Health Promotion and Education

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The purpose of this article is to highlight the present socio-economic impact of the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) on most countries of the world, and how such rising trend poses one of the greatest threats to the actualization of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa.
The rising prevalence of NCD in many parts of the world have been identified as a threat not only to human health and wellbeing, but also to the sustainability of human developments and economic growth. More than before, economists are increasingly expressing concern that the rising threat of NCD will result in a worldwide long-term negative macroeconomic impacts on the quality and quantity of human resources, capital accumulation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with the consequences most severe in the developing countries.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the costs to health-care systems from NCD are already high; while significant costs to individuals, families, businesses, and governments are even higher, adding up to major negative macroeconomic impacts on most societies of the world. The greatest effects of NCD falls increasingly on the low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and on the poorer people within all countries, mirroring the underlying socioeconomic determinants. This situation if unchallenged, will likely threaten the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, with consequences far beyond the capacity of most African countries.
In conclusion, in order to avoid another failed developmental goals in Africa, the threat of NCD must be given all the seriousness it deserved at the highest level. As pointed out by many authorities, the best approach is to focus on preventive measures that effectively tackles the unhealthy risk factors implicated in the rising prevalence of NCD. This can be done partly through effective health education that focuses on lifestyle intervention.

The study was conducted to look  as a whole the health profile of the municipality of Balamban. The researchers generates maps presenting gathered data using Quantum GIS and secondary data obtained from the RHUs. Results have shown that the overall health profile in the municipality of Balamban as for year 2011 is satisfactory.

Cigarette smoking is one of the preventable causes of diseases and deaths. The most important preventive measure is technique to resist against peer pressure. Any educational program should design with an emphasis upon theories of behavioral change and based on effective educational program. To investigate the interventions through educational program in prevention of cigarette smoking, this paper has used the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). This study is a quasi-experimental study. Two middle schools were randomly selected from male students in Shiraz. Therefore, we randomly selected 120 students for the experimental group and 120 students for the control group. After diagnostic evaluation, educational interventions on the consequences of smoking and preventive skills were applied. Our results indicated that there was a significant difference between students in the control and experimental groups in the means of perceived susceptibility (P < 0.000, t = 6.84), perceived ...

Clinical learning environment is a complex social entity. This environment is effective on the learning process of nursing students in the clinical area. However, learning in clinical environment has several benefits, but it can be challenging, unpredictable, stressful, and constantly changing. In attention to clinical experiences and factors contributing to the learning of these experiences can waste a great deal of time and energy, impose heavy financial burden on educational systems, cause mental, familial and educational problems for students, and compromise the quality of patient care. Therefore, this study was carried out with the goal of determining the learning challenges of nursing students in clinical environments in Iran. In this qualitative study carried out in 2012-2013, 18 undergraduate nursing students were selected by using purposive sampling method from the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The content analysis method was used to determine relevant themes. Two themes were derived from the data analysis, which represented the students' clinical learning challenges. These two themes included insufficient qualification of nursing instructors and unsupportive learning environment. Identification of the students' clinical learning challenges and actions to remove or modify them will create more learning opportunities for the students, improve the achievement of educational goals, provide training to nursing students with the needed competencies to meet the complex demands of caring and for application of theories in practice, and improve the quality of healthcare services.

Cognizance of any error-prone professional activities has a great impact on the continuity of professional organizations in the competitive atmosphere, particularly in health care industry where every second has critical value in patients' life saving. Considering invaluable functions of medical record department - as legal document and continuity of health care - "failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)" utilized to identify the ways a process can fail, and how it can be made safer. The structured approach involved assembling a team of experts, employing a trained facilitator, introducing the rating scales and process during team orientation and collectively scoring failure modes. The probability of the failure-effect combination was related to the frequency of occurrence, potential severity, and likelihood of detection before causing any harm to the staff or patients. Frequency, severity and detectability were each given a score from 1 to 10. Risk priority numbers w...

