Historical methods

Ce manuel bi-média (un livre papier + une plateforme web en Open access) offre un outil pédagogique innovant, inédit dans sa conception comme dans ses contenus. Fondé sur l'apprentissage des méthodes indispensables aux étudiants en histoire, il propose une approche décloisonnée et réflexive des quatre grandes périodes historiques afin de mettre en évidence la cohérence de la discipline dans ses approches les plus diverses et la variété des outils, des méthodes et des concepts qui permettent de la maîtriser.
Rédigé par des enseignants-chercheurs rompus aux problématiques du premier cycle universitaire, cet ouvrage a été conçu en modules permettant de construire plusieurs parcours pédagogiques et thématiques, afin de favoriser l'échange entre les étudiants et les enseignants et de répondre quatre exigences : - favoriser l'apprentissage des modes de réflexion propres à l'historien : synthèse de contenus divers, analyse critique et mise en perspective des réalités politiques, économiques, sociales et culturelles dans leur profondeur historique.
- familiariser l'étudiant à la maîtrise des sources primaires de l'historien, des papyrii antiques jusqu'aux ressources du Web, en proposant une présentation détaillée et des exercices pour chaque type de source, des moyens d'appréhender leur traitement, leur croisement, leur analyse (qualitative et quantitative) et leur interprétation. - ouvrir l'étudiant aux disciplines qui environnent et nourrissent la science historique, en particulier à celles qui entrent dans les différents cursus d'histoire proposés par les universités françaises : archéologie, histoire de l'art, sociologie, anthropologie, science du patrimoine mais aussi épigraphie, numismatique ou encore diplomatie.
- donner à l'étudiant les repères historiographiques nécessaires pour s'approprier une culture de la discipline telle qu'elle s'est faite et se renouvelle.

In this chapter, I propose a historical equivalent of HPS (‘history and philosophy of science’) called HPH (‘history and philosophy of history’). I start with some brief comments on HPS – what it is and what it is not. Subsequently, I present four arguments in favor of HPH. Finally, I respond to some questions that my proposal might provoke, suggesting among other things that HPH is not something to be built from scratch, but a form of cooperation that is already among us, whether we call it by that name or not.

Most scholars of Jewish history believe that there were between 10,000 and 55,000 Jews living in Poland in 1500. These estimates are based on the origin of these Jews: western Germany. The author observes that at the beginning of the sixteenth century Polish Jewry numerically corresponded to that of eastern Europe (i.e., Poland + European Russia). Starting from the number of Jews in Russia in 1897, he calculates the number of Jews in eastern Europe in early modern times (1500) by assuming a high annual growth rate on the basis of the Jewish population in Congress Poland during the nineteenth century, and a low annual growth rate on the basis of the annual growth rate of the total population between 1500 and 1800. He calculates that the number of Jews in eastern Europe in 1500 must have been between 460,000 and 860,000. Because there were fewer than 50,000 Jews living in Germany in 1400, they cannot have originated there.

The principle of double historization in source studies
The principle of double historization is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The application of
double historization in source studies has been substantiated. The «Turns» in historical science opened up new
prospects as well as raised complex issues concerning historical facts, sources, truth, and the role of a historian in
historical knowledge. Overcoming the opposition of the concept source–historian, the idea of «constructing» the
source by a historian was formulated. The extremes of both approaches have forced historians to seek compromised
solutions, the so-called «middle platform». But we suggest to pay attention to the fact that the source and the
historian are interconnected and included in the ontological and epistelomological aspects, in the objective social and
cultural process, manifested in a subjective form. The process includes their «accomplishments», that is, undergoes
changes at the stages of their «life». Since the subject and the object of cognition are unstable, the question arises
of the specificity of truth in history. This means that in order to understand the source information, it is necessary to
identify the moment of intersection of the «stories» of the source and the historian in a certain time space. In other
words, the principle of double historicization in source studies should be applied. This creates the context of the
dialogue-cognitive process, not only in its structural and functional dimension, but also in the genetic one. There is
an opportunity to neutralize the modernization of the content of the source and the subordination of the historian to
it. Thus, the justification of the historical conclusion has the prospect if it is based not only on the source, but also on
the system of «production» of knowledge, which includes theoretical and methodological principles, the principles
of the historian, and expert assessments of the scientific community.
Keywords: principle of double historization, source studies, historical source, historical truth, historical fact,

