Interconnectivity

RESUMEN

En estas páginas se presentan estudios y líneas de trabajo de la lingüística del española propósito de las migraciones hispánicas y sus consecuencias, unas migraciones que pueden tipificarse según los lugares de origen y destino, según las lenguas de los migrantes y de las comunidades receptoras y según las causas que las provocan. Se comentan los aspectos que más han interesado tradicionalmente y los que preocupan más en la actualidad relativos a las sociedades, los individuos y las lenguas en contexto migratorios y se reflexiona sobre cuáles podrían ser, en el futuro, las aportaciones más prometedoras de una lingüística aplicada a áreas como la educación, la sociología o incluso los análisis de la globalización.

ABSTRACT

“Linguistic and Hispanic migrations”

These pages present studies and trends in Spanish linguistics regarding Hispanic migration and its consequence. This migration can be typifi ed in accordance with the places of origin and destination, the languages of the migrants and the host communities, and the reasons for the migration. Attention is drawn to the most burning issues related to society, the individual and languages in contexts of migration, and some thought is given to what might be the most fruitful future contributions to be made by applied linguistics in areas such as education, sociology or globalization studies.

In the transition to a multipolar international system, the literature has focused on great power competition while little attention has been given to the strategic possibilities of smaller states. However, as a result of globalization, states are so closely interconnected that the primary strategies of even major powers are not to achieve zero-sum solutions but to create asymmetric dependency through which they can influence the behavior of other states and non-state actors. States are assisted in this effort by a variety of tools, including setting up institutions, direct economic influence and through building different forms of infrastructure connectivity networks. By discussing asymmetric dependency situations from the perspective of the great powers, the literature presents smaller states primarily as passive actors, paralyzed by their dependence on great powers. Our paper argues that interdependence allows smaller states to effectively influence larger actors and examines str...

The spatial design of a home has an affinity to intimacy that might have been overlooked by many practicing architects. In this paper, the subject matter of housing will be discussed with a shifted focus from domestic buildings to the space of home and intimacy that scatters in a city. In recent years, some sociologists (Illouz, 2013 & 1997; Turkle, 2013; Jamieson, 2012) have underlined a social translation of a new spatial home by analysing an intimacy in a city that has been enabled by ICT technologies; business models i.e. Airbnb and Couchsurfing also indicated a new form of dwelling by demonstrating how share-economy can assist this spatial home and, in particular, assist the distribution of it so as to assist a city dweller to find and make home without possessing a house. And yet, neither of these examples of home are designed by architects who might actually know the best about the subject matter - this space of home and intimacy. What if the critical spatial design that an architect can produce isn’t the domestic buildings but the visualisation of this space? What is this critical spatial design of the home to cope with the shifting social needs already seen? Through Jeremy Till’s way of looking at buildings and beyond - the lens of Spatial Agency (2011) - the paper will further speculate these examples of home by architectural-writing this spatial design - this architectural-writing, as Jane Rendell describes in chapter of Essay Collections of Critical Architecture (2007), similarly to art-writing, “the very form of the writing itself is taken to be integral to the way in which a critic positions him/herself… The personal and autobiographical enter the debate, not in order to assert an ego criticism, but as part of an on-going political exploration of subjectivity.”

Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.

Abstract:This research is aimed to analyze the multi criteria stakeholders in the development of sustainable beef cattle by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). There were 35 samples were observed. Data and information were collected through focus group discussion amon g stakeholders. By using a multi-criteria sustainability which was promoted by the Indonesian National Council on Climate Change as guidance, stakeholders were participating to pay close attention deeply, until they found criterion and subcriterion level of their choices about sustainable beef cattle development. The analysis of criterion-subcriterion level were conducted by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicate that Economic criteria (E) becomes the primary priority, followed by other criteria. While subcriterion and interconnectivity analysis reveals that the priority of sustainable beef cattle development are interconnection of addition of investment on govemment budget (E2), establis...