Genres of discourse

By examining the trans-disciplinary neologisms called "terminological junctions" in writings of Arakawa and Gins, one may find adequate conditions for making visible, and perhaps resolving a central paradox in the thinking of Gilles Deleuze, who exhorts us to "forge alliances" across scientific percepts, philosophical concepts and artistic constructs, and yet denies the adequacy of metaphor specifically, and tropes generally, because of the taint of representation and transcendence. Drawing on my earlier work which emphasizes the "agency" of tropes (by reference to Peter Galison and Bruno Latour) I attempt to recuperate tropes from within a Deleuzean frame, through an analysis of of "terminological junctions" as "shocks of thought."

Cette unité développe la conception de la compétence à communiquer langagièrement qui sera retenue comme fondement des choix méthodologiques de l'approche par compétences. On considère que celle-ci est articulée en trois composantes : une composante stratégique, une composante discursive (comme maîtrise des genres de discours) et une composante formelle. C'est plus précisément la composante discursive qui fonde une méthodologie d'enseignement par compétences. Les genres de discours sont au centre de cette compétence, en ce qu'ils relèvent d'événements sociaux de communication qui spécifient leurs conditions de production et de réception, certaines de leurs formes, de manière plus ou moins forte, et parfois même leur structure.

En este artículo se profundiza en el modelo de la dinámica social enunciativa (en adelante DSE) basado en el principio dialógico bajtiniano, con el fin de facilitar el abordaje del análisis del discurso (Martínez, 2001a, 2005, 2006, 2007). Esta reflexión teórica parte de la noción de contexto integrado en el enunciado (Bakhtine/Volochinov, 1977 [1929]) y destaca la importancia de la orientación social del enunciado en el género discursivo. La explicación de este modelo se relaciona con la diferenciación entre situación de comunicación y situación de enunciación (Charaudeau, 1992, 2004) y se propone la inclusión de estos dos tipos de situación al interior del enunciado. La teoría sobre códigos, clase e identidad (Bernstein, 1994 [1974]) permite proponer el modelo de DSE, puesto que explica cómo la experiencia social se transforma en experiencia simbólica, junto con la noción de contexto integrado y la inclusión de las situaciones mencionadas. De esta manera se insiste en que el enunciado, producido en los límites del género discursivo, es el elemento mediador de este proceso.

The narrative mode of world-representation and world-building is omnipresent and far exceeds the domain of literature. Since literature is not necessarily narrative and narrative not necessarily literary, the study of narrative in a literary context must confront narrative and literature in a dual way: How does the presence of narrative affect literature? And how does literariness affect narrative? The basic terminology needs to be clarified by comparing English with the vocabulary of other natural languages. No consensus has been reached, even in the West, on the nature of narrative discourse. The entire history of poetics shows that, before the middle of the 20th century, little attention was paid to the narrative components of literary texts qua narrative—that is, insofar as the same narrative elements could equally be found in non-aestheticized uses of verbal and non-verbal languages. Aristotelian poetics, based on the mimesis of human action, keeps its grip on narrative theory. The post-Aristotelian triad separated more sharply the lyric from the epic and dramatic genres, but modern narrative theories, mostly based on the study of folk tales and the novel, have still failed to unify the field of literary narrative, or have done it artificially, dissolving narrative discourse into the undifferentiated experience of human life in linear time. The Western " rise of the novel, " in Ian Watt's sense, and its worldwide expansion, turned the question of fiction, not that of narrativity, into the main focus of narrative studies. Later, the emergence of formalism and semiotics and the " linguistic turn " of the social sciences pushed the narrative analysis of literary texts in the opposite direction, with all of its efforts bearing on minimal, supposedly deeper units and simple concatenations. The permanent, unresolved conflict between an analytical and constructivist view grounded in individual events and a holistic view concerned with story-worlds and storytelling leaves mostly unattended such fundamental questions as how narrative is used by literature and literature by narrative for their own ends.

Comment poser la question du style du point de vue d'une sémantique interprétative et au sujet de textes relevant de la poésie moderne (Gérard Macé, Jacques Dupin) ? En prenant pour point de départ la dimension interprétative de l'activité linguistique, cette thèse formule des propositions théoriques et méthodologiques qui visent à définir le cadre d'une sémantique des styles.