El cristianismo es más antiguo de lo que pensamos https://lost-history.com/ Ilustración SEQ Ilustración \* ARABIC 1: Bowl de Alexandria datado a finales de II siglo al I siglo d.E.C. "Por Chrest el Mago". El arqueólogo marino francés y cofundador del Centro de Arqueología Marítima de Oxford, Franck Goddio, anunció que su equipo descubrió una copa en Alejandría con el grabado "DIA-KRHST-OUOGOISTAIS", que significa "Por Chrest el Mago". Aunque el Libro de Levítico en la Biblia hebrea prohíbe la adivinación, la descripción de Jesús proporcionada en los primeros tres evangelios bíblicos, de hecho, presenta a Jesús como espíritus exorcistas y dando órdenes personales que provocan un cambio en la naturaleza, como en la historia de Jesús calmando a la tormenta, además de usar su propia saliva en la tierra como agente curativo, todas las cuales eran prácticas mágicas comunes en la antigüedad. Es solo por la síntesis de la ley hebrea y la biografía novelística griega que lo que de otro modo se entendería como "milagros" para contrastar con la "magia".

This paper examines the encounter between Protestant missionaries and the Jains in nineteenth-century Bombay. It focuses on three Scottish missionary-scholars—John Wilson (1804-1875), John Murray Mitchell (1815-1904), and John Stevenson (1798-1858)—who played a leading role in Orientalist and ethnographic scholarship coming out of Bombay and, more specifically, in the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (hereafter, Bombay Asiatic Society or Society). Of these three Scottish missionaries, only John Stevenson has been credited with a major contribution to Jain studies, notably his translations of the Kalpa Sutra and the Navatattava Prakarana, which were published in 1848 as the Kalpa Sutra and Nava Tatva: Two Works Illustrative of the Jain Religion and Philosophy. But John Wilson and John Murray Mitchell produced to a much greater degree and over a much longer period of time than Stevenson what is more valuable to the historian seeking to excavate nineteenth-century British ideas of Jains and Jainism: a record of over fifty years of contact with Jains living throughout western India.
There are a number of reasons why understanding how nineteenth-century Bombay-based Scottish Protestant missionaries (who were also esteemed Orientalists and ethnographers) conceptualized Jainism and understood the Jains gives us a fuller picture of the activities, ideas, and encounters of Christian missionaries and Orientalists in colonial India. First, the Jains and Jainism have been largely overlooked in the scholarship on British Orientalists in India. Second, the Jains and Jainism have received no attention whatsoever in the scholarship on British Protestant missionaries in India before the twentieth century. Third, scholars of British Orientalists and missionaries have paid comparatively little attention to Bombay Presidency. Fourth, the nineteenth century was a watershed period in the European study of the religions: it was the time when newly ‘discovered’ religions, such as Jainism, attained recognition as ‘religions’ and a new taxonomic regime of ‘world religions’ superseded the four-fold scheme—Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Heathenism/Paganism—through which Europeans had conventionally parsed the religions of the world.
Rather than examining the Bombay Scottish missionaries’ accounts of the Jain religion and interactions with the Jains in isolation, this paper seeks to analyze and place the Christian missionary-Jain encounter within the larger nineteenth-century Bombay context in which the Scottish missionaries also interacted with other communities and produced accounts of other ‘religions’. One aim of this paper, then, is to highlight some of the ways in which Bombay missionaries represented Jains and Jainism as both similar to and distinct from other Indian communities and religions. One of the main arguments of this paper is that the state of Orientalist scholarship (and specifically ‘Jain studies’) in the first half of the nineteenth century, Bombay’s unparalleled religious diversity and large Jain population, and the particular importance Scottish missionaries placed on ‘discovering’ the authentic religions of Bombay’s peoples helped to establish the conditions that led to the early European reification of ‘the religion of the Jains’ into ‘Jainism’ and fostered the view that Jainism was an  ‘independent “religion’” distinct from Hinduism decades earlier than scholars have previously supposed.

