Gender Discrimination

The article aims to analyse the relationship between trade union organizations and the new collective redress instruments provided under Law n. 31/2019. After a brief introduction to these new instruments and to
the reasons why they are relevant to labour law, the article assesses their actual use by trade union organisations, reflects on the main issues addressed by case law, their impact on the way we are used to thinking
about the notion of collective interest, and their potential in terms of access
to justice and the effectiveness of labour law regulations. Finally, it
discusses the tensions that may arise from the use of these instruments in
relation to the way they question the traditional role of the judge in civil
law systems and their potential impact on the overall objectives of trade
union action.

We present a growth model where savings, fertility, labour force participation and gender wage discrimination are endogenously determined. Households consist of husband and wife, who disagree on how to allocate resources to their individual consumption. Household decisions are made by bargaining and the bargaining power of each spouse depends on the market income he/she brings home. This provides the basis

The essay analyzes the case of discrimination against female employers because of their pregnancy. Specifically, the article focuses on a decision held by the ECtHR in the case Jurčić v. Croatia and on the violation of the principle of gender equality that such a case determined.

Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi tüm Birleşmiş Milletler üye devletleri tarafından imzalanmış tek Sözleşme olma özelliğini taşıdığı için, Komite kararları, her ne kadar belli bir ülke adına çıksa da, tüm devletler için önem arz etmektedir. Bu yeni yolun ülkemizde yeni bir başvuru yolu olarak kabul edilmesi ve uygulamaya konulması için Barolar, UNİCEF ve diğer Birleşmiş Milletler kurumları tarafından eğitimler verilmekte ve yaygınlaşması için çalışılmaktadır. Komite kararları, tavsiye niteliğinde oldukları ve Birleşmiş Milletlerin işleyişine uygun olarak, tüm iletişim kanalları açık şekilde münazara edildikleri için, ülkelerdeki kurumların kapasitelerinin geliştirilmesine, üye devletlerdeki iyi örneklerin yaygınlaştırılmasına ve çocuk haklarının evrensel düzeyde korunmasına hizmet etmektedir. Bu yeni başvuru yolunun, Komite kararları ile bezenerek anlatılması ülkelerin bu usulü içselleştirmeleri için önemlidir.

Sunulması planlanan tebliğde, Birleşmiş Milletlerin bu başvuru yolunu açmasındaki amaç, beklenen kazanımlar anlatılmaya çalışılacak ve özellikle ülkemizden yapılacak başvuruların kabul edilebilirlik kriterlerini haiz olmaları için dikkat edilmesi gerekilen noktalar üzerinde durulacaktır. Komitenin bu zamana kadar verdiği kararlar genelde, ülkelerinden savaş veya çatışma gibi sebeplerle, yasadışı yollarla başka ülkelere gitmek zorunda kalmış refakatsiz çocuklarla ilgilidir. Ülkemizin jeopolitik konumu gereği, bu konu önemli olmakla birlikte, gelecek nesillerin sorun olarak gördükleri, ülkemiz için de önem arz eden (ve edecek) bir çok konuda ( iklim değişikliği, temiz suya erişim, eğitim hakkı vb) başvuruların yapılacağı beklenmektedir. Komite henüz Türkiye hakkında, iklim değişikliği konusunda bir çocuk grubunun yaptığı başvuruya karşı, bir kabul edilemezlik kararı vermiştir. ( Bu çocuk grubu on yedi ülkeyi Komite’ye şikayet etmiştir)

The concept of the "glass cliff" refers to the observed trend of appointing women to leadership roles in contexts that are inherently risky or crisis-prone. This phenomenon posits that women are disproportionately likely to be placed in precarious management positions where the risk of failure is high. The exploration of the glass cliff can catalyze further scholarly inquiry and stimulate discussions concerning the specific challenges and obstacles that women encounter in leadership positions. The primary objective of this research is to meticulously design a detailed model of the glass cliff, focusing particularly on its antecedents and consequences, within the context of service organizations located in Golestan province.

The aim of the study is to critically examine the human-nature relationship in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things so as to elicit a new awareness from the readers regarding the significance of the relationship. The primary source of information is the text The God of Small Things. Internet is the source for secondary sources and scholarly articles. The current literature forms the basis for qualitative research. The examination of the relationship between people and environment in this paper raises readers' awareness of the need of fostering that relationship in order to improve the environment and promote harmonious coexistence of humans and nature.

