Landmarks

The hangout spot in the Medinas of Morocco has been recognized as the center of the
neighborhood. The centers are featured by the inseparable elements of the space or
fountains. The fountains and their features are of special importance to the centers. This
paper is an attempt to examine how fountains and their features make the neighborhood
unique. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. In the first section of this paper, the role
of the fountain in evoking the image of the neighborhood in the minds’ of its audience
is examined. The fountains are frequently repeated in the center of the neighborhoods.
The recurrence of an element makes it memorable and transforms it into a sign. What
make fountains more unique are their contrasts with other elements in the texture. In the
second part, nature and quality characteristics of the fountains are delved into and it is
attempted to show that there is more to the fountain than meets the eye. The similarity
shared between the decorations of the fountains and those of important spaces such as
mosques, schools and the yards of the houses show that this element is of the spiritual
importance to the inhabitants. In fact, people identify themselves with the fountains.
Data were gathered through observations. To this purpose, fifteen neighborhoods of the
Medinas from the six cities were chosen. The analysis of data shows that the fountains
are the sign of the centers of neighborhoods in the Medinas. The neighborhood can be
identified with them and the spaces with no fountains fail to serve as the neighborhood
center.

Landmarks are developed with a specific name, form, thematic references and concept. Public discourses negotiate the references of each landmark. In the process, the landmark is represented in various media, including merchandise and other en-passant-media. Due to this, the same landmark signifies different meanings in different representations. These develop their own communicative contexts and reference frames, with all of them referring back to the landmark itself. The meanings construct and negotiate not only the symbolic value and reference frame of each landmark, but also influence related place-­-images and the role of individual topics or objects in culture(s). The canonisation of landmarks and their appropriation by different social groups that create different readings and uses of the same geographical spaces is discussed in this paper focussing on the example of The Angel of the North.

Cel pracy: 1) zbadanie wpływu różnorodnych czynników na skuteczność i szybkość rozpoznawania izolowanych słów mowy polskiej; 2) opracowanie efektywnej metody rozpoznawania izolowanych słów polskich. Zbadano wpływ częstotliwości próbkowania sygnału mowy oraz liczby poziomów kwantyzacji na efektywność niezależnego i zależnego od mówcy rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi polskich z bazy CORPORA za pomocą metody nieliniowej transformacji czasowej (DTW) oraz niejawnych modeli Markowa HMM. Wykazano istnienie optimum doboru częstotliwości próbkowania oraz liczby poziomów kwantyzacji. Zbadano również częściowo zależność rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi od płci mówcy, wielkości zbioru uczącego oraz wybranych parametrów niejawnych modeli Markowa. Podniesiono skuteczność rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi polskich za pomocą metody nieliniowej transformacji czasowej poprzez zastosowanie wstępnej klasyfikacji za pomocą: 1) znaczników fonetycznych; 2) niejawnych modeli Markowa.

Cultural sites and landmarks can play a unique role in the socioeconomic development of a community. Yet many cultural sites are facing two conflicting priorities: cultural preservation and economic gain. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) attempts to help alleviate this conflict by creating the World Heritage list, a group of cultural and natural global sites that have “Outstanding Universal Value.” By designating a landmark as a “World Heritage” site, the landmark can obtain UN funds as needed. Although a widely held belief is that such UNESCO efforts help play a role in social and economic development of a community, this has not been proven. This paper examines this belief through analyzing correlations between increased UNESCO sites in an area and greater socioeconomic development. Four different socioeconomic factors were compared: Gross Domestic Product, Nights Spent in Tourist Accommodations, Unemployment, and Higher Education Levels. By standardizing these factors and drawing comparisons between sites, there was no evidence that there is a connection between a UNESCO designation and socioeconomic development. This then demonstrates that the aforementioned commonly held belief regarding development seems to be false. This paper concludes by outlining how a more thorough examination and understanding of the cultural contexts of World Heritage sites should be a required foundational best practice throughout this process. In turn, this paper advocates for drawing upon such knowledge when implementing enhanced publicity methods to help foster recognition of cultural sites in mainstream society. As a result of these endeavors, such communities would be more likely to gain greater economic prosperity.

This document outlines some guiding principles and features that are useful for making outdoor spaces and environments more friendly and welcoming to people living with dementia in the community. Innovation and good practices of dementia-friendly interventions are offered for consideration. The goal of this collection of resources is to support those who wish to improve the neighbourhood built environment for people living with dementia in Singapore.

Through this study, to remembering memories related effects of manipulated with the help of key words are investigated. For this purpose,the effects of manipulated with landmarks on subdimension of otobiographical memory are examined. The hypothesis of study mounts is that the situation to be ready to landmarks will shorten the time of return the memory and will increase the points of impact of memories. The participants are the university students whose ages range from 19-24. After the participants were randomly assigned to controll and being ready, Autobiographic Memory Questionnaire (AMQ) were applied to them and they were made to write the memories chosen by them. As the results of the study,any direct effect of being ready could not be found,but an effect that changes based on the landmark is determined.