Most people start smoking when they are in their teens and are habituated by the time they reach adulthood. There are many different reasons to smoke such as social acceptance, addiction, pleasure, and boredom. Among them addiction and pleasure were found to be the major reasons for smoking 1.
Tobacco smoking is one of the leading preventable mortality due to its related diseases. Most of the smokers remain as active smokers and heed all the warnings since they do not know their status on the nicotine dependence level. Within a few years of daily smoking, most smokers will become dependent, both physically and psychologically. WHO supports the conclusions reported by the Surgeon General of the United States 2014 that major chemical component respon¬sible for addiction is nicotine. All form into tobacco have the potential to be addictive because they contain nicotine2, 3.
Besides, ciga¬rettes as the most common form of tobacco have been specifically engineered in its manufacturing so that the initiation of smoking will lead to depen¬dency and hard to stop. This is because in addition to nicotine, cigarette also comprises acetaldehyde, ammonia compounds and menthol, which increase its addictive effects 4, 5.
Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). FTND is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items (Shown in table below).
For scoring the FTND, yes/no item is scored from 0 to 1 and multiple choice items are scored from 0 to 3. The items are summed to yield a total score of 0 to 10. The higher the total score, the more intense the subject’s dependence on nicotine. A score of 0-4 indicates that the subject has low nicotine dependence. For moderate nicotine dependence level, the score is 5-7, followed by a score of 8-10 which denotes high nicotine dependence6. The Malay version of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND-M) can be used for Malay population which was done by Anne Yee H.A., et al, 2011.
Summary: Cigarette smokers are addicted smoking within a few years of daily smoking mostly due to nicotine content. Smokers can assess the level of nicotine dependence himself with FTND. It is one of the useful assessment tools before introducing nicotine replacement therapy to them. 
Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Scale
No Question Answer/ scoring
1 How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette? 3. Within 5 minutes
2. Within 6-30 minutes
1. Within 31-60 minutes
0. After 60 minutes
2 Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden (e.g., in church, at the library, in cinema, etc)? 1. Yes
0. No
3 Which cigarette would you hate most to give up?
1. The first one in the morning
0. Any other           
4 How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?
0. 10 or less
1. 11-20     
2. 21-30
3. 31 or more
5 Do you smoke more during the first hours after waking than during the rest of the day? 1. Yes
0. No
6 Do you smoke even you are ill enough to be in bed most of the day? 1. Yes
0. No

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs in the health-care sector. Large proportions of HAIs are preventable by following infection prevention activities such as hand hygiene (HH) and biomedical waste management (BMWM). AIM: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching session on the cognitive and psychomotor domains of BMWM and HH practices in a tertiary health-care institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Every participant was evaluated for pretest knowledge assessment using a prestructured format along with skill demonstration. The training included interactive sessions, open discussion, and demonstration of various skills with the active participation of various participants by trained faculty and infection control nursing officers. On completion, every participant underwent posttest evaluation. RESULTS: During 11-month study period, 450 health-care professionals (HCPs) participated in the train...

This paper provides an overview of the most significant developments in the area of road (geometric) design practices and standards and related research in the Netherlands in recent years. The paper describes the importance of the Sustainable Road Safety policy in this context. Furthermore, it provides a summary of a number of new initiatives and developments with respect to road and intersection design with a specific focus on related (road safety) research and its role in the development and application of guidelines. Since 1998 the Netherlands has applied the principles of Sustainable Safety in road design and over the years these have been researched and in varying degrees been adopted into geometric design standards and guidelines. In recent years the strategic direction of road safety has shifted from being focussed on predominantly infrastructure to concentrating on regular traffic offenders and vulnerable road users and where technological innovation plays an important role....

BACKGROUND: Academic procrastination is a complex phenomenon and a common behavior among nursing students. Due to procrastinating behaviors, students cannot show their real performances in learning processes. In order to stop this behavior, it is crucial to know the most common causes of procrastination in the first place. The aim of this study was to identify a variety of different possible factors influencing academic procrastination among nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A qualitative study method with the content analysis approach was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. Participants were 67 nursing students and 8 nursing educators from 3 nursing schools in Iran. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were used for data gathering. An inductive approach to content analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Five categories and 24 subcategories emerged from the data analysis: “student-related factors,” “educator-related factor,” “assignm...