Background: Skewed sex ratio is an issue of major concern. The problem is getting worse with the misuse of technology that facilitates pre-natal sex determination. This is happening across the country in spite of a massive influx of legal regulations banning the same.  In this light, the study of awareness of same becomes very relevant and needs to be evaluated. At the heart of problem of female feticide is impact of advertisement about the facility of prenatal sex determination, and the unawareness about legal rules and regulations forbidding the same as PNDT Act.

Aims: To study the awareness and perceptions of rural women regarding sex determination and gender discrimination

Settings and Design: A Community based cross-sectional study.

Methods and Material: Multistage sampling was used and 317 rural married women in reproductive age group were interviewed.

Statistical analysis used: Result expressed in percentages and chi-square test.

Results: 80% of females irrespective of their literacy status were aware about prenatal sex determination. However, 67% were unaware of PNDT Act and the unawareness was significantly associated with literacy status of women. Regarding perceptions, 94% felt that females still do not enjoy equal rights as males. Eighty eight percent wished to conceive for male child if their family would have been complete with female children.

Conclusions: It is necessary to gear the efforts against this social malady by intensive IEC campaigns for raising awareness about rules forbidding pre-natal sex determination and strict implementation of PNDT Act. At the heart of problem is impact of advertisement about the facility of prenatal sex determination and the unawareness of legal regulations forbidding feticide as PNDT Act.

It was a population based cross sectional study done with the objective of comparing some parameters (attitude & practice) of gender discrimination (GD) in rural and urban areas of Ahmedabad district. A population of 963 (446 urban & 517 rural) showed alarmingly adverse sex ratio (SR) as low as 562 among urban preschoolers. GD was prevalent in both study areas but manifested differently. Preference of male child by both partners an indicator of gender discrimination was seen in both areas, It correlated with female literacy, their low mean age at marriage and first conception. While urban areas showed more adverse sex ratio coupled with awareness and use of Ultrasonography (USG) for sex determination and poor employment status, rural areas exhibited (along with adverse sex ratio) poor literacy and employment status of females and poor contraceptive use.

A Procuradoria Geral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – PGE/RJ, atenta às questões relativas à  desigualdade de gênero, com fundamento na Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher – “Convenção de Belém do Pará” e na Agenda 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas - ONU, que incorporou dezessete Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável - ODS a serem atingidos até 2030, e à necessidade de adotar medidas internas e concretas visando o apoio e proteção das mulheres que trabalham na PGE/RJ que possam estar vivenciando situação de violência, instituiu, em 2021, a Comissão pela Promoção da Igualdade de Gênero. A Comissão tem como objetivos apresentar sugestões para prevenir e enfrentar todas as formas de discriminação e violência contra as mulheres no âmbito da PGE/RJ, propor políticas institucionais de valorização da equidade de gênero, sugerir medidas para priorizar a promoção de escuta, acolhimento e acompanhamento das mulheres que trabalham na PGE/RJ por meio de estratégias institucionais de prevenção e combate à discriminação e violência, apresentar sugestões e propostas para prevenir a ocorrência de quaisquer formas de discriminação no âmbito interno da Procuradoria e no relacionamento com as partes interessadas e contribuir para o alcance dos ODS 5 e 16 da Agenda 2030 da ONU, quais sejam: alcançar a igualdade de gênero e empoderar todas as mulheres e meninas, promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para o desenvolvimento sustentável, proporcionar o acesso à justiça para todos e construir instituições eficazes, responsáveis e inclusivas em todos os níveis e promover a sensibilização quanto à importância da erradicação da discriminação e da violência contra a mulher. A Comissão, como uma de suas primeiras medidas, realizou pesquisa diagnóstica entre as mulheres da Casa com o objetivo de mapear ocorrências de discriminação e assédio baseados no gênero. A pesquisa revelou que 21% das respondentes afirmaram já ter sofrido algum tipo de assédio moral e/ou sexual e 4% afirmaram não ter certeza (sugerindo que o assunto precisa de maior conscientização e sensibilização). Outro dado preocupante foi que, entre aquelas que afirmaram já ter sofrido assédio, 52% afirmaram ter acontecido três vezes ou mais. Diante desses dados, a Comissão propôs eventos com essa temática com especialistas na área, além da criação de um canal seguro de denúncias. Será realizado um curso de combate ao assédio no serviço público para as(os) procuradora(e)s e servidora(e)s lotada(o)s na área de recursos humanos, ouvidoria, corregedoria e membros da Comissão para capacitar atores estratégicos na PGE a lidar com o tema. A promoção de um concurso para premiar os melhores artigos jurídicos sobre promoção da igualdade de gênero e a inauguração de uma sala de apoio à amamentação na sede da instituição foram outras iniciativas visando à promoção da igualdade e à valorização da mulher no âmbito da PGE/RJ. A criação da Comissão demonstra o compromisso da PGE/RJ com a prevenção e o combate à discriminação e violência de gênero, devendo ser incorporada como órgão permanente da instituição, pois ainda há muitos desafios a serem enfrentados e superados.