Face recognition and identification is essential for security and investigation process. A facial recognition system has an ability to identify, or verify a person from a digital picture or a video frame. Facial recognition is used in real time applications such as attendance system, to unlock mobiles, tagging others on social media, payments, advertise, diagnose diseases, etc. The major requirements of real time applications using face recognition include high recognition rate and low training time. The proposed face recognition model combines the FaceNet with SVM for face embedding feature extraction and classification respectively. To reduce training time and increase the recognition rate, the concept of transfer learning is used. Multi-Task Cascaded Convolution Neural Network (MTCNN) model is used to extract the 5-point landmarks on face frames, the extracted face frame is sent to FaceNet to extract the embedding and later is classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. The LFW-dataset was used to pre-train the FaceNet model whereas 5 Celebrity Face dataset was used for training and validation of the system. MTCCN with SVM outperform in detection and recognition of real time faces. The proposed system is capable of recognizing the face with a 99.85%, 99.85% and 100% accuracy when the face is straight and slightly turned to left or right. he proposed model is capable of identifying real time objects by detecting the facial regions using MTCCN based on Euclidean distance features extraction and trained by the SVM to identify and classify the object. MTCCN with SVM, improves recognition rate overcoming angle, tilt and intensity of the image.

The Tokyo Tower and the Tokyo Skytree are the two most recognizable landmarks on the skyline of Japan’s capital. By means of a documental revision, a textual interpretative analysis of media contents, participant observation and unstructured interviews, the objective of this article is to identify the development of these towers as symbols of Tokyo and Japan. It is found that, with more than half a century of existence, the Tokyo Tower represents the successful post-war Japanese society, while in just five years the Tokyo Skytree has become a symbol of Japanese national spirit and resilience in an era of multiple crises. Both broadcasting towers are regularly portrayed in Japanese media linked to narratives of romance, dreams, family and community. Also, enhanced by their special lightening at night, they stand as attractive backgrounds for locals and visitors in relevant events in their lives.

Full-text: http://editorialrestauro.com.mx/gremium/index.php/gremium/article/view/37/91

This study analyzes human wayfinding strategies in emergencies in relation to the perception of the building’s environment. Wayfinding strategies in complex buildings (by floor plan complexity, type of users, etc. ...) are put in relation to the user’s behavior and the quality of the environment around her/him, especially in emergency situations. The results of case studies concerning wayfinding in two supermarkets and a shopping mall in northern Italy are presented and compared in order to understand efficient wayfinding design criteria, especially in emergency situations. The studies concerned a cognitive mapping test in which customers and workers had to recall emergency exits landmarks inside the building, otherwise indidate how she/he would have exited the supermarket in case of emergency. In all three cases, almost 80% of elderly and adults (who are routine clients of these places) were unable to recall exits or identified themselves as behaving ineffectively in an emergency. This is an important consideration when properly designing wayfinding systems and highlights the importance of understanding human behavior, and how people perceive the environment, in order to design safer buildings.

Throughout history, landmarks have been used in order to promote and to mirror the image of the cities. Two very characteristic examples are the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Parthenon in Athens. These buildings act as poles of attraction for tourists and contribute in the recognition of the cities.
Considering the state of the European economy and how it has used its culture since the 1980s (a decade that was a milestone for cultural buildings and their relationship with the economy and urban development), several aspects of how architecture has adapted to different conditions have been highlighted.
Probably the best known and most controversial example of a city that utilized culture to emerge and develop is Bilbao, Spain. Along with the design of the Guggenheim Museum by the architect Frank Gehry, the local governors made sure that a general upgrade of the city's image, which framed the museum, would be also achieved. The example of Bilbao was considered so successful, at least initially, that it created an entire stream of ambitious imitators, who wanted in turn to taste the fruits of such a successful strategy. This trend is called "Bilbao effect”.
It is logical that a museum and an important art collection are not sufficient to bring any city in the global cultural map. That is easily understood by a simple study of cases in which the Bilbao Effect was attempted but not performed. Each city is an individual case and the factors that contribute to its development are so complex and varied that it is unlikely to predict accurately what will happen and how it will be affected by any intervention.
The only thing that is certain is that the needs and wants of the different communities and States change over time and monitor the economy. The cultural buildings can assist the general development but only to the extent that the other factors of the economy can allow at the time.