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs in the health-care sector. Large proportions of HAIs are preventable by following infection prevention activities such as hand hygiene (HH) and biomedical waste management (BMWM). AIM: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching session on the cognitive and psychomotor domains of BMWM and HH practices in a tertiary health-care institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Every participant was evaluated for pretest knowledge assessment using a prestructured format along with skill demonstration. The training included interactive sessions, open discussion, and demonstration of various skills with the active participation of various participants by trained faculty and infection control nursing officers. On completion, every participant underwent posttest evaluation. RESULTS: During 11-month study period, 450 health-care professionals (HCPs) participated in the training program. Cognitive domain score increased from 16.3 ± 2.4 to 21.3 ± 2.0 from pre-to post-test, respectively. In psychomotor domain, pre-and post-test scores for HH were 8.3 ± 3.5 and 14.3 ± 1.4, for BMWM, the corresponding values were 8.6 ± 2.1 and 9.8 ± 0.7, respectively. Overall change in the mean (± standard deviation) score between pre-and post-test for various domains of assessment was 5.0 (±2.7), 6.0 (±3.5), 1.1 (±1.8), and 12.2 (±5.3) for knowledge, HH skill demonstration, BMW segregation skill, and cumulative assessment, respectively. CONCLUSION: The initiation of a structured training program can result in a significant increase in participants' cognitive and psychomotor domains of learning, which may have an indirect impact on the prevention of HAIs.

2021 Social Pedagogy and Social Education International Online Conference: Hope in Dystopia, Social Pedagogy Association; ThemPra Social Pedagogy, Mount Pleasant, UK; University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK; Arizona State University, Tempe, USA (20210622-20210624). ”Interactive advantage, cementing of positions, and social pedagogical recognition – a narratively inspired analysis of professional actors’ oral representations of health promotion, prevention, and remediation efforts targeting young people who use alcohol and narcotics”. Rikke Greve, Caroline Andersson & Goran Basic.

The purpose of this study is to present new knowledge about the oral representations of the health promotion, prevention, and remediation efforts of professional actors working with young people who use alcohol and narcotics. The narrative empirical material is based on 23 interviews with professionals working with this population of young people within the context of upper-secondary school activities and outpatient treatment units in Sweden. In their oral representations, professional actors depict themselves as having an interactive advantage in relation to the verbal category of “young people who use alcohol and narcotics”. These verbal patterns seem to cement the professional actor as a superior who sets the agenda for placing these young people within a prevailing normative order. The analysis indicates that an inclusive approach by professionals is crucial to achieving several important aims. An inclusive approach also imposes demands, however, on how upper-secondary schools and outpatient treatment units collaborate with each other in this work with young people. This approach also plays a role in determining the support and room for manoeuvring that professional actors have relative to normatively right and deviant actions and to laws and policies that to some extent govern this practical work.

This survey investigated the prevalence of diabetes risk factors and diabetes mellitus among people living in Abuja. Using Simple Random and Purposive Sampling techniques for selecting geographical region and participants respectively, 417 Abuja residents were selected for the study. A standardized instrument - Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire - was used to determine the total diabetes risk score of the participants. In additions, the participants’ demographic information and biometric variables like blood pressure, blood sugar, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were measured. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentage, while Chi square was used for inferential statistics to test the hypotheses at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study revealed that majority of the participants (66.7%) were either overweight or obese, 46.1% had unhealthy waist circumference, 43.9% had high blood pressure, 2.4% had high blood sugar, 66.4% are physically inactive, while 77.5% do not consume vegetables or fruits every day. With respect to the risk scores of developing diabetes mellitus in the next 10 years, about half (49.9%) of the participants are at low risk, 30.9% are at slightly elevated risk, 11.7% are at moderate risk, 7% are at high risk, and only 0.5% are at very high risk. The study concluded that the prevalence of diabetes risk factors is high among residents of Federal Capital Territory (Abuja), and a significant number of the residents are at high risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in the next 10 years.