En los últimos años han surgido géneros (especialmente audiovisuales) que podríamos denominar híbridos, puesto que comparten características formales o funcionales de varios géneros tradicionales. En la línea de estas investigaciones, el objetivo de este estudio es la caracterización discursiva de un género híbrido con fuertes componentes conversacionales y humorísticos. Nuestro objeto de estudio ha sido el programa radiofónico de improvisación llamado «Nadie Sabe Nada», de la Cadena Ser, presentado por Andreu Buenafuente y Berto Romero. Dada la interacción aparentemente espontánea y no guionizada entre los presentadores, la pregunta de investigación es si se trata de una conversación coloquial o no y qué diferencias se encuentran con la conversación coloquial prototípica. Para ello, y desde la perspectiva de análisis de la conversación coloquial de Briz et al. (2002) y de la lingüística del humor de Ruiz Gurillo (2012, 2014), se han buscado características típicamente coloquiales en el corpus de «Nadie sabe nada» en el nivel fónico, pragmático, morfosintáctico, léxico y estructural para observar las semejanzas y diferencias entre la conversación y el género estudiado. Los primeros resultados muestran que este programa supone un género híbrido entre el monólogo de humor clásico y la conversación coloquial. Aunque los límites no sean taxativos, la intención comunicativa (transaccional) de los hablantes marca una línea clara entre la convesación coloquial prototípica y el discurso humorístico. Este género híbrido se ha denominado «conversación humorística».
In recent years, genres have emerged (especially in the audio-visual field) that could be called hybrids, since they share the formal or functional characteristics of several traditional genres. In line with these investigations, the aim of this study is the discursive characterisation of a hybrid genre with strong conversational and humorous components. Our object of study has been the improvisation radio show called “Nadie Sabe Nada”, broadcasted in Cadena Ser, presented by Andreu Buenafuente and Berto Romero. However, in some episodes, the radio show is structured around the two of them talking and interspersing topics of conversation that generate humour for 50 minutes. Given the seemingly spontaneous and unscripted interaction between both presenters, the subject matter is whether or not it is a colloquial conversation and what differences are found with the prototypical colloquial conversation. In order to do so, the perspectives of analysis of the colloquial conversation of Briz et al. (2002) and the linguistics of humour of Ruiz Gurillo (2012, 2014) have been taken into account. In doing so, the colloquial characteristics have been sought in the corpus of “Nadie sabe nada” at the phonic, pragmatic, morphosyntactic, lexical and structural levels in order to observe the similarities and differences between the two genres studied. Although the boundaries are not set, speakers’ communicative intention (transaccional) sets a line between prototypical colloquial conversation and humorous discourse. This hybrid genre has been named “humorous conversation”.

This paper uniquely focuses on the specificity of the semiotic project supported by Greimas' Structural semantics : in short, the project of this book, which has to be distinguished from the rest of the work of the semiotician, is a founding gesture, both epistemological and heuristic, based on three descriptive categories: text, genre and corpus, which open the perspective, not of a text or discourse semiotics, but the one of a corpus semantics.
Keywords : semiotics, structural semantic, text, genre, corpus

The aim of this study was to examine how transitional objects (TOs) work from the perspective of adult clients in psychotherapy. Data were collected using a semistructured interview with 6 female clients in humanistic psychotherapy. Grounded-theory analysis of this material suggests that a TO works through a 5-phase process of ‘holding’ in which the client successively integrates 3 themes: (a) the continuity of the therapist's existence, (b) connectedness with the therapist, and (c) the development of a new sense of self. A spiral microtheory is proposed that shows how these themes interact across time and relate to the client's experience of shame. The analysis suggests a use of TOs that is broader than D. W. Winnicott's (1953) conception and includes selfobject functions (H. Kohut, 1971).

The narrative of Critias about the war between archaic Athens and Atlantis, which is found in Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias, is presented as a true logos in spite of having been invented by the philosopher. The characters' refusal of its status as a "myth" has intrigued many scholars that have written about this subject in order to
understand what Plato intended with this apparent contradiction. What genre of discourse it is is the first question to be faced by those that intend to interpret it. The reading of books II and III of the Republic brings light to the question as it shows the reflection of the author about
the creation of stories and its usefulness, and as it offers a discussion about important notions that occur in Critias' narrative, such as "myth" and "true discourse". The analysis of the narrative reveals elements that confirm the adequacy of the reading of the Republic, especially regarding the formulation that is elaborated there about the useful lie.
However, this is not sufficient for an understanding of the way Plato elaborates the story told by Critias, being necessary a comparison between the narrative's text and other genres of discourse used by the philosopher.

