation and fertilizationin these groups of fish is likely to makesignificant contribution to commercialaquaculture. Studies of a wide variety ofanimal and plant species has demonstrated thatdevelopment at fertilization is triggered by anincrease in intracellular Ca2+concentration within the egg that occurs aseither a single transient or a series ofdistinctive oscillations depending upon thespecies under investigation. This increase inintracellular Ca2+ activates the egg andalso appears to play an important role in laterembryonic development. Teleost reproductivestrategies and more importantly, teleostoocytes and spermatozoa, exhibit a remarkablevariety of adaptations. Currently, studies ofegg activation in teleosts are confined tolaboratory species such as medaka Oryziaslatipes and zebrafish Brachydanio rerio.Nevertheless, even between these two species,although an increase in intracellular Ca2+appears to be the trigger in both cases, themechanism of Ca2+ release may be quitedifferent. Activation in medaka is initiatedonly through direct contact with conspecificsperm, suggesting the involvement of asperm-specific factor, while zebrafish eggsappear to require only contact with theexternal spawning medium. In view of the highlyvariable fertility rates evident in manycommercially cultured teleosts, it could bevery rewarding to investigate the mechanism ofegg activation in representative teleost groupsusing the findings and theories emerging fromother animal groups as a starting point. Inorder to successfully conduct such aninvestigation, it will be necessary to employ acombination of physiological, molecular andrecombinant approaches.

All intrauterine devices (IUDs) that have been tested experimentally or clinically induce a local inflammatory reaction of the endometrium whose cellular and humoral components are expressed in the tissue and the fluid filling the uterine cavity. Depending on the reproductive strategy of the species considered and the anatomical features and physiologic mechanisms that characterize their reproductive system, the secondary consequences of this foreign body reaction can be very localized within the uterus, as in the rabbit, or widespread throughout the entire genital tract as in women or even systemic as in some farm animals. Levonorgestrel released from an IUD causes some systemic effects, but local effects such as glandular atrophy and stromal decidualization, in addition to the foreign body reaction, are dominant. Copper ions released from an IUD enhance the inflammatory response and reach concentrations in the luminal fluids of the genital tract that are toxic for spermatozoa. In ...

... FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN INDIA HARIHAR SAHOO Harihar Sahoo, Asst. Professor, Department of Sociology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad - 431004, Maharashtra Page 2. Vol. 57, No.1, June - 2011 23 ...

Keywords: Intercropping, narrow planting, precise fertilizer placement, radiation interception, leaf stripping, detasselling, Land Equivalent Ratio, maize, pumpkin, dry beans, reduced herbicide dosages<o:p></o:p></span><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>In the tropics, weeds cause more crop losses and farmers spend more of their time weeding crops than in any other part of the world. Weeds form a major factor which contributes to the miserable quality of

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a role in the modulation of gamete quality and gamete interaction. Generation of ROS is inherent in spermatozoa and contaminating leukocytes. ROS influence spermatozoa, oocytes, embryos and their environment. Oxidative stress (OS) mediates peroxidative damage to the sperm membrane and induces nuclear DNA damage. ROS can modulate the fertilizing capabilities of the spermatozoa. There is extensive literature on OS and its role in male infertility and sperm DNA damage and its effects on assisted reproductive techniques. Evidence is accumulating on the role of ROS in female reproduction. Many animal and human studies have elucidated a role for ROS in oocyte development, maturation, follicular atresia, corpus luteum function and luteolysis. OS-mediated precipitation of pathologies in the female reproductive tract is similar to those involved in male infertility. OS influences the oocyte and embryo quality and thus the fertilization rates. ROS appears to play a significant role in the modulation of gamete interaction and also for successful fertilization to take place. ROS in culture media may impact post-fertilization development, i.e. cleavage rate, blastocyst yield and quality (indicators of assisted reproduction outcomes). OS is reported to affect both natural and assisted fertility. Antioxidant strategies should be able to intercept both extracellular and intracellular ROS. This review discusses the sources of ROS in media used in IVF–embryo transfer and strategies to overcome OS in oocyte in-vitro maturation, in-vitro culture and sperm preparation techniques.

Purpose Embryological and clinical efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and agonist stimulation protocols in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were compared. Methods A prospective randomized study. Setting: Medical University Hospital. Patients: 70 infertile PCOS patients; 33 in GnRH antagonist and 37 in GnRH agonist group. Results Similar mature metaphase II oocyte rate (76% vs. 76%) was observed in both protocols. Optimal pronuclear morphology zygotes dominated in both groups (64% vs. 66%). Transferred embryo quality did not differ in both protocols. No significant differences between both protocols were found in delivery rate (p = 0.481), pregnancy rate (p = 0.810), multiple pregnancy rate (p = 0.501), miscarriage rate (p = 0.154), fertilization rate (p = 0.388) and implantation rate (p = 1.000). Duration of stimulation and total follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) dose were significantly lower in GnRH antagonist protocol (p = 0.0005). Conclusions GnRH antagonist and agonist protocols in non-obese PCOS patients yield similar embryological and clinical outcomes. Shorter duration of treatment and lower FSH requirement in GnRH antagonist group may be financially beneficial and therefore attractive for patients.