ÖZET

Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Emine KÖSEOĞLU ÇAMAŞ

Bireylerin deneyimledikleri mekân içerisinde kendilerini konumlandırabilme, yolunu bulabilme ve mekâna ait imge oluşturabilmeleri olarak tanımlanan okunabilirlik kavramı insanın çevre ile ilişkisinin sorgulanması konusunda önemli bir başlıktır. Kentin bir takım nesnel özellikleri okunabilirliğe etki ettiği gibi, bir özne tarafından okunabilirlik tartışıldığı için öznel faktörler de konuya dahil olmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında bireylerin kente aşinalık düzeylerinin okunabilirliğe etkisi tartışılmıştır. Kentteki öznel ve nesnel işaret öğeleri bu sorgulamanın verilerini oluşturan en önemli mekânsal bilgi türü olmuştur. Çalışmanın gerçekleştirileceği alan olarak Bolu’nun Göynük ilçesi tercih edilmiştir. Kentin korunmuş nitelikli bir mimari dokuya sahip olması, kolayca algılanabilir bir ölçeği olması ve topoğrafik olarak zengin bir mekânsal çeşitlilik sağlaması Göynük’ün çalışma alanı için tercih edilmesine sebep olmuştur.  Çalışmada iki farklı teknik kullanılmıştır. İşaret öğelerinin literatürde yer alan tanımalarına göre nesnellik kriterleri oluşturulmuş ve bu kriterler doğrultusunda işaret öğelerine puan verilmiştir. Diğer teknik ise anket tekniğidir. Göynük’te yaşan yerel kullanıcılar ve kenti ziyaret eden turistler ile anket uygulaması yapılmıştır.  Çalışmanın temel araştırma sorusu aşinalığın mekânsal okunabilirliğe etkisini sorgulamaktadır. Bu bağlamda yerel kullanıcılar ve turistlerin anket sorularına verdikleri yanıtlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, yerel kullanıcıların kentsel mekanları kullanma düzeyleri ve turistlerin kenti ziyaret sayıları bağlamında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın diğer bir sorusu ziyaret öncesi bilgi edinme sürecinin mekânsal okunabilirliğe etkisini sorgulamaktadır. Bu sorgulama için anket verilerinden faydalanılmıştır.  Çalışmanın sonuçları içerisinde en önemli bulgu aşinalığın mekânsal okunabilirliğe olumlu yönde etki etmesi olmuştur. Yerel kullanıcılar için kentin okunabilirlik düzeyi turistlere göre daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Benzer şekilde yerel kullanıcılar için kentsel mekanları deneyimleme düzeyi arttıkça okunabilirliği de artmaktadır. Diğer taraftan turistler için ziyaret sayısının artması okunabilirliğin artması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bunların yanında, ziyaret öncesi bilgi edinme sürecinin okunabilirliğe olumlu yönde etki ettiği tespit edilmiştir.
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ABSTRACT

Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine KÖSEOĞLU ÇAMAŞ

The concept of legibility, which is defined as the ability of to locate himsef in the place they experienced, to find their way and to create images related to the place, is an important topic in investigating the relationship of human with the environment. As the objective characteristics of the city affect the legibility, subjective factors are also included in the topic because a subject is discussed by legibility. In this thesis, the effects of familiarity levels of the participants on the legibility are discussed. The subjective and objective landmarks in the city have been the most important form of spatial information that forms the data of this study. Göynük district of Bolu was preferred as the study area. The fact that the city has a well-preserved architectural texture, has an easily perceptible scale and provides a rich spatial diversity with its topography led to Göynük being preferred for the study area. Two different methods were used in the study. According to the definitions of the landmarks in the literature, objectivity criterias are established and points are given to the landmarks according to these criterias. The other method is the survey method. A survey was conducted with local users and tourists who visited the city Göynük. The main research question of the study investigates the effect of familiarity on spatial legibility. In this context, the responses of local users and tourists to the questionnaire were compared. On the other hand, evaluations were made in the context of local users' use of urban spaces and the visiting number of tourists to the city. Another question of the study investigates the effect of pre-visit information process on spatial legibility. Survey data were used for this investigation. The most important finding among the results of the study was the positive effect of familiarity on spatial legibility. For local users, the city's legibility level is higher than for tourists. Similarly, the level of legibility is increases as the level of using of urban spaces for local users. On the other hand, the increase in the number of visits for tourists resulted in increased legibility. Besides, it was determined that the process of pre-visit information has a positive effect on the legibility.

