Framing effect

The world is experiencing a rapid rise in chronic health problems, which places an enormous burden on health care services. Modifiable health behaviors are largely responsible for this high prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases. This realization has made initiatives that promote healthy behaviors an international and interdisciplinary priority. How can nurses and other health care providers get the message across to their patients in order to maximize likelihood of leading to desired outcomes? Message tailoring is a well-established health communication approach shown to increase the persuasiveness of message effects in the promotion of healthy behaviors. Message framing is an effective message tailoring strategy that has been well-studied in the psychology literature over the past 20-plus years across a breadth of health behaviors while being severely understudied in the nursing literature. Numerous variables, especially those related to individual differences, have been sho...

This paper suggests that, in looking toward a future pragmatics, we would be wise to consider the implications of current work on metaphor and iconicity, and start  paying more attention to questions related to how paradigmatic stylistic and rhetorical choices function as figurative gestures in speech and writing. We need  pragmatically feasible approaches to studying the stylistic and rhetorical forms and functions of language, the paper argues, because it is largely through these that speakers create frames of reference. The underlying point is that a linguistic reference always appears in a frame that influences how it is perceived and interpreted in a context. This framing effect is a natural function of style. In any context, it is invariably some unique how
that particularizes a generic what into an individually meaningful pragmatic performance. Pragmatic accounts of linguistic events remain emotively and motivationally opaque if the frame of reference  provided by gestural uses of language is not included in the analysis. For this reason, it is argued, pragmatics can no more do without systematic approaches to style than it can do without systematic approaches to propositional content and context.

I present a possible worlds semantics for a hyperintensional belief revision operator, which reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents affecting similar operators in doxastic and epistemic logics, as well as in standard AGM belief revision theory. (Revised) belief states are not closed under classical logical consequence; revising by inconsistent information does not perforce lead to trivialization; and revision can be subject to ‘framing effects’: logically or necessarily equivalent contents can lead to different revisions. Such results are obtained without resorting to non-classical logics, or to non-normal or impossible worlds semantics. The framework combines, instead, a standard semantics for propositional S5 with a simple mereology of contents.

This paper explored how frames influence people’s evaluation of others’ probabilistic predictions in light of the outcomes of binary events. Most probabilistic predictions (e.g., “there is a 75% chance that Denver will win the Super Bowl”) can be partitioned into two components: A qualitative component that describes the predicted outcome (“Denver will win the Super Bowl”), and a quantitative component that represents the chance of the outcome occurring (“75% chance”). Various logically equivalent variations of a single prediction can be created through different combinations of these components and their logical or numerical complements (e.g., “25% chance that Denver will lose the Super Bowl”, “75% chance that Seattle will lose the Super Bowl”). Based on the outcome of the predicted event, these logically equivalent predictions can be categorized into two classes: Congruently framed predictions, in which the qualitative component matches the outcome, and incongruently framed predictions, in which it does not. Although the two classes of predictions are logically equivalent, we hypothesize that people would judge congruently framed predictions to be more accurate. The paper tested this hypothesis in seven experiments and found supporting evidence across a number of domains and experimental manipulations, and even when the congruently framed prediction was logically inferior. It also found that this effect held even for subjects who saw both congruently framed and incongruently framed versions of a prediction and judged the two to be logically equivalent.

Collaborative brainstorming can be a challenging but important part of creative group problem solving. Mind-mapping has the potential to enhance the brainstorming process but has its own challenges when used in a group. We introduce GroupMind, a collaborative mind-mapping tool that addresses these challenges and opens new opportunities for creative teamwork, including brainstorming. We present a semi-controlled evaluation of GroupMind and its impact on teamwork, problem solving and collaboration for brainstorming activities. GroupMind performs better than using a traditional whiteboard in both interaction group and nominal group settings for the task involving memory recall. The hierarchical mind-map structure also imposes important framing effects on group dynamics and idea organization during the brainstorming process. We also present design ideas to assist in the development of future tools to support creative problem solving in groups.

In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of framing of options on risky decision making in groups of younger adults (M = 23.8 years, n = 192) and older adults (M = 69.1 years, n = 192). The participants were assigned to one of three scenarios varying in the goods at stake (human lives, paintings, money). The authors observed a majority preference in favor of the risky options after negative, but not positive framing. They also found, as they had predicted, that the type of framing effect varied across scenarios, with a bidirectional framing effect for the life-death scenario and unidirectional (risk averse) framing effects when public property (paintings) or personal property (money) were at stake. It is important to note that these choice preference patterns were highly similar across the age groups, which reinforced the conclusion that younger and older adults are equally susceptible to framing effects.

Under various fields of research, framing is a concept beautifully constructed by the diverse set of theories and notions. Framing is all about how an individual, a group, an organization or the society communicates and perceives a particular issue. Fields such as Media and communication, Health, Politics and law saw the advent of applications of framing. Due to increased burnout among employees and conflicts between leaders and employees, the need and importance of framing have raised in the area of Leadership communication. In any organization, leaders should be aware of the importance of framing for effective communication. This paper reflects the comprehensive review of the 'framing' concept and also the methodological procedures used in empirical studies of framing, leading to a discussion of how framing could be used in Leadership Communication. Researchers and Academicians can use this literature review to develop a model or frame policies to train individuals involved in leadership roles to use framing as a skill.