Cette unité explicite le rôle de l’analyse du discours en didactique des langues. Elle illustre ces démarches qui permettent de décrire les textes en tant qu’ils relèvent de genres de discours. Les interactions orales appellent des descriptions spécifiques (dites souvent analyse de conversation ou analyse des interactions verbales) dans la mesure où elles sont co-construites en temps réel, ce qui n’est pas le cas des autres textes.
Les analyses du discours ne suffisent pas à fonder une méthodologie d’enseignement, mais elles permettent d’identifier des critères pour le choix des échantillons à proposer à l’enseignement et elles donnent des pistes pour concevoir certaines activités de systématisation (formelle en particulier).

Les logiciels de textométrie s’avèrent quasiment indispensables à l’étude de corpus importants qui soulignent les limites des capacités de la mémoire humaine. En ce sens, la machine permet d’étendre les capacités humaines, en fournissant au chercheur une mémoire supplémentaire et quasiment infinie, ce qui rend possible le traitement d’un nombre vertigineux de données. Mais en parallèle de cette augmentation des compétences humaines s’opère un changement dans le rapport qu’entretient le chercheur à son objet d’étude et à ses méthodes.
Cette contribution propose de revenir sur ces changements en montrant l’apport et les limites des logiciels de lexicométrie (en particulier TXM et Iramuteq) dans l’analyse des textes. Après un aperçu des réflexions entreprises ces dernières années autour du rapport entre l’humain et la machine dans ce domaine, nous proposons de mesurer l’apport de ces logiciels à l’aide d’une étude des adjectifs évaluatifs dans un corpus de recensions littéraires journalistiques. Nous reviendrons également sur les limites actuellement rencontrées par ces mêmes logiciels pour appréhender la notion de genre. Il semblerait en effet que l’étude des genres, en tant qu’ensembles multidimensionnels complexes, ne puisse pas être entièrement automatisée.

En este trabajo nos proponemos: a) contribuir a la comprensión de los discursos religiosos institucionales a partir del análisis de la producción discursiva de la Conferencia Episcopal Argentina (CEA); b) examinar sus estrategias discursivas en el proceso de transición a la democracia iniciado en diciembre de 1983. Para ello examinamos su sistema de géneros discursivos, concentrándonos en tres que registran una significativa variación cuantitativa: las cartas políticas y las declaraciones, que son los más utilizados entre 1965 y 1983, aunque desaparecen en la etapa abierta en 1984; y los comunicados, que dejan de ser un género marginal para convertirse en el más recurrente en democracia. La pregunta que nos hacemos es: ¿implica esta variación cuantitativa un cambio cualitativo en las estrategias discursivas del episcopado argentino? Para ello comparamos los tres géneros de manera sincrónica y diacrónica en ambos períodos, adoptando la perspectiva de la lingüística del texto alemana. Los resultados del análisis muestran una reorganización del sistema de géneros que responde más a motivos tácticos que estratégicos, puesto que el comunicado absorbe las propiedades clave de las cartas y las declaraciones, adaptando un mismo sistema de creencias a nuevas circunstancias comunicativas, configuradas por la democratización política del país.

Autoras: Sheila Vieira de Camargo Grillo e Simone Ribeiro de Ávila Veloso

[PT] Investigação das relações entre as obras do Círculo de Bakhtin e de Dominique Maingueneau, no tocante aos seguintes aspectos: a presença da teoria de Saussure nas duas obras, a delimitação do objeto de estudo da Análise do Discurso e da Metalingüística, a influência do dialogismo sobre a noção de interdiscurso e, por fim, a noção de gêneros do discurso. A leitura e a comparação dos textos evidenciaram pontos de convergência, bem como incompatibilidades teórico-epistemológicas decorrentes de distintos contextos acadêmicos das duas obras. Os aspectos pesquisados apontam para a necessidade de os estudiosos do discurso estabelecerem uma articulação cuidadosa entre as duas teorias, de modo a preservar as especificidades de cada uma, além de revelarem a maneira como conceitos de um contexto teórico e acadêmico são incorporados e relidos em outro.

[EN] Approach to the relationships between the Bakhtin Circle and Dominique Maingueneau’s theories, as regards the following aspects: presence of Saussure’s theory, demarcation of the object of study of Discourse Analysis’s and the object of study of Metalinguistics, the influence of dialogism over the notion of interdiscourse and, finally, the notion of genres of discourse. The confrontation between the two works showed similarities, as well as theoretical-epistemological incompatibilities, resulting from different academic contexts. In conclusion, discourse analysts should be careful when articulating the two theories and examine the way some concepts borrowed from a theoretical context are incorporated into another one.