An essential part of location-based games is the physical space where players perform gameplay. The players navigate in the city, their game world, and use the 2d map in their smartphone to inform their gameplay decisions and to show them the next point of interest (POI). This research aims to use space syntax, the city configuration, the way someone moves based on the geometry of the spaces to define new rules and a new logic of placing objects in the environment of location-based games. The visual field from the location of the player in the game environment can determine the decisions the player makes when navigating in the city. In the real environment, the game designer cannot change the geometry of the space, but he can use the visibility and spatiality of the existing space for different purposes and functions. First, this paper investigates existing location-based games and analyzes their distribution and logic. Specifically, the location-based games, Pokémon Go, and Ingress are discussed, which use a landmark-based logic. The main focus of this research is on selected areas in the central part of London. Initial findings indicated that a high percentage of POI in Ingress is placed in small spaces, spaces with low connectivity values, and spaces where the visual field is blocked by obstacles. Through these observations, new placements of POI are suggested, based on theories of spatial analysis, gaming, and existing literature. Space syntax measures offer a starting point to consider certain locations within the game environment over others. These possible placements developed, are evaluated by comparison with the logic of the selected games. Through visibility and street network analysis, a new way of placing objects in the real environment is created, taking account the player’s position and visibility in the play location and the surroundings. Another logic is also proposed, a combination of space syntax and landmarks, and it is discussed if it can add additional values, that the existing approach is lacking.

This text discuss the architectural point of view about embarrassment of contemporary people, having at his disposal perfect means of transport to which do not equal orientation formed by millenniums competences within the geospace. Revolutionary changes in the technique and accompanying them huge development of transportation possibilities cause essential disturbances of this process, which seem to be natural. People's abilities were shaped among other things by canons of town-planning and architecture, however simultaneously predispositions of a man formed. Aim of the author is to point out the problem and to discuss reasons of this, as well as the need of its solution.

A signal or a symbol has been sent with conscious. Urban space has signified elements like landmark. Landmarks as references signs orient the people. Landmarks are defined as an external point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or an unfamiliar environment. This study is about to clear out the meaning of landmark for the city users who have perceived reference point with their memory and perception. In other words, this study is about discovering how the city affects the people who experience the urban space within semiotic of landmarks in Konya, Turkey. The method of this study is photo-elicitation to understand how people orient themselves in moving within urban space considering landmarks. Analysis of interview texts, there were six different type of landmarks as; city memory-historical, city landscape/ square, high rise/skyscraper, daily life/city usage, personal memory/personal perception , circulation pattern. In this study the semiology of communication studies codes established by society to produce messages consciously sent and received as signals, signs and symbols.

"PURPOSE:

To evaluate the accuracy of detecting cephalometric landmarks automatically by computer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Digital image processing algorithms (edge-based and morphological) in addition to mathematical algorithms (knowledge-based) were used to develop a program for the identification of 15 lateral cephalometric landmarks on digital cephalograms.
RESULTS:

The automatic landmark identification system was clinically acceptable (p > 0.05 comparing with 2-mm error range) for five landmarks.
CONCLUSION:

The automatic landmark identification is accurate for only some landmarks. Additional studies may be necessary to improve this method."

Abstract
Reading space means understanding, analyzing or evaluating a certain space. Yet spatial legibility differs from the concept of reading. Legibility is one of the principles of urban design. Legibility means the possibility of organizing an environment within an imageable and coherent pattern. Reading an environment is a process that evolves with the obtaining of spatial information from the environment and by mentally processing that information and using it in a way appropriate to its purpose. Two components play a part in the process of obtaining spatial information: the characteristics of the space and the characteristics of the observer. The observer's perception and understanding of the characteristics of a space occurs as a result of spatialpsychological processes that happen in the mind. At the same time, legibility is influenced by spatial characteristics. The degree of legibility of a space depends on the plan layout in the second dimension and its complexity, and on the aliency of architectural components in the third dimension. There are many concepts in the literature that define legible environments: simple, coherent, understandable, perceivable, etc. All of these concepts point to characteristics deriving from the structure of the space. However, it is impossible to measure legibility by these concepts. It is discussed in this article that there are two main variables to devise a definition based on characteristics deriving from space: 1. the complexity of spatial layout and 2. the saliency of landmarks. The complexity of spatial layout describes the two-dimensional information about a space, while the saliency of landmarks refers to the three-dimensional information about a space. These two variables are also the elements of spatial information used while employing wayfinding behavior.

Keywords: Spatial Perception; Spatial Legibility; Urban Form; Human Mind; Landmarks

A variety of social insects use visual cues for homing. In this study, we examine the possible factors affecting the learning and retention of nest-associated visual cues by the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti and the manner in which such cues are encoded by foraging ants. We placed four prominent cylindrical landmarks around a nest and trained foragers from that nest to a food source. Ants were tested with the landmark array in a distant testing field after (1) a known number of exposures to the landmarks (1, 3, 7 or 15 trials, spread over a period of 1 day, 2 days or ≥3 days) and (2) after a known period of delay (0, 24, 48, 96 or 192 h). The results show that a combination of an increase in training trials and an increase in number of training days affected the acquisition of landmark memory. Moreover, once the landmarks were learnt, they became a part of long-term memory and lasted throughout the ants’ foraging lifetime. To examine visual cue encoding behaviour, ants trained under similar conditions for 4 days were tested with (1) an identical landmark array, (2) landmarks of the same size used in training, but placed at twice the distance from each other, and (3) landmarks whose dimensions were doubled and placed at twice the distance from each other. In conditions (1) and (3), the ants searched extensively at the centre of the four landmarks, suggesting that, similar to the Saharan ant (genus Cataglyphis) and the honeybee, M. bagoti too uses a snapshot to match the view of the landmarks around the nest. But contrary to the snapshot model, in condition (2), the ants did not search extensively at the centre of the landmarks, but searched primarily 0.5 m from the landmark, the distance from each landmark to the nest during training. We discuss how various search models fare in accounting for these findings.

