Innovation Ecosystems

As sustainability is becoming an important topic for both agriculture and the textile sector, there is an increasing market demand for plant-based fibers production. Diversified farming systems, such as agroforestry, have received considerable attention for their potential to contribute to more environmentally sustainable and socially just agricultural methods, that offers a smart use of water and soil nutrition. They can be a direction for rural development through contributions in agrobiodiversity, livelihood diversity, labor availability and economic growth. They are currently being promoted in many regions to contribute for food security, climate change adaptation and mitigation. In this study, the research methodology was based on a systematic literature review and secondary data collection and analyses. The aim was to investigate initiatives towards sustainable textile fibers cropping, including different species and plantation methods. The results indicate few cases worldwide and suggest cotton as the main experimented specie, generally cultivated with two other ones. They were identify three methods applied in cotton crops: (1) crop rotation, (2) agroecological intercropping and (3) agroforestry. Results also demonstrates different production challenges, concerning machinery development to mixture crops, ideal species groups, economic viability and process scalability. Forest management methods that can sustain good mixes of tree species need to be designed, promoting rich agrobiodiversity landscapes. Thus, defining, measuring and rewarding good farming practices are the main possible drivers to motivate farmers to change to new approaches towards sustainability in textile fiber production. Further investigation is demanded to evaluate different species possibilities and cropping maintenance, as well as addressing public policies and coordinating stakeholders interests.

Researchers tend to rely on metaphors to gain initial comprehension of complex systems. However, literature offers little guidance for this strategy. This paper presents criteria for using metaphors responsibly in this arena by applying them to evaluate ecological metaphors related to innovation systems. We develop the idea of innovation ecotone as the boundary between the knowledge ecosystem and the business ecosystem. We demonstrate why this ecotone better meets the criteria for a valuable metaphor for understanding innovation systems than the "innovation ecosystem" metaphor. This novel approach resolves many ambiguities and provides new implications for policymakers, particularly regarding the nature of innovation policy agencies.

Next-generation technology provides users with new, advanced functionality that often renders the past technology obsolete, opening a window of opportunity for challengers. Major benefits can accrue to technology leaders, but for platform technologies that require complementary innovation from external complementors to create value for users, those benefits are limited by the difficulty of securing complements. The focus of this article is on the value users derive from the variety and quality of platform complements and its impact on leaders' performance over time relative to followers. The article shows that next-generation platform leaders that build in-house complements and encourage broader participation by external complementors can enhance platform value to users at early market stages. Yet, later on, when the market has taken off, continuing to leverage these strategies will negatively affect the variety and quality of their complements, constraining their growth capacity and performance relative to followers. Leaders may thus lock themselves into suboptimal performance patterns and eventually fall behind their followers. The analysis provided herein offers new insights about what drives platform competition by highlighting the challenges platform leaders face, particularly in the growth stage of a platform's market evolution, and the critical role played by complement quality in shaping platform competition over time. Wohlgezogen, and seminar participants at the London Business School 2012 Sumantra Ghoshal Strategy Conference, Esade Business School, IE University, for their helpful feedback on earlier drafts of the article and two anonymous reviewers and associate editor Anne Parmigiani for their valuable comments and suggestions. All limitations are my own. I am indebted to Juan Santaló for his constant and valuable support in the early development of this project and to the PhD Program and Strategy Department of IE Business School for generous funding support of data collection.

Over the past few years, the concept of smart cities as a tangible template for sustainable urban development has gained increasing attention. The concept is characterized by a greater use of modern information and communication technologies (ICT), the inclusion of city stakeholders in urban development, and new forms of urban governance. Also of major importance in smart cities is local entrepreneurial innovation, as it contributes to economic growth and provides solutions to urban challenges. Past research has identified the smart city as a city with a higher entrepreneurial activity and shows that key attributes of a smart city favour the activity of startups and SMEs. Yet, it remains unexplored whether all the developmental requirements of startups are, in fact, addressed and answered by the attributes of a smart city.
In this thesis, the author investigates this research gap by focusing on digital startups and using the elements of a local innovation ecosystem as a proxy for startup requirements. Based on an analysis of the quantitative data of 28 European cities from two city indices – the Smart Cities 4.0 Ranking and the European Digital City Index – the author first confirms the theory that smarter cities provide a beneficial environment for the innovation ecosystems of digital startups. Further analysis of this relationship reveals that smart cities fulfil most of the requirements of digital startups. Elements that stand out in particular are the higher living standard and the greater market demand for digital products and services that smart cities provide. However, the two most relevant elements to startups, meaning the access to capital and to mentoring and managerial assistance, remain mostly unaddressed by the smart city. It appears that, the more specific these elements are to an entrepreneurial environment, the less likely it is that the smart city ensures the presence of these elements.
Based on the results, it appears digital startups successfully identify beneficial locations and markets, and policy makers equally successfully target gaps in their support of the innovation ecosystem. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of the relationship to single elements of the ecosystem and the impact of smart city strategies on them over an extended period of time.