At the end of the 19th century, most professional historians – wherever they existed – deemed history to be a form of knowledge ruled by a method that bears no resemblance with those most commonly traceable in the natural sciences. The bulk of the historian’s task was then frequently regarded as being the application of procedures frequently referred to as ‘historical method’. In the context of such an emerging interest on historical methods and methodology, at least three textbooks stand out: Johann Gustav Droysen’s Grundriss der Historik (Outline of the Theory of History), Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (Handbook of Historical Method), and Charles Langlois and Charles Seignobos’s Introduction aux études historiques (Introduction to the Study of History). These books were quite influential in Germany, France, and elsewhere, and they very much helped promote a general idea of historical method that would become relatively consensual among historians of many nationalities by the early 20th century. Such a relative agreement on historical method sponsored both the communication and the development of a sense of disciplinary identity among historians trained within different and sometimes conflicting national traditions. It was then partially extended, partially challenged, and surely made more complex when, from the 1920s on, social and economic historians became a good part of the historiographical establishment in many countries.

The three books by Droysen, Bernheim, and Langlois and Seignobos were already pieced together by Rolf Torstendahl, who studied them as a group of texts that, despite their differences, contributed to shape the developments outlined above.  However, Torstendahl’s primary aim was to show how Droysen, Bernheim, and Seignobos all resorted to ‘method’ as a way to circumvent skepticism against the possibility of historical knowledge, rather than investigate the internal interrelationships between the three texts. In this chapter I follow precisely this latter, not yet taken, road, focusing on crucial cross-references between the Grundriss, the Lehrbuch, and the Introduction. I intend to show that, at a general level, the schemes of historical method found in these texts are largely convergent, and that this convergence is due to Bernheim’s reading of Droysen and to Langlois and Seignobos’s reading of Bernheim. I will attempt to do it through a regressive approach that starts with an analysis of the Introduction. Aspects of the editorial history and circulation of the three texts will also be briefly addressed, as a way to illustrate their special importance within the framework of early 20th century historical theory.  Because my argument calls for a focus on the most general lines of Droysen’s, Bernheim’s, and Langlois and Seignobos’s schemes of historical method, I will, for the sake of consistency, refrain from analysing in-depth the complex epistemological and ontological arguments in which those schemes are nested.

This is a special issue of the Acta Historica Tallinnensia on historical studies in Estonia in the first two decades of the twenty-­first century. The whole issue is open access and available for free: https://kirj.ee/acta-publications/?filter[year]=2020:%20Eesti%20ajalooteadus%2021.%20sajandil&filter[issue]=402

چکیده مقاله:
نقد ادبی عنصری جداناپذیر از ادبیات است و از روش ها و شیوه های آن برای تحلیل آثار ادبی استفاده می شود. تاریخ گرایی نو که آغاز آن به دهه 1980 برمی گردد، یکی از دستاوردهای اخیر نقد ادبی است که به بررسی تعامل تاریخ و ادبیات پرداخته و چشم اندازی جدید از آثار ادبی و نویسنده ها به دست می دهد. این مقاله، با استفاده از دیدگاه ها و نظریه های مختلف برای بررسی مسایل تاریخی، سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی در آثار ادبی، کوششی برای تشریح تاریخ گرایی نو است تا بخشی از کم و کاست تحلیل نظری در خصوص این رویکرد نو جبران شود. به همین منظور، در این مقاله راجع به مراحل، روش ها و نظریات منتقدان، فیلسوفان و تاریخ نگاران تاثیرگذار در تاریخ گرایی نو بحث خواهد شد تا بحث نظری پیرامون علل استفاده از چنین رویکردی و روش استفاده از آن روشن شود. در انتها، ویژگی هایی که این رویکرد را از دیگر روش های انتقادی متمایز می کند، مطرح خواهند شد تا ما را در دستیابی به افق های نو در تحلیل آثار ادبی کمک نماید.

This paper has three overarching aims: to contextualise oral history within larger debates over methods in the social sciences; to highlight the peculiar strengths as well as complexities of oral history as a method; and finally to elucidate some of these methodological issues through insights drawn from analysis of oral histories of two elderly Bengali Muslim women.

Trots att jag snart har fem års utbildning på universitet bakom mig har det varit oroväckande lite undervisning i vetenskaplig metod. Det gäller särskilt, men inte uteslutande, historievetenskaplig metod som  berörs ytligt. Det är universitetens uppgift att värna om de vetenskapliga riktlinjerna. För att få bra vetenskap krävs en god kunskap om vilka metoder som finns och hur de används. Därför behövs det mer undervisning i historievetenskaplig metod redan på bachelor- och masternivå istället för att ta det på doktornivå. En ökad metodologisk medvetenhet handlar också om att universitetet utför sitt uppdrag i samhället genom att tydligt markera var gränsen mellan historievetenskap och historieberättande går.