Abstract
Writing practices and the teaching of writing in the university level is a growing research area in which scholars of different disciplines work. This paper presents some partial results of an ongoing research project about writing practices in the Industrial Engineering field. As part of the activities of the Institu- tional Program for teaching academic and professional literacy across the University curriculum (PRODEAC) developed at a nacional university, we surveyed a group of engineers and students in order to analyse the genres employed in professional settings. For this reason, we asked students working in different companies to tell us which genres they had already used at work and in the university assignments. In contrast with the findings of previous research work carried out in Spain and Chile, we have found out that students in different courses produced 20 of the 33 genres required in the companies and we have also identified the genres we need to describe and include them in the pedagogical designs of the subjects.Las prácticas de escritura en la universidad y su enseñanza se han convertido en uno de los objetos privilegiados de diferentes disciplinas que han ido conformando este nuevo campo de interés. Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal presentar algunos resultados parciales de una investigación llevada a cabo alrededor de las prácticas de escri- tura del campo de la ingeniería industrial. En el marco del Programa para el Desarrollo de Habilidades de Lectura y Escritura a lo largo de la Carrera (PRODEAC) de una universidad pública argentina, relevamos los géneros utilizados en el ámbito empresarial a partir de encuestas a ingenieros y consultamos a estudiantes que participan del ámbito académico y del profesional sobre los textos demandados en ambos ámbitos. De esta forma, observamos si la preparación de los estu- diantes contempla los desempeños escriturales que se demandan en la vida profesional. A diferencia de los hallazgos de estudios previos realizados en univer sidades de España y Chile, encontramos que de los treinta y tres géneros relevados del ámbito empresarial la universidad se ha ocupado de veinte de ellos en el transcurso del segundo ciclo de la carrera de Inge- niería Industrial y hemos identificado los géneros que será necesario describir e incluir en los diseños peda- gógicos de las asignaturas.

This paper focuses on the use of three discourse markers – namely list buoys, PALM-UP and SAME – across genres in French Belgian Sign Language. Our sample contains argumentative, explanatory, metalinguistic and narrative dialogues produced by six signers. We present a functional description of the three discourse markers and their distribution across genres. PALM-UP and SAME are highly polyfunctional, whereas list buoys express fewer functions in the dataset. In our sample, there are few differences in frequency of use of the three discourse markers and their functions across genres.

The Metaphoric Significance of the Created Environment:
By Barie Fez-Barringten
www.bariefez-barringten.com
Consciously acknowledged or not by both creators and users the man- made built environment is a potential symbol which creators and users can either ignore or recognize as not only a symbol but a metaphor. It is the intention of these monographs to validate and thereby encourage the intentional, controlled, and designed making of metaphors by proving that building as metaphors is actual, real and consequential. The matter of applying the technology and ideas to make such metaphors are in abundance. What is at question is the will and intention of using these resources.
Creators of the environment perceive the created work; in different ways and for different reasons. These differences are in the effort, time and intensity of involvement with the creation and subsequent use of the work.
The result of creator's efforts becomes a symbol and a metaphor, this phenomena is serious, important and with its consequences worthy of validating.
The creator, well-motivated or not, will be at the beginning with an idea and involved in the process of using technology to convert ideas into a reality. The user, perceiving or not, is involved with the product of this process and for a much longer period of time., perhaps attaching to it meaning, significance and importance often different and unexpected by its author.
When by chance, the importance and consequences of the authors concerns are successfully imparted and manifested in the work and perceived by the users we can observe that this phenomena is rooted in the author's own sensitivity and concern about what his context means to him and his family. What importance is the built environment in his own life and how would its improvement, change, or modification affect him. It has been personal, cerebral, and willful. The architect chose to do it and followed his decision by a sustained effort.
Have architects ignored there right, authority and unwritten mandate by being careless about this creative goal. The goal of making metaphors and symbols, and, if revived what would change?
Would they be more uplifted and would their lives improve? Would the perception of there lives improve?
It is said that unlike the medical profession what architects do has no affect on the physical life or death of his client. He just uses an eraser, etc.
What about the social, psychological and, yes the spiritual life of users.
Metaphors that architects make have a significant impact on both the users and the context in which their works are set.
This phenomenon is being exacerbated by computer aided designing and virtual reality.
Computer aided design miniaturizes and abstracts the bounding and limiting characteristics of environments. Alternatively, it could be a metaphor maker’s tool just as a word processor and internet are to writer.
There was a time when architects could only be religious men vested with a known calling from the creator of all things to carry out his calling to provide buildings symbolizing god's message to man and later his blessings. They were kinds of prophets given a burden by God.
Today, both theists and atheists practice forming the environment. Works are derived from user's program of requirements; technology; context; and concerns for their health, safety and welfare. Yet the built environment and its works of architecture are uneven in quality and apparent maintenance and upkeep.