Schneller technologischer Wandel, die Wende zu regenerativen
Energien, verändertes Konsumverhalten oder neue Mobilität:
Städte und Regionen sehen sich tiefgreifenden Veränderungen
gegenüber, die unser gesamtes Zusammenleben prägen. Sie stehen
vor der Herausforderung, innovative Antworten auf die großen
Fragen unserer Zeit zu finden und ihren eigenen Umbruch aktiv
zu gestalten. Das Projekt Open Innovation City zeigt in diesem
Zusammenhang, dass innovative Ideen überall in einer Gesellschaft
vorhanden sind und alle Bereiche einer Stadt, also Politik
und Verwaltung, Wirtschaft und Verbände, Bildung und Forschung
sowie Bürger- und Zivilgesellschaft ihre Zukunft gemeinsam entwickeln
können.

La concepción de la innovación ha evolucionado, por tal motivo, es importante tener una visión sobre los cambios que se han producido en las definiciones, significados y puntos de vista, con el objeto de reflexionar y tomar con seriedad el impacto que tiene en el desarrollo social y económico.
En este sentido, el objetivo de este capitulo es mostrar que existen múltiples significados de la innovación y mostrar la evolución del concepto, que contemplan las distintas definiciones y teorías al respecto.
Asimismo, se expone la importacia e impacto que tiene la vinculación en las actividades de innovación.

Rooted in the territorial approach, this theoretical paper offers a systematic literature review (SLR) of ecosystems based on a selection of 104 articles and books and their archetypes. First, we identify and discuss the four main types of ecosystems – business, innovation, entrepreneurial, and knowledge ecosystems – and indicate the presence of other transversal concepts. Second, we provide an overview of related and well-established theories from the territorial approach that have been largely omitted although they are ecosystem archetypes. Third, we identify the invariants across the four diverging streams from the ecosystem approach and the seven diverging streams from the territorial approach. Finally, we propose a research framework based on the comparison between key invariants from both approaches and discuss their similarities and differences that could serve as a foundation for future empirical research. This study therefore links the ecosystem and territorial approaches under the complex evolutionary system umbrella by creating a theoretical framework that reflects the complex interconnection between models, theories, and emerging concepts.

The innovation has become increasingly relevant to the competitiveness of contemporary businesses. However, the contexts to innovate are increasingly dynamic, uncertain and complex and demanding new models, management and innovation methods. The main challenge of the researched company is changing its own view of innovation embedded in product development for an innovative organizational environment that incorporates a systemic view that strengthens the real innovation generating value and meaning for customers and other stakeholders. This action research was divided into two stages, the first consisting of the current diagnosis of the innovation process of the company; the second stage was developed a practical experience with 12 (twelve) people, from a new perspective of design-driven innovation to evaluate its potential to innovate in a scenario of changing and uncertainty. Initially, it can be stated that the company is perceived in the market as an innovator, and, this research, after academic studies and compared with some archetypes and models of innovation concluded that the company needs different processes and capabilities from current ones in order to be considered an innovative company. The main inhibiting factors identified as structure, processes and people can be minimized with the determination of promoting changes, challenging the status quo and taking more risks because innovating is taking risks. The approximation of the design approach, which has collaborative and exploratory nature to traditional models, this way, provides for the company to change and develop innovation systems view in the future. And take the first steps of this change and include non-linear, interactive and experimentation models was suggested to start with a pilot project by Design-driven innovation, product model as proposed in this action research.
Keywords: Innovation. Design-Driven Innovation. Design Thinking.