Background: HIV prevention programs across the world have considered drivers of articulated vehicles, especially those travelling long distances, as an important bridge population for the transmission of HIV to the general population and are thus a major target for HIV reduction programming. This paper therefore presents achievements of HIV prevention programme among transport workers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria including its implications for future programming. Methods: A total of three civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS and funded to provide HIV prevention programmes under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II project. A total of 3900 transport workers were the estimated sample size for this intervention and purposive sampling was used in selecting participants. The minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) was adopted in the implementation of this project and data collected were entered into District Health Information Software (DHIS)...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a service-learning based environmental health promotion exhibit in raising awareness of safe disposal of medicines and used sharps during the 2014 National Science Festival in South Africa. The study design utilised a computer-based quiz, an information poster, an interactive model and a take-home information leaflet on the safe disposal of medicines and used sharps which were developed by students and staff in the faculty of pharmacy at Rhodes University. Predominantly school students attended the exhibit and took part in a quiz. 413 participants took part in the environmental health promotion activity, with 91% of the participating learners attending schools in the Eastern Cape Province. The overall scores of participants in the pre- and post-tests showed significant improvement (p<0.001). Moreover, the results show significant gender differences for both the pre- and post-intervention mean scores. The environmental health promotion project was successful in raising awareness of the safe and appropriate disposal of medicines and used sharps by highlighting the dangers associated with their incorrect disposal, both to the environment and eventually to humans. Similar continuous health promotion activities are essential for sustainable effectiveness in the transformation of individual and communal actions in South Africa for the safe disposal of medicines and used sharps.

Education and health both are essentials for development of any economy. This study examines the impact of education and health on productivity in Pakistan by using secondary data for the period 2005-2015. The study uses information on life expectancy as indicator of health and literacy rate as indicator of education. Productivity is taken as a dependent variable and health, education, investment and saving rate are taken as independent variables. OLS technique was applied for analysis of data. Linear regression model was used to obtain results. The result reveals that increasing life expectancy and literacy rate lead to raise economic growth. It has been found that indicator of health has positive and significant impact on productivity whereas the impact of literacy rate as indicator of education has been found to be positive and significant. It is suggested that Govt. should enhance health and education outlay.

Objective: This study examined the temporal stability (i.e. test–retest reliability) of the Salutogenic Wellness Promotion Scale (SWPS) using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Current intraclass results were also compared to previously published interclass correlations to support the use of the intraclass method for test–retest analyses.
Method: One thousand, one hundred and thirty-one participants completed the SWPS twice, two weeks apart. ICC and descriptive statistics were calculated.
Results: Test–retest reliability was moderate to high for 23 of 25 SWPS items in males and 25 of 25 SWPS items in females. Differences in reliability across the seven SWPS dimensions were observed.
Conclusions: The reliability of the SWPS suits it well for further refinement. Intraclass correlation procedures likely detect more error, when compared to interclass correlation analyses, in the examination of temporal stability of measures.

There is proliferation of cholesterol build-up wellness information online due to the controversies and debates about it causes and effects which have also captured journalistic attention. This study investigates the extent sedentary workers in South East Nigeria are aware and exposed to cholesterol build-up information, their knowledge and sources of awareness and exposure. The study adopts the Theory of Selective Exposure. The study employed survey method in which Questionnaire was used to gather data. The population of the study is bankers with all the licensed commercial banks operating in South East Nigeria. The sample size is 500 respondents selected using simple random sampling approach. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that there is high awareness and exposure to cholesterol build-up wellness information. The study established poor knowledge of causes of cholesterol build-up, major sources of body cholesterol and cholesterol build-up controversies while knowledge of cholesterol build-up effects and control were average. Findings also revealed that internet/social media is their source of exposure and awareness to cholesterol build-up information. The study concludes that exposure to cholesterol build-up wellness information online has not provided the bankers with adequate knowledge. The study therefore recommends more awareness and enlightenment campaigns specifically on cholesterol build-up wellness.