This paper aims to reveal the social representations about the nature and the evolution of Space-Science & Astronomy, Genetics & Biotechnology, Natural Sciences and Engineering & Informatics, through analyzing active (i.e., original and creative) metaphors found in 2303 technoscientific articles published in four Greek daily newspapers and two popular scientific magazines. The analysis showed that all metaphors concerning the nature of the four disciplinary fields can be clustered into four superordinate categories that juxtapose these fields to: (1) a construct; (2) a supernatural process; (3) an activity extending the frontiers of knowledge; (4) a dipole of promise and/or scare. The most frequently employed category is that representing technoscience as an activity extending the frontiers of knowledge. Furthermore, the evolution of the four disciplines is mainly represented as a violent process. Each discipline though, seems to be characterized by combinations of different categor...

L’objectif de cette contribution est de requestionner les frontières génériques du discours électoral. Pour y parvenir, elle analyse les stratégies discursives et argumentatives mobilisées par le Premier Ministre Amadou Gon Coulibaly, dans son allocution du 12 janvier 2019 à l’occasion de la Journée de reconnaissance a u Président de la République organisée par les populations de Gagnoa, ville natale de l’ex-président Laurent Gbagbo.
Ainsi, en partant de l’univers de référence du discours qui l’exclut du contexte électoral, les élections municipales et législatives ont déjà eu lieu, l’élection présidentielle est prévue dans environ deux ans, nous nous sommes intéressé aux procédés discursifs de focalisation (avec focus sur le délocuté, le Président Alassane Ouattara) et de narration (qui établit le bilan de gouvernance du président) d’une part ; à l’argument de gaspillage et à la stratégie de crédibilité en tant qu’effets argumentatifs d’autre part. Notre analyse montre que ces procédés qui modalisent le corpus étudié, participent de la persuasion de l’auditoire immédiat (les populations de Gagnoa venues exprimer leur gratitude) et de l’auditoire second (les populations des autres régions de la Côte d’Ivoire) en vue de quérir leur suffrage au bénéfice du candidat du parti au pouvoir, le Rassemblement des Houphouëtistes pour la Démocratie et la Paix (RHDP), le moment venu.

This paper proposes a rhetorical-discourse framework for the analysis of public health crisis. The last epidemic crisis have highlighted the problematical character of definitions of health risk, illness/disease, health, and scientific authority, as discursive social constructions in a global communication context increasingly complex. Using the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic crisis in 2009-2010 as a model, I put forward the main discourse genres involved in the construction of the pandemic as a new social event, and its potential interdiscursive ties. Its connections with the rhetorical-argumentative strategies of the public health authorities in the crisis communication management has been also underlined.

RESUMO: Neste artigo, exploramos as complexas relações entre tarefas e atividades pedagógicas, sendo estas inerentes ao âmbito da execução de um curso e aquelas, ao âmbito do planejamento. Os dados analisados se inserem em um curso inteiramente online de português para falantes de espanhol e foram gerados por pesquisa-ação, com observação participante e gravação de materiais e atividades realizadas nos ambientes digitais daquela edição do curso (Moodle e Skype). Refletimos sobre modos de atualização das noções de gêneros do discurso, letramentos e aprendizagem enquanto práticas sociais tanto no design educacional quanto nas ações sociais dos participantes do curso, explicitando a relevância da distinção entre tarefa e atividade para o design de cursos e para a formação de professores que desejam atuar em cursos de línguas adicionais a distância.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE : DESIGN EDUCACIONAL; AÇÃO SOCIAL; GÊNEROS DO DISCURSO; LETRAMENTOS.