The subject of this PhD thesis is the qualitative analysis of the evolution of structural dynamics providing for advancement of innovation ecosystems in the European Union. For this purpose, four chapters/articles considering this subject matter were elaborated. The first one is centred on the elaboration of a tentative conceptual framework. This framework is afterwards applied for the study of the innovation policies evolution in the European Union in general, and Horizon Europe proposal in particular. The case study of the banking sector consists in the application of the elaborated framework, it is further on enlarged in the last article, introducing monetary issuance innovation and its context against the competitiveness vs innovation orientation. The theoretical framework is based on the process and actors view of the innovation ecosystems. Actors view follows the Sabato triangle and triple helix, however apart from Government, Industry and Academia, two additional dimensions were added, i.e. Society and (Natural) Environment which gives a distinctive and richer view on the studied fields. The process view is based on the Multilevel Perspective, establishing innovation phases from the levels of niche, sociotechnical regime and landscape. The actors’ perspective of the innovation helix seems especially valid and actionable when it is joined with the metamodern approach to the nowadays society standpoint and also the grid/group culture theory. It reinforces also the sociotechnical landscape level, for the window of opportunity creation for the disruptive, structural innovations. This is especially relevant when we approach the challenges of our times, such as economic growth, natural environment or the inequality. The transgression of a mere benefit centred business model, leads us to a more civic responsibility, also of the companies and circular economy orientation at each level, from education to design of full innovation life cycle. It is also especially relevant for the banking and monetary sectors, as they provide the infrastructure for economic activity. Innovative money issuance at different levels seem to be the key. The creation of a quite simple approach to evaluate dynamically the innovation ecosystems, brings an actionable answer to a metamodern ‘dare to know’ requirement for a more conscious approach toward economic processes and thus more collective intelligence in general.

Well-designed and supported innovation niches may facilitate transitions towards sustainable agricultural futures , which may follow different approaches and paradigms such as agroecology, local place-based food systems , vertical farming, bioeconomy, urban agriculture, and smart farming or digital farming. In this paper we consider how the existing agricultural innovation systems (AIS) approach might be opened up to better support the creation of innovation niches. We engage with Innovation Ecosystems thinking to consider the ways in which it might enhance efforts to create multi-actor, cross-sectoral innovation niches that are capable of supporting transitions to sustainable agricultural systems across multiple scales. While sharing many similarities with AIS thinking, Innovation Ecosystems thinking has the potential to broaden AIS by: emphasizing the role of power in shaping directionality in innovation platforms or innovation communities that are connected to niches and their interaction with regimes; highlighting the plurality of actors and actants and the integral role of ecological actants in innovation; and offering an umbrella concept through which to cross scalar and paradigmatic or sector boundaries in order to engage with a variety of innovation systems affecting multifunctional agricultural landscapes and systems. To this end, an Agricultural Innovation Ecosystems approach may help design and support development of transboundary, inter-sectoral innovation niches that can realize more collective and integrated innovation in support of sustainability transitions, and help enact mission oriented agricultural innovation policy.

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PLAN DU DOCUMENT

• Contexte général du voyage et du séminaire
• Objectifs
• Présentation de la mission
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• Présentation en anglais destinée aux américains
• Présentation des cartes de la région
• Présentation des lieux de résidence
• Présentation du programme envisagé
• Cadre général à respecter
• Différences entre les Français et les Américains
• Décalage horaire.
• Formalités de douane
• Bilan, un mois après le voyage
• Questions que vous souhaitez poser aux organisateurs
• Documentation générale et spécifique à la Californie
• Comité scientifique et expert de référence.
• Biographie des participants
• Condition de participation, éthique et déontologie
• Notes personnelles

Entrepreneurial ecosystems – the inter-connected set of organizing forces that produce and sustain regional entrepreneurial activity – are receiving heightened attention. Research finds that narratives about ecosystem participants discursively construct entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, studies do not emphasize ecosystem- and region-level narratives, do not focus on ecosystems in which narratives are contested, and, thus, do not examine how ecosystem narratives compete with other regional narratives. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory that explains how narratives and entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge and change in response to existing regional narratives.