People often reason proportionally, perceiving fixed outcomes as larger or smaller depending upon the reference condition. Thus, for policies affecting individuals, presenting data as percentages rather than frequencies can alter perceived effects on high versus low base rate group members, even though identical numbers of individuals in each group are affected. Such numerical framing effects were explored through a case analysis of public debates over race-conscious selection policies and through experimental manipulations employing a race-conscious university admissions scenario. Undergraduates (N = 193) received data reporting the expected impact on black and white student enrollment resulting from a university shift to race-neutral admissions. Compared to those encountering percentages or proportions, participants receiving identical information expressed as frequencies revealed a predicted greater preference for race-neutral or “race blind” admissions. Structural equation analysis supported a model in which perceived impact and fairness mediated the relationship between format and endorsement of race-neutral admissions.

In a recent article in Argumentation, O’Keefe (Argumentation 21:151–163, 2007) observed that the well-known ‘framing effects’ in the social psychological literature on persuasion are akin to traditional fallacies of argumentation and reasoning and could be exploited for persuasive success in a way that conflicts with principles of responsible advocacy. Positively framed messages (“if you take aspirin, your heart will be more healthy”) differ in persuasive effect from negative frames (“if you do not take aspirin, your heart will be less healthy”), despite containing ‘equivalent’ content. This poses a potential problem, because people might be unduly (and unsuspectingly) influenced by mere presentational differences. By drawing on recent cognitive psychological work on framing effects in choice and decision making paradigms, however, we show that establishing whether two arguments are substantively equivalent—and hence, whether there is any normative requirement for them to be equally persuasive—is a difficult task. Even arguments that are logically equivalent may not be information equivalent. The normative implications of this for both speakers and listeners are discussed.

The uses of Nudge Theory as devised by Thaler and Sunstein (2008) have so far been limited to the field of Behavioural Economics, and the implementation of policy change aligned to Government and the Law. The present study aims at addressing concerns of generality by clearly defining what is meant by a Nudge, what the “Hard Outcomes” are, and how a Nudge condition faired against a No-Nudge condition (Kosters and Van der Heijden, 2015). Using the formula set out by Schwarz and Bohner (2001) a deficit of information was used, with more information being presented in the later Nudge section than in the initial factual information presentation stage. The Framing Effect espoused by Kahneman and Tversky (1981) was utilised in the study with Participants being presented with Positive or Negative Nudges, which included both Affective and Cognitive information (Ryffel and Wirth, 2016). Although a significant statistic was not found when the scores taken before and after the presentation of the Nudge, and the type of Nudge being presented, were looked at individually there was a significant finding when the interaction effect between the two variables were looked at together. The results from the present study, suggest that Attitudes on the Invention of the Internet can be altered by presenting Participants with a Positive, or Negative, Nudge.

Resumen:
Introducción. Tomando como base la investigación sobre el efecto framing y la investigación sobre el tratamiento de la inmigración, se analizan los procesos de recepción e impacto de las noticias sobre actos delictivos.Metodología. Se realizaron dos investigaciones experimentales en donde los participantes fueron expuestos a una noticia y posteriormente cumplimentaron un cuestionario con escalas de auto-informe. Se manipularon la mención del origen nacional/geográfico de los protagonistas de la noticia y la implicación con el tema de la noticia.Resultados. Se observa que cuando la implicación con el tema es baja, la presencia de información sobre el origen de los protagonistas de la noticia ejerce un efecto indirecto a través de impactar las actitudes. En cambio, cuando la implicación es alta el efecto indirecto se explica por la activación de corrientes de pensamiento que influyen en la formación y/o refuerzo de creencias negativas sobre la inmigración. Conclusiones. Los resultados son congruentes con un modelo dual de influencia de los encuadres noticiosos. Se constata con argumentos empíricos que la recomendación de no informar sobre el origen de los protagonistas en noticias sobre actos delictivos está justificada.

Abstract:
Introduction. Based on research on framing effects and on the news treatment of immigration, this article analyses the processes of reception and impact of news about crime. Method. We conducted two experimental studies in which participants were exposed to a news story and subsequently asked to answer a questionnaire with self-report scales. Two independent variables were manipulated in the news story: the reference to the protagonists’ nationality and the place where the event took place (to influence readers’ involvement with the topic). Results. The study indicates that when the involvement with the news story was low, the presence of information about the protagonists’ nationality exerted an indirect effect through attitudinal impact. However, when involvement was high, the indirect effect was explained by the activation of trains of thought which influenced the formation and/or reinforcement of negative beliefs about immigration. Conclusions. The results are consistent with a dual model of news framing effects and empirically reinforce the recommendation of not revealing the nationality of the protagonists of a criminal act in a news story.

Desde que la teoría del framing se incorporó a los estudios de la comunicación, su utilización por parte de los investigadores se ha incrementado de forma constante, tanto para estudiar la presencia de los encuadres dentro del proceso comunicativo en su conjunto, como sobre todo en las partes que lo conforman. En este artículo se realiza un repaso de la evolución de la teoría en la disciplina, prestando especial atención a algunos aspectos relevantes. En concreto, se recuperan las principales propuestas de tipologías de encuadres existentes, y se revisa el debate sostenido acerca de la visualización del framing como un programa o proyecto de investigación, y de los campos de su estudio. Además, en el texto se revisa la lógica de la investigación en los tres principales campos de estudio de la teoría: construcción de los encuadres, presencia de encuadres noticiosos en los mensajes, y efectos que el framing tiene sobre la audiencia, haciendo una revisión de los acercamientos metodológicos seguidos en cada una de esas líneas de trabajo.