Italian society does not acknowledge vulvar pain sufferers as patients affected by legitimate pain: the condition is not supported by the national healthcare system, besides being medically unexplored and socially invisibilized. Patients do not see themselves as deserving care until sexual intercourse is compromised. Vulva health gains awareness when feminine sexual performance deviates from heteronormative models and coital imperatives. In a feminist gendered perspective, this paper presents the artistic and scientific exhibition "Vulvar Pain", based on anthropological research to explore vulvar pain experiences thought qualitative participatory methods. Research partners co-produced symbolic handicrafts revealing the difficulties of be seen as bodies deserving care. This effort aims to present scientific results through a public engagement event, including arts, workshops, and roundtables with health professionals and patient associations. The exhibition "Vulvar Pain" advocates considering genital pain beyond the cultural taboo of sexuality, privileging visual narratives to facilitate dialogue between biomedical discourse, social sciences, and the embodied knowledge of sufferers. Considering the multiple lens of this case study, the paper presents collaborations between ethnographers, artists and designers, engaging in the co-construction of new forms of knowledge that can be seen, touched, smelled, sat upon, and circulated to unfold vulvar taboos.

Dystopian stories in Contemporary Literature often provide a platform for exploring female characters in oppressive social systems. This research work draws on classic works such as Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale ,Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games and N.K. Jeminism's The Fifth Season, and delves into depictions of women in dystopian situations of the narratives. The paper focuses on themes of inner resistance, resilience and identity, it examines how these women in the patriarchal navigated society , redefine notions of power and challenge social norms, offering profound insights into the difficulties of being a woman in a turbulent future.

[ESP] Este artículo reconstruye los mecanismos a partir de los cuales se evidencia la heterosexualidad dada por supuesta en el ambiente de trabajo. El trabajo se desprende de una investigación sobre las historias amorosas de 30 varones gays de entre 23 y 38 años que viven en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El enfoque biográfico adoptado permitió repasar sus trayectorias laborales. Se examinan tres pruebas de no-heterosexualidad. Las primeras analizan los desplazamientos que sustentan un ambiente laboral amigable para con la diversidad sexual. Las segundas analizan los componentes de la salida del closet entendida como un proceso no lineal. Las terceras se centran en la contextualización de los comentarios heterosexistas. Se concluye que, cuando la heterosexualidad dada por supuesta en los espacios laborales muestra la hilacha, permite restituir la complejidad de la trayectoria laboral de los varones gays.[ENG] This paper reconstructs the mechanisms which expose the workplace´s heterosexuality that is taken for granted. The article is a byproduct of research about love stories among 30 gay men, from 23 to 38, who live in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The research was based on a biographical approach that allows me to reconstruct their career paths. I identify three tests of non heterosexuality. The first analyzes the movements that sustain friendly work environments with sexual diversity. The second focuses on points of the process of coming out of the closet. The third examines heterosexist comments and their contexts. I conclude that when the workplace’s heterosexuality, usually taken for granted, shows its true colors, it is possible to restore the complexity of gay men’s career paths.

Higher education has been historically recognized as the very door to opportunity and success for our nation's youths and future leaders. Following the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the cry and pressure for access to America's college campuses have intensified, especially along the lines of racial and gender discrimination. The long record of oppression has translated into an intense debate over the feasibility of affirmative action as a viable policy to rectify the past and the present This article will afford a brief overview of the necessity of affirmative action in college admissions as well as an analysis and assessment of this policy from the perspective of Critical Race Theory.