A longitudinal process model is proposed to explain how entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives emerge and compete with other regional narratives. To illustrate the phases of the model, archival data was collected from three entrepreneurial ecosystems (Warren and Youngstown, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee) where new narratives have had to overcome entrenched economic and cultural narratives.

It is theorized that entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge, in part, through discourse. For an entrepreneurial ecosystem to develop, a narrative must take hold that allows participants to make sense of the new entrepreneurial activities and the changes to the region. A four-phase process model is presented to explain how entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives compete with other regional narratives and, particularly, negative economic narratives.

The theory developed in this paper contributes to research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and organizational narratives and generates practical implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs seeking to promote entrepreneurship as a tool for economic development.

We think of physical and digital space of the city as assemblages i , that is to say as a multitude of components and entities that interact with each other forming each time a different assemblage, depending either on the scenario or the relational model. The identity of each assemblage as it is constituted from the changing properties / desires of its components, it can be itself changing and certainly different from the other assemblages ii

Purpose of the paper: Social innovation is emerging as a dominant discourse, especially in facing the issues posed by the current crisis. Due to its close link with the local area in which it takes place, social innovation is deeply rooted in the overall system, thus involving many different actors. These parties should work synergistically to support social innovation and this requires a connecting intermediary: the innovation catalyst. However, in spite of the existence of this kind of actor its role still hasn’t been formally included among the existing models of social innovation. To fill this gap, our work has been carried out by focusing on TrentoRise, an Italian innovation catalyst. Its aim is to understand the role that an innovation catalyst covers and its key features.
Methodology: A single case study analysis has been developed to apply a fresh and innovative framework, the Social Innovation Pyramid, to the case of Trentino ecosystem.
Findings: The analysis shows that an innovation catalyst is fundamental in developing a healthy and functioning innovation ecosystem; therefore, it should be included among the existing innovation models.
Research limitation: The research has focused on a single case study. Widening the sample may be an interesting avenue for further research.
Implication: The proposed model can be replicated in other areas and adapted to the characteristics of their districts.
Originality: Traditional innovation models do not include the figure of the innovation catalyst, which is the focal point of our work.

Az innováció a fenntartható gazdasági fejlődés egyik fő mozgatórugója. Arra tekintettel azonban, hogy az innováció általánosságban drága és bizonytalan folyamat, a gazdasági szereplők különböző együttműködéseket hoznak létre az innovációs tevékenység költségeinek és kockázatainak csökkentése érdekében. Ezen kooperációk egyik típusának tekinthetők az innovációs ökoszisztémák. Ezzel összefüggésben jelen tanulmány egyrészt bemutatja az innovációs ökoszisztéma, mint együttműködési struktúra fogalmának tudományos szempontú értelemzési kereteit, másrészt körvonalazza az ökoszisztéma menedzsment alapvető strukturális kérdéseit.

The creative economy has become a key element in generating ideas, products and services being an evolving concept based on creative assets, which modifies the profile of industry and global market, from the partnership between creativity and economics combined with innovation and technology. In Brazil, Technological Parks and Incubators, in turn, have not devoted themselves with real interest in this emerging sector; they are involved primarily with technologies for areas such as biotechnology, environment, embedded electronics, alternative energy, oil, software and, mainly, IT (ICT). This article identifies how the economy and creative industry have changed the entrepreneurial profile in the national and global environment and how these trends are applicable in relation to the environment of the Parks and Incubators for the inclusion of creativity in the current Brazilian scenario. Shows that the creative production promotes skills that constitute the knowledge of Design, Architecture, Cultural Heritage, Media, Culture and Arts, acting democratically, adding knowledge, diversity and differentiation, overcoming social and regional barriers and making social inclusion. It shows that a market segment that involved about US $ 624 billion in 2011, more than doubling between 2002 and 2011, and maintains a growth trajectory has only 2% of the featured activities of the Parks aimed at its development and prom

Az innovációs együttműködések mozgatórugóinak megértése és az ismeretek gyakorlati hasznosítása elengedhetetlen a versenyképességgel és általános gazdasági fejlődés lehetőségeivel foglalkozó kutatók és gyakorlati döntéshozók számára. Ezzel összefüggésben jelen tanulmány rövid áttekintést ad az innovációs ökoszisztéma-fogalom koncepcionális kereteiről, illetve az innovációs együttműködések szerepéről az innovációs folyamatokban. Az elméleti megalapozás mellett a tanulmány fő célkitűzése, hogy leíró statisztikai módszerekkel, a Scopus adatbázisának segítségével azonosítsa azokat a trendeket, szerzőket és periodikákat, amelyek ismerete a témát Magyarországon vizsgáló kutatók és döntéshozók számára elengedhetetlen a világgazdaságban megfigyelhető tendenciák megértéséhez és a nemzetközi diskurzusba való bekapcsolódáshoz.