TITLE: EXPLORING THE INTERTWINING BETWEEN TASKS AND ACTIVITIES IN AN ONLINE ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE COURSE
ABSTRACT: In this article, we explore the complex relationships between pedagogical tasks and activities, being the former in the scope of course planning, and the latter in the scope of course implementation. The analyzed data are part of an entirely online Portuguese course for Spanish speakers and were generated by action research, with participant observation and recording of materials and activities carried out in the digital environments of that edition of the course (i.e. Moodle and Skype). We reflect on ways of updating the notions of speech genres, literacies and learning as social practices both in the design and in the social actions of the course participants, highlighting the relevance of the distinction between task and activity for course design and for online teacher education.
KEYWORDS:​ EDUCATIONAL DESIGN; SOCIAL ACTION; DISCOURSE GENRES; LITERACIES.

"Na sociedade capitalista contemporânea, a linguagem publicitária tem se configurado como uma espécie de diretriz modeladora das relações políticas, econômicas e sociais, afetando a dinâmica do Jornalismo de modo particular. Neste contexto, surgem novos gêneros discursivos neste campo de atividade, marcados por uma espécie de hibridização entre informação e venda. Um desses gêneros é a reportagem-publicidade, que constitui o objeto desta pesquisa. A partir da análise de alguns textos, procuraremos observar como a fusão entre estes dois campos de atividade se manifesta discursivamente. Como lentes teórico-metodológicas, utilizamos as contribuições da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC), fundamentados na proposta do linguista britânico Norman Fairclough, principal expoente desta teoria.

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In the contemporary capitalist society, the advertising language is a sort of guideline of the political, economic and social relations. The journalism has also been incorporated into this dynamic, and its ethical and aesthetic deeply transformed due to the insertion of advertising even in the editorial spaces. In this context, this study proposes to analyze the discoursive genre "adverts-news", basically characterized by the use of  formal and discoursive resources of journalism, but in order to publicize and promote a certain product, service or company. It aims to understand what are the discursive strategies that characterize this hybridity between information and sale, in order to understand, empirically, whether the journalism  language could exist without any sort of ideological investments. In addition to the concepts of Theories of Journalism, it will employ the theoretical and methodological contributions of Critical Discourse Analysis, using especially the conceptions of the British linguist Norman Fairclough, the main representative of this theory."

This article aims to explore constitutive elements of discursive genres, seeking to identify in the text Crabs with brain, authored by Fred Rodrigues Montenegro from Pernambuco-also known by the artistic name Fred Zero Quatro-compositional and discursive aspects of his textual body. In the text, which was widely marked as Manguebit Manifesto, we intent to analyze its expressive attributes and discursive identity, common elements that attribute stability to it and situate it as a problematic case within the discussion of primary and secondary discursive genres proposed by the Russian thinker Mikhail Bakhtin in his dialogical studies. Therefore, we will cross and compare these textual and expressive elements, seeking to identify their compositional construction, their style and their thematic content, relating them with their understanding, their recognition and their responsive repercussions, concepts that are also addressed in Bakhtin's theoretical studies, especially in the essay "The genres of speech".
Resumo
Este artigo visa explorar elementos constitutivos dos gêneros discursivos, buscando identificar no texto Caranguejos com cérebro, de autoria do pernambucano Fred Rodrigues Montenegro-também conhecido pelo nome artístico de Fred Zero Quatro-aspectos composicionais e discursivos de seu corpo textual. No texto, que ficou amplamente

Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição teórica dos pressupostos básicos da Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF) e da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), pela perspectiva desenvolvida por essas teorias de inspiração hallidayana, em sua abordagem dos estudos sobre a análise de gênero. Nas relações entre mudança discursiva e processos de mudança social e cultural, a ACD oferece ferramentas de análise, úteis na tentativa de revelar relações opacas de hegemonia nos textos (FAIRCLOUGH, 1989; 2001; VAN LEEUWEN, 1993). Apresenta-se o quadro tridimensional de análise, proposto por Fairclough, e as tendências que esse autor considera como as mais recorrentes nas sociedades contemporâneas. Segundo Fairclough (2001), a democratização, a comodificação e a tecnologização do discurso são práticas comuns a que estamos submetidos nas interações diárias. Nesse sentido, tal observação revela a necessidade de desenvolver uma leitura cada vez mais crítica dos fenômenos discursivos, diante das relações hegemônicas de luta pelo poder, disfarçadas sob a opacidade dos discursos. São abordadas, também, questões sobre o uso funcional da linguagem, a prática social e a prática discursiva, em sua relação com as diversas concepções de gênero, buscando pontos de confluência e de divergência no interior das argumentações desenvolvidas nesse marco teórico. Também são descritas as noções de contexto de cultura e de situação, assim como o conceito de metafunções, próprios do arcabouço teórico da LSF (HALLIDAY, 1982; HALLIDAY e MATTHIESSEN, 2004; MARTIN, 1992; 1997; EGGINS, 2004). Pelo princípio de realização, tal como desenvolvido pela LSF, um texto configura a instanciação ou materialização de significados, construídos nos contextos de situação e de cultura em que são negociados. De tal maneira, considerando que os gêneros estão ligados a atividades sociais ratificadas desde uma dada cultura, pelos pressupostos teóricos adotados, pode-se concluir que todo texto é a realização de um ou mais de um gênero.