In this thesis, we explore the use of temporal information in detection, estimation and classification of landmarks and events associated with the stop consonants.

To start with, a non-linear temporal measure named the plosion index (PI) is proposed to locate transients in a time series. An algorithm is proposed to extract the instants of significant excitation or the epochs from voiced speech signal using an extended concept of the PI, called the dynamic plosion index (DPI). The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on several large corpora comprising of simultaneous recordings of speech and electroglottographic signals, under both clean and noisy conditions. It is also compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms and its advantages over them are demonstrated.

Next, the problem of automatically locating the burst-onset landmarks of stops and affricates from continuous speech is addressed. The value of PI computed on the high-pass filtered signal is used along with a pitch-synchronously derived cross-correlation to devise a non-linear classification algorithm. It is validated on several databases under various conditions and it is shown that it compares well with the state-of-the-art methods despite its simplicity.

Further an algorithm, devoid of any requirement for an a priori transcription and statistical training, is proposed for estimating the voice onset time of stops using pitch-synchronous inner-product and zero-crossing patterns of stops and associated phones. The proposed algorithm is validated using multiple databases and compared with the existing algorithms. In the second part of this work, a method, based on the DPI, is proposed to estimate the closure duration of the stops.

Subsequently, the problem of classification of place of articulation of stops is dealt with by proposing features derived from the differences in the temporal structures of the stops. It is shown that the temporal features can be as effective as the spectral features, whereas the combination of temporal and spectral features can increase the classification accuracy.

Finally, the inter-domain applicability of the features and algorithms proposed in this thesis is demonstrated by applying the concept of DPI to solve the problem of detection of QRS complexes from the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed algorithm involves neither any differences nor thresholds and is computationally simpler than the existing algorithms, while performing comparable to them.

IET indexes its books and journal in SCOPUS and IEEE Xplore.
Computer Vision (CV) and Sensors play a decisive role in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), but there exists a void when it comes to analysing the extent of their impact on the entire UAV system. In general, the fact that a UAV is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is not taken into account. In this proposal, we propose to expand on earlier books covering the use of CV and sensing in UAVs. Among other things, an entirely autonomous UAV can help to (i) obtain information about the environment, (ii) work for an extended period of time without human interference, (iii) move either all or part of itself all over its operating location devoid of human help and (iv) stay away from dangerous situations for people and their possessions. A Vision System (VS) entails the way CV data will be utilized, the appropriate architecture for total avionics integration, the control interfaces, and the UAV operation. Since the VS core is its sensors and cameras, multi-sensor fusion, navigation, hazard detection, and ground correlation in real time are important operational aspects that can benefit from CV knowledge and technology. This book will aim to collect and shed some light on the existing information on CV software and hardware for UAVs as well as pinpoint aspects that need additional thinking. It will list standards and a set of prerequisites (or lack of them thereof) when it comes to CV deployment in UAVs. The issue of data fusion takes a centre place when the book explores ways to deal with sensor data and images as well as their integration and display. The best practices to fuse image and sensor information to enhance UAV performance by means of CV can greatly improve all aspects of the corresponding CPS. The CPS viewpoint can improve the way UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine CV with Virtual/Augmented Realities.

VOLUME 2-DEPLOYMENT AND APPLICATIONS: This tome introduces procedures, standards, and prerequisites for the deployment of Computer Vision (CV) in UAVs from their application point of view. It discusses existing/desirable open source software tools, image banks, benchmarks, Quality of Experience (QoE), Quality of Service (QoS) and how CV can benefit from a Robot Operating System (ROS) in surveillance, remote sensing, inspection, maintenance and repair among other usages, while offering an assessment of current bottlenecks and trends. It will pave the road towards better studies on the necessity and viability of implementing collaborative environments for visualization, knowledge management and teleoperation of UAVs. This is planned to be the companion volume of Estrela, Hemanth, Saotome (Eds) / Imaging and Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Volume 1-Control and Performance.