Despite rhetoric supporting the advancement of women on corporate boards, meager evidence supports significant progress over the past decade in the United States. The authors examine archival board data (for more than 3,000 U.S. publicly traded firms) from 2002 to 2011 and find that a female is most likely to be appointed to a corporate board when a woman has just exited the position. A similar propensity occurs to reappoint a male when a man leaves, although the effect is smaller than for women. The authors argue that this “gender-matching heuristic” can impede progress in attaining gender diversity, regardless of intention, because it emphasizes the replacement of existing women rather than changing board composition. The authors replicate this effect in follow-up laboratory studies and show that “what works” to increase the representation of women on boards, irrespective of gender matching, is to increase the number of women in the candidate pool.

The marginalisation of persons with albinism has for years gone unnoticed. Recently various platforms have been used to combat reported harmful practices against persons with albinism, particularly in Africa. While it is currently accepted that albinism is a human rights agenda, the manner of its advocacy remains unresolved with respect to the ‘appropriate legal approach’ for protecting the rights of persons with albinism. When addressing this problem, two issues appear to be confused: identity (the ‘who are we’ question); and the appropriate legal antidiscrimination approach. Thus, the two issues are distinguished in this contribution by endorsing the ‘appropriate legal anti-discrimination approach’ in realising the rights of persons with albinism. It is worth noting that questions of identity are subjective and should not be confused with objective and empirical questions regarding the appropriate legal mechanisms designed to promote and protect the rights of a particular group. Without downplaying the significance of identity in the formation of the rights groups movement, which has proved vital to the development of human rights, this contribution argues that, while persons with albinism might have multiple identities, the ‘disability rights approach’, which is founded on the social model of disability that uses human rights as a path, is well placed to accommodate matters concerning the rights and equality of persons with albinism.

It seems to me that it is necessary to overcome this way of looking at science, that it is necessary to accept a different view, one that recognises the diversity of perception of our environment, that does not invalidate emotions and subjectivities, because these are part of our way of doing science, and that this diversity will enrich us and allow us to benefit
humanity as a whole. Feminist epistemologies, which advance by unveiling the sexist gaze, are fundamental in this process, as Maffia has argued (Maffia, 2007). Concretely, I suggest incorporating this view into the science curriculum from basic education onwards. Otherwise, positive discrimination measures and quotas will not be enough, because the idea that science
is masculine and that there is no place for women and feminised subjects will always be present, with its long shadow.

Me parece que es necesario superar esta forma de ver la ciencia, que se requiere aceptar una mirada distinta, que reconozca la diversidad de la percepción de nuestro entorno, que no invalide las emociones y subjetividades, porque éstas forman parte de nuestra forma hacer ciencia, y que esta diversidad nos va a enriquecer y permitirá beneficiar a la humanidad en su conjunto. Epistemologías feministas, que avanzan develando la mirada sexista, son fundamentales en este proceso, tal como lo ha expuesto Maffia. De manera concreta, sugiero incorporar esta mirada en el currículum de ciencias desde la enseñanza básica en adelante. De lo contrario, no serán suficientes las medidas de discriminación positivas, ni las cuotas, porque siempre estará presente, con su larga sombra, la idea de que la ciencia es masculina, y que en ella no tienen cabida las mujeres y los sujetos feminizados.

### Abstracto

El 25 de octubre de 2023, la Fiscalía Nacional y el Ministerio de la Mujer lanzaron un manual operativo diseñado para incorporar la perspectiva de género en la investigación de femicidios. Este manual, desarrollado por la Unidad de Género de la Fiscalía Nacional con el apoyo del Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) y ONU Mujeres, proporciona orientaciones y líneas de actuación para que los fiscales aborden adecuadamente los casos de femicidio. El manual propone diversas diligencias relacionadas con la víctima, el imputado, la autopsia y el sitio del suceso, y describe los cuatro contextos femicidas: íntimo, sexual, crimen organizado y discriminación por orientación sexual y/o identidad de género. Adaptado del Modelo de Protocolo Latinoamericano, incorpora la legislación chilena vigente, detallando el delito de femicidio y las nuevas figuras de inducción al suicidio por razón de género y suicidio femicida. Ivonne Sepúlveda, directora de la Unidad de Género, y Antonia Orellana, ministra de la Mujer y Equidad de Género, destacaron la importancia del manual para asegurar investigaciones con perspectiva de género y prevenir la pérdida de evidencia crucial. El manual también aborda la protección de víctimas, familiares y testigos, y busca prevenir la victimización secundaria.