Résumé: Dans cet article, nous cherchons à discuter de la notion de texte, à partir des contributions de la pragmatique et ses conséquences dans une perspective discursive. Au départ, nous mettons en évidence la diversité des trajectoires qui caractérisent la discipline pragmatique. Ensuite, nous mettons l’accent sur certaines des réflexions de Searle (2010) en témoignant leurs échecs en ce qui concerne la notion de texte. On releve le projet Maingueneau (1996), selon lequel les actes de parole doivent être pris en compte dans l'ensemble des genres de discours auxquels ils appartiennent. Enfin, on analyse deux textes médiatiques,
mettant en évidence le lien entre le texte et l'acte de la base textuelle
qui le soutient.
Mots-clés: Analyse du discours. Pragmatique. Genres de discours. Texte.

This article focuses on the analysis of gossip that is done in a playful key, including laughter as a salient feature, drawing on extracts taken from two naturally occurring conversations among Galician female undergraduate students. The analysis indicates that gossip emerges as a form of indirect mockery in the data, which are commonly based on dramatized reported speech of the ‘victim’, including parodic stylization devices that are orientated to elicit laughter by making fun or through ridicule. The evaluation component also reveals important differences in relation to serious gossip, as it is not necessarily negative and is not always explicitly established or developed. For this reason, this component can be ambiguous in some cases. From a functional perspective, the article emphasizes that sociability and entertainment are not the only functions that playful and humorous gossip can play; at a fundamental level, this discourse practice has other benefits for the participants: as a way of constructing group identity and getting group comfort for a feeling of envy; of increasing self-esteem from the problems of another party; and of degrading other people’s success. The common element behind these underlying functions is a comparative competition of the gossipers with the person who is the subject of their talk. Thus, gossip as mockery is not free of maliciousness and competitiveness.

Na sociedade capitalista contemporânea, que estimula constantemente o consumo desenfreado, a linguagem publicitária tem funcionado como uma espécie de diretriz modeladora das relações políticas, econômicas e sociais. O jornalismo também tem sido incorporado a esta dinâmica, tendo os seus padrões éticos e estéticos profundamente transformados em função da inserção da publicidade até mesmo nos espaços editoriais. Contraditoriamente, este mesmo jornalismo, submetido ao ideário capitalista e à linguagem publicitária em todas as suas dimensões, continua “baseando” seus princípios na suposta existência de uma objetividade, ideia ainda difundida, que prega que o jornal é um espaço de reprodução imparcial e precisa da realidade. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho se propõe a fazer uma análise do gênero discursivo reportagem-publicidade, que se caracteriza basicamente pela utilização dos recursos formais e discursivos do jornalismo, mas com a finalidade de divulgar e promover um determinado produto, serviço ou empresa. Procuraremos entender quais são as estratégias discursivas que marcam este hibridismo informação-venda, a fim de perceber, de modo empírico, se seria mesmo a linguagem do jornalismo tão impassível de investimentos ideológicos. Além dos conceitos que traremos das Teorias do Jornalismo, partimos fundamentalmente das contribuições teórico-metodológicas da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC), especialmente da proposta do linguista britânico Norman Fairclough, principal expoente desta teoria.

Este artículo es un estudio del uso del Twitter como herramienta de participación pública en un conflicto político sin la necesidad de participar necesariamente en las formas de filiación política más tradicionales. Para este artículo se parte del caso de los tuits surgidos a partir de la promulgación de la Ley Pulpín en Perú (diciembre de 2014), ley que pretendía rebajar los derechos laborales de los jóvenes peruanos, hasta su derogación gracias a la oposición a dicha ley (enero de 2015). Como corpus de análisis disponemos de un total de 105 tuits, generados en el entorno de las marchas que hubo en Perú contra esta ley. En el trabajo analizamos el contenido de los tuits del corpus de análisis a través de cuatro categorías principales, que hemos establecido para este trabajo, y que creemos que pueden ser replicables para futuros estudios lingüísticos basados en el género discursivo-digital twitter y su papel como espacio alternativo en el desarrollo de la lucha ante un problema soci...