Editor(s):
Dr. Vania V. Estrela, https://www.linkedin.com/in/vania-v-estrela-96b9bb29/
Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), RJ, Brazil
vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org

Dr. Jude Hemanth,https://www.karunya.edu/ece/drjude.html
Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

Dr. Osamu Saotome, https://www.linkedin.com/in/osamu-saotome-83935818
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, CTA-ITA-IEEA, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
osaotome@gmail.com

CONTENTS:
1. Image Acquisition and Restoration in UAVs
2. Image Fusion in UAVs
3. Super-Resolution Imaging in UAVs
4. 2D/3D/4D Imaging in UAVs
5. Multi-view Image and ToF Sensor Fusion in UAVs
6. Range Imaging in UAVs
7. Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging in UAVs
8. Imaging Standards and UAVs
9. Virtual/Augmented Reality in UAVs
10. Collaborative Environments in UAVs
11. Archiving, Storage, and Compression in UAVs
12. Analysis, Indexing, Retrieval in UAVs
13. Multicast/Broadcast/Streaming in UAVs
14. Modelling, Simulation and UAVs
15.  Image-Oriented Estimation and Identification in UAVs
16. Open Source Software in UAVs
17. Image Banks and Benchmarks in UAVs
18. Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) in UAVs
19. Robot Operating System (ROS) in UAVs
20. Cloud Computing in UAVs

Specification and Schedule

July 1st, 2017: Call for Chapter Abstracts
September 1, 2017: One-Page Chapter Abstract (up to 1000 words) Submission Deadline. Free style.
          A proposal must outline one of topics fromthe list above (mention its number, for instance 1. and reference PBCE120B).
November 30, 2017: Last Day for Notification of Acceptance
Jan 30, 2018: Full Chapter Submissions
March 30 2018: Review Chapter Submissions and send comments to authors
May 31, 2018: Receive revised Chapter Submissions
June 30, 2018: Notification of Final Acceptance
July 31, 2018: Gather all material, figure files and copyrights permission forms
Aug 30, 2018: Book editors to finalize introduction and conclusion chapters
Sept 15th, 2018, Delivery of full manuscript to the IET
Scheduled publication: Feb/March 2019

Readership: Graduate students and Researchers in the fields of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering, Control Systems, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Instrumentation and Measurement, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Oceanic Engineering, Safety Engineering, Reliability, Robotics and Automation, Signal Processing, Technology and Engineering Management, Environmental Engineering, Public Health Management, Non-Invasive Testing/Monitoring and Vehicular Technology.

Additional Information: Dr. Vania V. Estrela,    vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org
                                          Dr. Jude Hemanth,      jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

Providing relevant landmark-based route instructions remains a decisive challenge in the field of spatial cognitive engineering. Firsts automatic landmark detection systems emerged in the early 2000's and relied on a heavy desktop architecture. Landmarks were usually detected through a Geographic Information System connected to a database that contained points of interest (POIs) potentially useful for navigation. This approach was not suitable for a web deployment, let alone a cloud computing one. The advent of Web 2.0 and Volunteered Geographic Information allowed researchers to move beyond the boundary of POIs. Place-based information shared by social web users constitutes a local geographic knowledge that is now accessible through APIs. However, it is important to keep in mind that landmarkness is a relative characteristic per se. Its measure primarily depends on the configuration of the environment, the surrounding objects, the context of navigation, and the traveler's spatial knowledge. Yet, taking those parameters into account by relying on isolated databases remains quite complex. In this way, I explain through this chapter the main reasons why I am convinced that the slow-growing sphere of linked data is worth exploring to overcome this gap.

English: Traveling is an inherent act of the human being. From searching for water, to moving to remote regions to trade or exchange products, traveling at different geographical scales has been an essential activity in the development of any society. Today, we have a wide network of communications and increasingly accesible means of transport and mobility is often a mechanical task without further complications. However this was not always so. In Prehistory, traveling posed a series of practical difficulties, as there were no maps or any of the existing conveniences available today. Through the application of methods of spatial analysis and concepts taken from landscape archaeology, this paper examines evidence regarding the possible forms of land navigation and orientation occurring in Iberian Late Prehistory, including distribution of monuments, historical communication routes and least-cost routes.

Spanish: Viajar es un acto inherente al ser humano. Desde buscar agua, hasta trasladarse a regiones remotas para comerciar o intercambiar productos, viajar a diversas escalas geográficas ha constituido una actividad esencial en el desarrollo de cualquier sociedad. Hoy en día, contamos con una amplia red de comunicaciones y medios de transporte cada vez más comunes donde desplazarse, constituye una tarea mecánica y sin complicaciones. Sin embargo, esto no fue siempre así. Durante la Prehistoria, viajar representó enfrentarse a una serie de dificultades prácticas, ya que no se contaba con mapas o cualquiera de las comodidades existentes hoy en día. Mediante la aplicación de métodos de análisis espacial y conceptos tomados de la arqueología del paisaje, este trabajo examina una serie de indicios indirectos (distribución de monumentos, rutas de comunicación históricas, rutas óptimas) de las posibles formas de navegación terrestre y orientación habidas en la Prehistoria Reciente de al península Ibérica.