This forum critically reflects on discrimination faced by early-career women international relations (IR) scholars in the Asia-Pacific region in their workplaces and beyond. By taking a self-ethnographic perspective, six contributors from five countries provide an engaging overview of difficulties they face in their everyday lives. Against the backdrop of this diverse and globalizing region, the contributors are all academic migrants in search of employment and learning opportunities within the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. They lead migratory lives by frequently crossing ideational and material boundaries to contribute to a more diverse IR knowledge base, and they encounter numerous difficulties and forms of discrimination. This forum has two aims. First, in reflecting on the contributors’ own lived experiences, it highlights the diversity of issues faced by early-career women scholars in this region. Second, it calls for novel, more inclusive forms of solidarity that appreciates...

“Tenang” adalah sebuah film pendek yang menayangkan visual artistik dan musikal dari Yura Yunita, seorang penyanyi dan musisi terkenal di Indonesia. Film ini mengangkat tema yang mendalam tentang kehilangan dan bagaimana seseorang menghadapinya dengan ketenangan. Dengan Kombinasi antara visual yang memanjakan mata dan musik yang menyentuh, “Tenang” menggambarkan perjalanan emosional yang mengajak penonton untuk merenungkan makna dari kehilangan dan penerimaan. Karya ini memperlihatkan kemampuan Yura Yunita untuk menyampaikan pesan-pesan emosional yang kuat melalui film, menjadikannya sebuah film pendek sinematik yang berkesan dan penuh makna.

This research delves into the social acceptance and educational aspects concerning third genders in Abbottabad city, offering insights from both the perspectives of third gender individuals and the broader societal viewpoint. Findings reveal a troubling reality where social acceptance remains alarmingly low for third genders, averaging at 16.67%, with educational opportunities perceived as inadequate, often falling within the 0-5% range. Consequently, third genders encounter systemic barriers and discrimination, leading to limited opportunities and, in some cases, involvement in social crimes such as prostitution and begging. While the general population demonstrates slightly higher social acceptance (22.4%), it still falls short of true inclusivity, with 84% acknowledging the deficiency in educational support for third genders. Both perspectives converge on the urgent need for societal and educational reforms to foster greater inclusivity, challenge stereotypes, and provide equitable opportunities for all genders. Failure to address these issues perpetuates inequality and obstructs progress toward true equality and justice.

Film "5 cm," yang diadaptasi dari novel karya Donny Dhirgantoro dan disutradarai oleh Rizal Mantovani, menceritakan perjalanan lima sahabat yang melakukan pendakian ke Gunung Semeru. Film ini, yang dirilis pada tahun 2012, menarik perhatian besar di Indonesia karena menggambarkan persahabatan, cinta, dan semangat juang dalam meraih mimpi.

Жените од руралните средини се подложни на повеќекратна дискриминација. Поради системската родова нееднаквост која произлегува од родовата дискриминација, руралните жени имаат ограничен пристап до ресурси, во управувањето со ресурси и во локалната заедница. Потребно е усвојување на родово одговорни политики и документи кои предвидуваат афирмативни и друг тип мерки во земјоделството и нивно доследно спроведување како и трансформирање на традиционалната поделба на родовите улоги во
домот и семејството

Nel 2016, a causa della crescente tendenza della diffusione dei discorsi d'odio sui social, la Commissione europea ha pubblicato un codice di condotta rivolto alle grandi aziende che sono dietro le principali piattaforme di social, nel tentativo di ridurre o eliminare questo preoccupante fenomeno sociale. Tuttavia, nonostante gli sforzi della Commissione europea e molte altre organizzazioni negli ultimi anni, i discorsi d'odio (sia online che offline) rimangono un problema sociale irrisolto in Europa e al di là del continente.

No presente ensaio, analisa-se de que forma a linguagem oculta em algoritmos opacos é capaz de perpetuar situações de discrimiminação em razão de gênero e da população LGBTQIA+ nos ambientes digitais, bem como tais distorções se relacionam com outras formas de violência e marginalização social.