Este artículo es un estudio del uso del Twitter como herramienta de participación pública en un conflicto político sin la necesidad de participar necesariamente en las formas de filiación política más tradicionales. Para este artículo se parte del caso de los tuits surgidos a partir de la promulgación de la Ley Pulpín en Perú (diciembre de 2014), ley que pretendía rebajar los derechos laborales de los jóvenes peruanos, hasta su derogación gracias a la oposición a dicha ley (enero de 2015). Como corpus de análisis disponemos de un total de 105 tuits, generados en el entorno de las marchas que hubo en Perú contra esta ley. En el trabajo analizamos el contenido de los tuits del corpus de análisis a través de cuatro categorías principales, que hemos establecido para este trabajo, y que creemos que pueden ser replicables para futuros estudios lingüísticos basados en el género discursivo-digital twitter y su papel como espacio alternativo en el desarrollo de la lucha ante un problema soci...

The short joke –that wandering and volatile object par excellence– embodies perhaps the genre of discourse through which a community (a concept becoming as it is known more and more enlarged) is at its readiest and most dynamic at commenting the meanings of the multiple phenomena – ethical, cultural, philosophical, pragmatic, etc.– with which it again and again confronts and (re)reconstructs itself. Whilst operating, before anything else, in terms of a playful conception of life, the short joke stretches itself through multiple and versatile conformations of typological, tropological and topological nature.

Corpo errático e volátil por excelência, a anedota constitui porventura o género do discurso através do qual uma comunidade mais dinâmica e prontamente comenta os sentidos dos múltiplos fenómenos – éticos, culturais, filosóficos, pragmáticos, etc.– com que a cada passo se confronta e (re)constrói. Operando, antes de mais, em termos de uma conceção lúdica da vida, a anedota distende-se por múltiplas e versáteis existências de natureza tipológica, tropológica e topológica.

Da introdução:
A anedota é a forma simples mais metamórfica, omnipresente e perene da cultura da globalização, considerada por muitos como pouco nobre ou digna, quer porque se vale de um estilo despojado de artifícios retórico-estilísticos (mas apenas se os reduzirmos a funções lírico-narrativas etéreas e asséticas), quer porque, não poucas vezes, traduz eventos e usa expressões e termos ditos obscenos ou grosseiros (que, em rigor, só o são quando intentam ser injuriosos) ou com pouco asseio, quer porque está principalmente associada às classes mais baixas e incultas da sociedade. Mas todos a consomem, ou todos riem ou sorriem com ela, desde o intelectual ou o profissional de quadros superiores até ao indivíduo mais bem-humorado e alheio a regras de etiqueta e boas maneiras. A fecundidade de muitos tipos que caracteriza a anedota, na origem "popular" ou "culta" (conceitos que são cada vez mais fluidos), resolve-se no processo de popularização por que passam as anedotas que conquistam um lugar nos arquivos memoriais, orais ou escritos (estes, com muita frequência, com armazenamento e com suporte digital e analógico).
A existência oral da anedota e, nos nossos dias, a sua escrita digital são duas das suas maiores forças, com este último registo a assumir cada vez maior relevância, prova de que o oral e o escrito se complementam mais do que se anulam, especialmente através dos meios tecnológicos (ciberespaço, CD-Rom, CD, telefone móvel), os quais possibilitam o trânsito imediato – e a universalização, pelo menos no espaço da lusofonia – de anedotas de criação recente.
Há uma nova geração de anedotas cuja plenitude passa precisamente pela migração através de correio eletrónico (também a anedota gráfica, ilustrada com desenhos) ou de telemóvel , onde se hospeda quase como um vírus, com ou sem marcas linguísticas performativas (Seja humano, defenda as oliveiras, o azeite é fonte de vida. Faça como eu, envie esta mensagem a todos os azeiteiros que conhece); um vírus que certamente necessita de uma familiaridade sui generis entre emissor e recetor, para que o que pretende ser um ato de comunhão carnavalesca não resvale em mau gosto ou em agressão, que poderá ser, nalguns casos, o que se persegue, em mensagem anónima ou identificada (Se acordares e deres conta de que tens quatro tomates, não julgues que és o super-homem: estás a ser enrabado). [...]