In this paper, we compare and investigate facial expression recognition system (FERS) based on well-known features using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and also with combination of HMM and SVM. In recent years, there has been increasing usage of deep learning techniques in FERS however which also suffers from the problem of generalization. In this aspect this paper systematically investigates the performance of FERS using conventional AI techniques. We exploit well-known features landmark and texture based LBP. We also propose logical partitioning of face and obtained encouraging results. We have tested on dataset CK+ and spontaneous own created dataset named ‘OAK’. Experiments are conducted with different combinations of parameters to verify the efficiency of FER. This paper aims to compare the FERS performance using SVM and HMM. Results clearly reflect the efficiency of SVM with landmark feature.

The aim of this study is to create a multi-stage fish classification system with high accuracy rate. Classifications are based on biometric points of the fishes that consists of three main phases, data acquisition, feature extraction and classification. In the first phase, fish image database was collected, then features were extracted using morphometry and classified with three stage classifier model. Nearest Neighbor algorithm was used as classifier, and 25 fish species were classified with accuracy of about 99%.

Throughout history, landmarks have been used in order to promote and to mirror the image of the cities. Two very characteristic examples are the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Parthenon in Athens. These buildings act as poles of attraction for tourists and contribute in the recognition of the cities.
Considering the state of the European economy and how it has used its culture since the 1980s (a decade that was a milestone for cultural buildings and their relationship with the economy and urban development), several aspects of how architecture has adapted to different conditions have been highlighted.
Probably the best known and most controversial example of a city that utilized culture to emerge and develop is Bilbao, Spain. Along with the design of the Guggenheim Museum by the architect Frank Gehry, the local governors made sure that a general upgrade of the city's image, which framed the museum, would be also achieved. The example of Bilbao was considered so successful, at least initially, that it created an entire stream of ambitious imitators, who wanted in turn to taste the fruits of such a successful strategy. This trend is known as the "Bilbao effect”.
It is logical that a museum and an important art collection are not sufficient to add any city to the global cultural map. That is easily understood by a simple study of cases in which the Bilbao Effect was attempted but not performed. Each city is an individual case and the factors that contribute to its development are so complex and varied that it is unlikely to predict accurately what will happen and how it will be affected by any intervention.
The only thing that is certain is that the needs and wants of the different communities and States change over time and monitor the economy. The cultural buildings can assist the general development but only to the extent that the other factors of the economy can allow at the time.

An essential part of location-based games is the physical space where players perform gameplay. The players navigate in the city, their game world, and use the 2d map in their smartphone to inform their gameplay decisions and to show them the next point of interest (POI). This research aims to use space syntax, the city configuration, the way someone moves based on the geometry of the spaces to define new rules and a new logic of placing objects in the environment of location-based games. The visual field from the location of the player in the game environment can determine the decisions the player makes when navigating in the city. In the real environment, the game designer cannot change the geometry of the space, but he can use the visibility and spatiality of the existing space for different purposes and functions. First, this paper investigates existing location-based games and analyzes their distribution and logic. Specifically, the location-based games, Pokémon Go, and Ingress are discussed, which use a landmark-based logic. The main focus of this research is on selected areas in the central part of London. Initial findings indicated that a high percentage of POI in Ingress is placed in small spaces, spaces with low connectivity values, and spaces where the visual field is blocked by obstacles. Through these observations, new placements of POI are suggested, based on theories of spatial analysis, gaming, and existing literature. Space syntax measures offer a starting point to consider certain locations within the game environment over others. These possible placements developed, are evaluated by comparison with the logic of the selected games. Through visibility and street network analysis, a new way of placing objects in the real environment is created, taking account the player’s position and visibility in the play location and the surroundings. Another logic is also proposed, a combination of space syntax and landmarks, and it is discussed if it can add additional values, that the existing approach is lacking.

on spatial legibility...

2011 yılında, henüz doktora tezim bitmeden yayımlanan, aşağıda bilgilerini gördüğünüz bildiri çalışması üzerinden, ISI Master of Science’da endekslenen bir dergide yayımlanan makalede, “spatial legibility” (mekansal okunabilirlik) kavramının tanımını geliştiren kuramcılarla aynı tabloda gösterildim. Ki bu zaten doktora tezimin başlıca hedeflerinden biriydi. Bu atıfla birlikte, resmen 2012’de biten doktora tezim, benim için bugün (09 Ocak 2016) bitmiştir. Tezim bitti, ama yayınlarım devam edecek. Bu konuda yanımda olan herkese içten teşekkürler….

Bu atıftan sonra, benzeri bir önemli atıf daha aldım.