Rapid technological change, the turn to renewable energies,changed
consumer behaviour or new mobility: cities and regions are facing profound changes that shape our
entire coexistence. They face the challenge of finding innovativeanswers
to the big questions of our time and actively shaping their
own upheaval. In this context, the Open Innovation City project
shows that innovative ideas are present everywhere in a society
and that all areas of a city, i.e. politics and administration, business
andassociations, education and research, as well as civil society,
can develop their future together.

Whereas the locus of value creation is shifting from suppliers to customers in technology platform ecosystems, business model innovation theories do not reflect this shift. Consequently, managers adopting the normative recommendations of that literature have underestimated customers' entailments in value co-creation, which has led to market failures for strategic moves into technology platforms. The purpose of this research proposal is to address three unresolved open questions (1) What are customers' entailments and risks in realizing value-in-use from technology platforms? (2) What is the latent economic value of those risks? (3) What are the strategic options for suppliers to reconfigure the business model to capture that latent value? To that end we advance an extended theoretical model and three propositions for systematic empirical research.

Makerspaces and their various declinations are a widespread initiative of workshops that offer open access to digital and traditional production equipment, with the aim of democratizing access to technologies and supporting bottom-up innovation. They are recognized as a new form of ‘third places’ in a contemporary perspective. As the number of such places grows along with their active communities, business models, contamination projects with universities, companies, and civil society, many researchers have explored the ability of makerspaces to serve as innovation facilitators. Over the last few years, networks and coalitions of makerspaces have started to pop-up with a range of objectives, such as the advocacy and coordination of territorial or project-oriented coalitions; however, they remain largely unanalyzed and undocumented. The paper explores the phenomenon of these networks, drawing on a case study that describes the development of a makerspace regional network in Northern Italy, providing insights concerning its impact on both relationships at a local level and on the acceptance of third places within a regional innovation system, contributing to opening a new field of discussion about the potential of such networked organizations.

Caribbean islands have increasingly turned to tourism as a pathway for economic advancement, often to the detriment of other industries, particularly agriculture. The influx of millions of tourists to these island destinations increases food demand, escalates food importation, and oftentimes results in food insecurity. Agritourism, an alternative tourism form, has been proposed as a way to stimulate domestic food production and increase food security. This article provides a selective examination of the possibilities of relationships between agritourism and food security in the context of a specific Caribbean island: New Providence, Bahamas. Drawing from semi-structured interviews and site visits with over sixty farmers, we focus on the experiences of three farms that have attempted to engage in agritourism, with different approaches, levels of success, and potential impacts on food security. We find that the potential for agritourism to transform food security for Caribbean islands is constrained by demand and the consumption standards of both residents and tourists. The type of agritourism that has thus far proven to be most appealing to tourists is unachievable for the majority of farmers, has inconsequential contributions to island food security, and privileges wealthy farmers. Unfortunately, in its current form, agritourism is not yet a viable solution for the food security issues of New Providence, let alone other Caribbean islands.

The first phase of smart specialisation focused on development of regional place-based strategies, including
analysis of regional domains, governance, priorities and monitoring, enabling entrepreneurial discovery
processes. Based on evaluations of results from this period, the next step is to grow larger, stronger and more
dynamic regional and transnational innovation eco-systems. This is achieved by connecting regional
partnerships to macro-regional and European knowledge networks, such as transnational thematic
partnerships. This chapter documents key steps made by the European Commission, regional partners and
clusters in organising these networks, through scoping, mapping, monitoring and multi-level systems of
governance. The relation between these transnational networks and the experiments with pilots undertaken
in 2018 is mentioned. Various cases, such as textile, agriculture, photonics and 3D printing are used as
examples. The chapter presents a conceptual framework for analysing how this experiment may have impacts
on transnational learning, entrepreneurial discovery processes and innovation ecosystems through the
concepts of regional knowledge space, relational knowledge space and third space. A successful case of
institutionalisation, co-management of a knowledge commons within photonics, is presented.

Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar como o ecossistema de empreendedorismo influência o desenvolvimento de negócios com potencial inovador. Para tal, utiliza-se como referência o modelo proposto por Isenberg (2011; 2013), que abrange seis domínios: políticas públicas, capital financeiro, cultura, instituições de suporte, recursos humanos e mercados. A pesquisa, de natureza exploratória, foi conduzida através do método de estudo de caso. A coleta dos dados ocorreu através de observação, análise de documentos e entrevistas com empreendedores instalados no Porto Digital, em Recife-PE. Para tratamento e análise dos dados, optou-se pela utilização da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que o Porto Digital oferece as condições necessárias para que os novos negócios desenvolvam seu potencial inovador, caracterizado por propostas de valor únicas, oferta de soluções com base em problemas do cotidiano e cocriação com usuários finais.

Innovation ecosystems (IE) have increasingly gaining importance due to their potential to leverage regional development. In a previous research, authors have translated into processes how current IEs have been built or emerged. This process-based model can be used for building new or support the analysis of existing IEs. In order to evaluate the completeness of this model, this paper presents its mapping against the ARCON reference model considering that an IE can be seen as special type of Collaborative Network. Given the particularities of IEs, this paper also provides some elements of reflection that may be taken into account in future ARCON evolutions.

Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge of real estate firms' capabilities to innovate and, consequently, their capacity to absorb new innovations and benefit from digital technologies in an ecosystem context.

Design/methodology/approach:
The results are based on 32 interviews with representatives of Swedish real estate owners, real estate owner industry associations and suppliers of digital technology to real estate owners. The data are interpreted using theories on absorptive capacity (i.e. the capacity to absorb new innovations), innovation capabilities and innovation ecosystems.

Findings:
The real estate owners, technology suppliers and real estate owner industry associations have expanded their innovation capabilities and reshaped their innovation ecosystem by initiating a number of different digitalization activities; for example, the development of new IT systems, digital platforms, services and business models. The absorptive capacity has been improved as the organizations have changed routines and structures related to innovation, and they have taken on new roles related to digitalization and innovation, making them better able to absorb new innovations. Also, this paper identifies several drivers and obstacles to digitalization in the real estate sector.

Research limitations/implications:
The increased capabilities related to digitalization can lead to better absorptive capacity on an individual firm level, which can contribute to the overall development of these firms in a longer-term. Also, new capabilities may lead to better absorptive capacity in the real estate sector at large, as firms may benefit from each other’s capabilities through collaboration. The limitations are that this study does not interview tenants or facility management firms and that the findings represent the context of the Swedish real estate market.

Originality/value:
This paper investigates innovation capabilities, absorptive capacity and innovation ecosystems of real estate owners, their technology suppliers and real estate owner industry associations on the organizational level and on the sector level, into which there is little previous research. Also, this paper highlights the novelty of digitalization as a phenomenon in the sector.

How high-tech SMEs use innovations as strategic factors in a multilevel context of an innovation ecosystem? Driven by this research question, this theoretical essay aimed to establish theoretical relations among innovations, strategy, high-tech SMEs, and innovation ecosystems. We concluded that the reduction of uncertainties of high-tech industries and SMEs can be achieved through the resources exploitation and attraction from a multilevel perspective of innovation, the innovation ecosystem. We developed propositions that interrelate the themes and identified gaps on the use of innovations as strategy factors by high-tech SMES in an innovation ecosystem metaphor. Future quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods researches are recommended.

Problem Statement: Creating a learning environment for in novation and entrepreneurship depends on the leadership model of the university management because of the highly technological and innovative products and services demand. Research Questions: This study questions the leadership model at the universities where inninterovation and entrepreneurship have significantly improved including the drawbacks of  the leadership models. Purpose of the Study: As the purpose of this study, the new leadership model for the university management for innovation and entrepreneurship is studied clearly to understand deeply the
new roles in these highly competitive global economies. Further more, the style of the leadership model is analyzed as well to find out the new strategy.
Research Methods: By using strategically phenomenological  interpretive analysis, the new leadership model for the university management for innovation and entrepreneurship is articulated in three different universities in Istanbul. The
study takes three months where 42 different faculty members and 12  graduate students are questioned by giving 6 different research questions in the semi structured interviews. The  data are analyzed in  Atlas. ti 7.