This chapter aims to both reflect upon my own fieldwork among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and my engagement with the scholarship of the ethnologist Christian Pelras, who wrote extensively on South Sulawesi culture and history. Explicit about his task of translating one culture to another, Pelras took an 'ethnographic' approach to his research, collecting huge amounts of information that he used in order to describe. His wide focus and attempts to translate one culture to another appear to reflect the European-based attempts to understand the 'other', perhaps like a museum of ethnology. By contrast, scholars of my generation are less concerned with describing, more critical of sources, look to solve particular research problems in a context that may not necessarily be our own, and use skills, approaches and techniques developed elsewhere. In particular, I discuss my engagement with Pelras's work on orality and writing and his attempts to reconstruct the South Sulawesi past. While the chapter is critical of some of Pelras's work on the Bugis, particularly his attempts at writing history, it pays tribute to other aspects. Keywords South Sulawesi • Bugis • Orality and writing • Christian Pelras • La Galigo I would like to thank Campbell Macknight for his helpful and informative comments on this chapter.

The dangerosity of wolves for human beings is a staple of old tales such as Little Red Riding Hood or Tom Thumbs.  Is it a historical reality, though?  And if yes, what was the impact on our ancestors?  The perception of the wolf, long very negative in Europe, has become much more positive lately, in a framework of publicly stated worries about biodiversity.  Since the wolf was reintroduced in the Alps in 1992, this reversal of perspective has led to deep rift of public opinion, and increased the tensions between actors of pasture territories ans managers of the environment.  In this debate, often quite passionate, some question the reality of wolf attacks, the reason for the classifying of this predator as the worst of all « pests » for centuries on end.  It is particularly the case of the most negatively seen of all wolf aggressions in the European cultural heritage, that of a wolf held to be a « man eater ».
To delineate more precisely what is at stake and within which limits when this highly sensitive is concerned, we need to find answers to many questions.  Which actual testimonies can we use to assess wolf attacks, and to what extent are they reliable?  How can we distinguish between attacks by « anthropophagous » animals and attacks by rabid wolves?  Can we discern chronological evolutions in these attacks, and which were the most acute periods?  What geographical dispersion can we trace, and what information can we derive therefrom?  How were the aggressors identified, and culturally perceived?  What was the demographic and sociological impact of these attacks?  In a word, what was the actual risk the wolf represented for human beings in France, and can this risk explain the « fear of the wolf » still observable in the mentalities?
To answer these questions, this work uses testimonies and printed sources from over five centuries of observation, from the Hundred Years War to the First World War, and relies on a statistical dataset comprising over 3 000 death certificates dated from 1420 to 1918.
No historical synthesis so far had achieved this width of inquiry, covering the whole French territory.  The book presents the results of 5 years of research for 85 French départements.  Still the work is far from over : the conclusion calls for a wider focus, and more study on other aspects of the relationship between human beings and wolves.  Indeed, beyond the explanation given to a fact which tends to be forgotten today, this study sheds light primarily on the spatial organization of human activity, much more than on the biological evolution of this species.  The wolf reveals social choices, and is a marker of the way our environment is managed.  The story of the « big bad wolf » prompts the historian to communicate his results to the wider public, and reveals the place left by human beings to what is wild in their universe.

In dating the past, inscriptions are the primary sources of evidence. The year of the Mahābhārata war can be deduced from the inscriptions of Janamejaya in whose presence Mahābhārata was recited for the first time. Vyasa, the author, also being present at that time, makes the decrees of Janamejaya the first rate primary evidence for dating. Fortunately three copper plate inscriptions issued to the Brahmins of Shivamogga district of Karnataka on the occasion of the Sarpa yāga by the king Janamejaya, of Hastinapura have been recovered and documented during the colonial period. Another one was found in the custody of a maṭha in the same district. This donation issued by Janamejaya includes the region occupied by the Pandavas during their exile. All these four grants contain the crucial calendar elements while one of them give the name of the year along with the Kali year. When checked with the astrology simulator the calendar elements perfectly matched with the details given. The derivations show that the Sarpa yāga was conducted in the 88th Kali year which happened to be the 28th regnal year of the king Janamejaya. The Mahābhārata was recited for the first time in that year (3014 BCE).