Models on innovation, for the most part, do not include a comprehensive and end-to-end view. Most innovation policy attention seems to be focused on the capacity to innovate and on input factors such as R&D investment, scientific institutions, human resources and capital. Such inputs frequently serve as proxies for innovativeness and are correlated with intermediate outputs such as patent counts and outcomes such as GDP per capita. While this kind of analysis is generally indicative of innovative behaviour, it is less useful in terms of discriminating causality and what drives successful strategy or public policy interventions. This situation has led to the developing of new frameworks for the innovation system led by National Science and Technology Policy Centres across the globe. These new models of innovation are variously referred to as the National Innovation Ecosystem. There is, however, a fundamental question that needs to be answered: what elements should an innovation policy include, and how should such policies be implemented? This paper attempts to answer this question.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of digital entrepreneurship and the role of innovation ecosystem in its shaping by applying a multilevel perspective on the phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory in-depth analysis of an IT company in Brazil is conducted using a quasi-mixed method design and three analytical techniques: pattern-matching, data exposure and social network analysis. The study is based on qualitative data, complemented by quantitative data. The case company is investigated within its time (historical development) and spatial (entire ecosystem) dimensions, providing an integrative approach to analysis. Findings The results revealed significant differences in a set of supporting innovation ecosystem’s actors and relationships throughout the development of the company from lower to higher levels of digitalization. The findings are discussed within a framework that links ecosystem’s actors at different layers with different lev...

As the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe in the first quarter of 2020, demand for specialised equipment in hospitals soared. As a result, firms from a variety of sectors repurposed their design and manufacturing to create new products in days. By examining 80 cases of this accelerated innovation, the research investigates how a shared purpose drives change in the innovation process. It applies the lens of exaptation-the discovery of unintended functions for technologies-to explain how product complexity and ecosystem structure affect accelerated innovation in this context. The research extends the application of exaption to manufacturing as well as product design; it identifies a relationship between complexity, exaptation and ecosystems. The research suggests that the ability to exapt design and manufacturing can determine a firm's ecosystem role. These results lead to implications for theory and for practice, during the response to and recovery from the crisis.

A large proportion of sustainability issues are linked to our food systems. There are a range of innovators who are addressing these issues and promote more sustainable solutions. One innovator in particular, Alice Waters, has been at the forefront of this development for almost 50 years and has developed an open innovation ecosystem approach for food systems. This innovation ecosystem offers a prime context in which to study the impact of the digital transformation on open innovation. In this case study, we explore the young Chez Panisse and the current Edible Schoolyard through the lens of 24 open innovation challenges developed from Chesbrough and Appleyard (2007) and Van de Vrande et al. (2009). Our research illustrates the impact of digital transformation on a selection of the open innovation challenges and indicates avenues in which digital transformation can support the development and successful implementation of open innovation ecosystems. Thus, it can provide guidance to managers and entrepreneurs and lead to solutions to overcome open innovation challenges.

The contents of this book comprise the challenges we face. First, I begin with the challenge of sustainable development in search of economic growth (Chapter1). Traditionally, the indicators of economic growth (consumption and GNP) have not accounted for the burden of the economy on the environment. However, the environment is very much an element of economic activity. We must proceed from the perspective of economic growth within a broader concept of human development: the ultimate goal of economic growth must be the promotion of human wellbeing.Therefore, all forms of capital must be taken into account in human development:
industrial capital, human capital, natural capital, and social capital. At the
same time, the conditions of economic activity can be estimated in a broader way. For example, the social and ethical bases of economic activity are incomplete if they do not promote global human rights. Keeping the company owner’s interest as the sole or primary value of entrepreneurship gives a narrow view of the multitude of actors that the company depends on and affects. The interests of all groups (intended and unintended, directly or indirectly affected) must be taken into account broadly
when developing entrepreneurship.

According to the book sustainable innovation means innovation that balances the long-term influences of the innovation process and the actual innovative output with the needs of and impacts on people, societies, the economy and the environment.