No prefácio de Estratos do tempo, editado na Alemanha em 2003, Koselleck menciona o plano de publicar duas outras coletâneas de ensaios e conferências que estavam espalhados em diferentes meios. Quando fale-ceu, em fevereiro de 2006, esses dois projetos ainda não estavam concluí-dos. Um deles viria a se materializar no livro Sobre o sentido e a ausência de sentido da história, de 2010. O outro, publicado ainda em 2006, é jus-tamente o livro cuja tradução agora está à disposição do leitor de língua portuguesa. Histórias de conceitos é a quarta obra de Reinhart Koselleck publicada pela Contraponto, na sequência de Crítica e crise (1999), Futuro passado (2006) e Estratos do tempo (2014). Complementa a lista das traduções brasileiras o volume O conceito de história (2013), publicado pela editora Autêntica, que contém a versão completa de um longo verbete redigido por Koselleck e outros três colaboradores. A ampla recepção que esses volumes prévios têm experimentado por parte do público acadêmico brasileiro elevou o seu autor ao patamar daquelas guras que dispensam apresentação. O presente livro registra e simboliza o engajamento de Koselleck com a teoria e a prática da história dos conceitos, engajamento que se esten-deu por cerca de quatro décadas. O ponto de partida foi sua experiên-cia como organizador principal e autor de uma dezena de entradas dos Geschichtliche Grundbegri e: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland [Conceitos históricos fundamentais: léxico histó-rico da linguagem político-social na Alemanha, 8 v., 1972-1997]. Embora não tenhamos a versão de nitiva da introdução que Kosel-leck programou escrever para esta coletânea, podemos supor que ele pretendia que o livro funcionasse como uma boa síntese tanto das suas concepções teóricas quanto das suas posturas metódicas. Isso transparece na divisão em cinco partes que estrutura o livro, bem como nos fragmen-tos do que seria a introdução que o autor não teve tempo de concluir

The historiography of natural-resource extraction, especially in colonial contexts, is often torn between two temptations: to represent these histories in narratives commencing with discovery, and thus rupture; or to render them in tales of continuity and thus an identity that transcends history. In the increasingly common scenarios of deindustrialization, these twin temptations are sutured together via the figure of return. Thus, accounts of postin-dustrial life often construe it as a return to forms of life that preceded capital-intensive industrial practice, and are written in the idiom of the "artisanal." In doing so, they mistake a mere form of appearance, which is to say an image of the past, for its repetition, effac-ing the degree to which the materialities of industrialization shape, as both shadow and impress, the corporeal gestures and unconscious habits of those who inhabit its ruins. At the same time, and in an era of memory studies, truth commissions, and heritage projects, people who inhabit the spaces of deindustrialization often believe that they can survive the destruction of their life-worlds only by giving themselves to be seen in the form of an image that resembles the past, and in a museological register. In this essay, based on two decades of field research in the areas of deep-level mining in South Africa, and an ongoing documentary film project with informal migrant miners called zama-zamas, I attempt to find another form and method for producing a historical and dialectical anthropological understanding of postindustrial life. The essay is an experiment in narrative that attempts to redeem a photographic and cinematographic tradition that is often culpable of reproducing the above-named temptations. The essay thus weaves together forms of the close-up-a gesture that seeks to get hold of history by means of an image-with contemplative reflections based in the temporally extended accounts of those who inhabit the ruins of deep-level gold mines. In so doing, I propose a means of rethinking historiographical practice in the context of an always already vanishing present.

In this chapter, I outline strategies that microhistorians might deploy to investigate the lives of obscure, petty offenders, and to reconstruct their social and cultural milieu. I focus on routine, everyday encounters with the criminal justice system in Great Yarmouth in the early Victorian years.  To hear the voices of the labouring poor, who comprised the vast majority charged at Yarmouth, I turn to records produced in the prison, particularly the gaoler’s admissions registers and disciplinary log, and the daily journal of the Christian visitor who voluntarily taught inmates to read, write, and receive Biblical instruction. Records of quotidian life in nineteenth-century gaols have rarely survived in such detail, and yet, even here, inmates’ voices are only briefly and occasionally reported, and always from the perspective of authority. By widening the scale to explore how individuals interacted in social space and the networks of familiarity they established, I seek to fuse micro and macro approaches and their respective viewpoints of proximity and distance.

Письменные источники - это документы, с которыми связана история как наука. Документы истории и история документов тесно переплетены. Автоматический контент-анализ и компьютерная обработка исторических текстов обрели свое собственное место в мире методов источниковедения и конкретно-исторического анализа.

Svenska historikermötet, 10-12 maj 2017, Mittuniversitetet, campus Sundsvall, Sessionsomgång 3, 3.17 Didaktik och utbildningshistoria I, Presentation nr. 4 

Deltagare: Carl L. Thunberg, Historielärarnas förening, Sundsvallskretsen: Historia: Dess syfte och didaktiska utgångsläge i läroplanen för gymnasiet. En teoristudie och en fallstudie avseende elevers förkunskaper kontra riktlinjerna i läroplanen.

Sammanfattning: Denna presentation kommer att diskutera svenska gymnasieelevers förkunskaper i historia kontra de förkunskaper som läroplanen för gymnasiet (Lgy11) förutsätter. Nya gymnasieelever synes ytterst sällan ha de teoretiska kunskaper i historieämnet som läroplanen har som riktlinjer i sin syftesbeskrivning och sina didaktiska positioner. Detta ska diskuteras, problematiseras och analyseras. En viktig anslutande fråga rör vad förhållandena kan bero på, och en annan vilka slags åtgärder som skulle kunna vara relevanta för att lösa problemet. Diskussionen utgår från ett utvecklingsarbete av Carl L. Thunberg vid Luleå tekniska universitet.

Current ethnic conflict in Ethiopia is not a simple byproduct of Multinational federalism and politicization of ethnicity since 1991. Regardless of the contradictions and debates over the core causes of ethnic conflict in Ethiopia, it is impossible to fully comprehend it without a thorough and honest examination of the pre-1991 country's history in terms of ethnicity and ethnic conflict. The article analyzed the historical root causes of ethnic conflict in Ethiopia by taking Minilik's II and HaileSelassie's I regimes into account. Hence, a Dialectical approach and historical method were employed to conduct a critical investigation of the core causes of ethnic conflict. The article found that the country's current ethnic politics and ethnic warfare sowed during the imperial regime. Minilik II and his successor conquered, confiscated, subjugated, enslaved, and dehumanized the southern nations, nationalities, and people in the consecration of Ethiopia's current territory. During imperial administrations, Ethiopia was seen as a prison-house of people. Ethnic identity has been taboo during the imperial regimes of Ethiopia. The article also found that the imperial regimes of Ethiopia were the precursor to both immediate and potential ethnic-based detestation, animosity, and violence that resulted in the country's lengthy and deadly civil wars. Based on a dialectical method, this article discovered that the process of Ethiopian state creation resulted in sustainable and predictable cyclical rotation of contradiction and contestation between thesis and antithesis, without creating strong syntheses. Moreover, the misappropriation of concepts of nationalism and nation-building has been common in the country's political history.

This article traces the origins and development of public history in Italy. Public history in the Peninsula has its roots in historical institutions born in the 19th century and in post-WW2 first Italian Republic. The concept of “public use of history” (1993), the important role played by memory issues in post-war society, the birth of public archaeology (2015) before public history, the emergence of history festivals in the new millennium are all important moments shaping the history of the field which are dealt with in this essay. The foundation of the “Italian Association of Public History” (AIPH) in 2016-2017, and the promotion of an Italian Public History Manifesto (2018) together with the creation of Public History masters in universities, are all concrete signs of a vital development of the field in the country.

""This festschrift in honor of Professor Ayodeji Olukoju, one of Nigeria’s brightest historians, brings together scholarship representative of the third wave of historical scholarship on Nigeria. Olukoju, a pioneering historian of Nigerian maritime history, also produced significant revisionist scholarship in the areas of economic, urban, and infrastructure history. The contributions in this volume epitomize the groundbreaking directions of his career; they are marked by a search for new explanations and venture into uncharted terrain in Nigerian history. Aside from its critical engagement of Olukoju’s impressive scholarship, this volume presents chapters on such underresearched aspects of Nigerian history as sexuality, children and youth, crime, memory, and HIV/AIDS. It offers historical explanations of a host of development challenges confronting Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, and resilient reinterpretations of the place of history in nation building. The contributors, pioneering experts in their various subfields, bring their research and teaching experience to the fore and deploy neglected data as they unfold topics that shed light on Nigeria, its peoples, and cultures. They show that history both as a daily practice and as an academic endeavor remains vital as Africans seek solutions to the continent’s critical development challenges.

http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/The-Third-Wave-of-Historical-Scholarship-on-Nigeria--Essays-in-Honor-of-Ayodeji-Olukoju1-4438-3994-9.htm""