Atıf yapılan çalışma: Köseoğlu, E. and Onder, D. E., 2011, Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Spatial Legibility, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal, 30, p.1191-1195.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811020568

Atıf yapan çalışma: Khameh, M. ; Etessam, I. and Shahcheraghi, A., 2015, Affecting Factors on Facilitating the Process of Wayfinding and Spatial Legibility in Public Buildings of Iran’s Past, International Journal of Review in Life Sciences, 5, 3, p.173-182

http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=MASTER&Full=International+Journal+of+Review+in+Life+Sciences

During navigation, people tend to associate objects that have outstanding characteristics to useful landmarks. The landmarkness is usually divided into three categories of salience: the visual, the structural, and the semantic. Actually, the roles of visual and structural landmarks have been widely explored at the expense of the semantic salience. Thus, we investigated its significance compared to the two others through an exploratory experiment conducted on the Internet. Specifically, 63 participants were asked to select landmarks along 30 intersections located in Quebec City. Participants were split by gender and familiarity with the study area. Unsurprisingly, the results show that unlike strangers, locals tended to focus on highly semantic landmarks. In addition, we found that women were more influenced by the structural salience than men. Finally, our findings suggest that the side where travelers move compared to the road impacts on the landmark selection process.

This Comment examines real and potential constitutional conflicts arising when historic preservation is confronted by the powerful land use provisions of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA).

The development of historic preservation in the United States is summarized, as is the federal jurisprudence and legislative history leading to the enactment of RLUIPA.  Specific clauses within the Act are individually examined and critiqued from the perspective of existing Supreme Court jurisprudence and the Congressional Record at the time of passage.  New methods for interpreting RLUIPA provisions are then proposed to reconcile case law and the Congressional Record with the “plain” language of the Act.

These new synthesized interpretations are applied to typical historic preservation issues, as they pertain to religious institutions.  The hypothetical results are analyzed to predict how religious institutions, locally protected historic districts and landmark laws might be affected and/or clarified to avoid future conflicts between these worthy causes.

Finally, because future conflicts between RLUIPA and protected historic districts and/or landmark buildings seem unavoidable, the Author proposes five specific amendments to the RLUIPA to mitigate the potentially devastating and irreversible effects on society that the current Act may entail.

This study aims at revealing the power of architectural representation through drawing on community engagement and development during the design process. Considering the drawings as a medium for obtaining knowledge and using them as a means of communication, for the generation and development of designs together with the community, the idea behind was to understand if the representation and communication approach can trigger the community participation, engagement and education on understanding and creating their future city. For the accomplishment of this research the mixed methodology was used, quantitative methods with tools such as questionnaires and mental maps, whilst qualitative method employed interviews, empirical studies and observation on the ground. The use of a certain architectural representation as a communication means, that could be attractive and well understood by the community, can encourage public engagement, discussion and generation of ideas, by this ensuring ...

Environmental representations have typically been categorized into procedural descriptions and survey knowledge. Based on recent findings about allocentric and egocentric encoding of spatial relations, we hypothesized that survey knowledge could be further classified into surveyallocentric and survey-egocentric representations (depending on which encoding the person uses). Our study examined the distinction in survey representations using map drawing task. The second goal was to examine how this distinction in environmental representations relates to individual differences in allocentric and egocentric spatial abilities, using spatial visualization and spatial orientation computerized tasks. The third goal was to explore how these environmental representations differ in landmark knowledge, using landmark recognition and landmark directional tasks. The map drawings were reliably classified into procedural, survey-allocentric, and survey-egocentric representations, based on the encoding of spatial relations. Individuals who drew survey-egocentric maps tended to perform more accurately and faster on egocentric spatial orientation task than those who drew procedural maps. Significant differences were found in accuracy and reaction times on landmark tasks between different types of landmarks: no-choice versus active, non-cultural versus cultural, permanent versus temporary, and scenes versus individual landmarks. There were no significant differences in landmark recognition and directional tasks between individuals with different environmental representations.

A series of territorial markers are created at the boundaries of urban residences in community living (spatial, physical, olfactory, auditory) that indicate spatial ownership. Way-finding and address-giving for residences utilize such markers, along with other elements that are part of the existing environment. These are read and navigated to reach the destination. When a resident gives her address, she is telling you how to navigate various boundaries in an appropriate fashion to gain access. The objective of this research is to understand how people provide addresses and how this is linked to their perception of their house. It also attempts to read the identity of a collective whole, for example, a housing society, as seen by its local residents. The address-giving/ way-finding exercise helps understand how an architect-built space is identified and referred to by its users and by the world at large creating an alternate identity for the space. This research paper looks into the relevance of elements/ markers (created by residents or already existing in the local environment) navigated in address-giving that aid in accessing residences. It analyses why certain landmarks are more popular than others and attempts to find variations (and the reasons behind them) in address-giving within the same housing communities.

Cities evolve and grow rapidly in a manner that is unprecedented throughout their long history. This great acceleration and growth is governed by many overlapping and intersecting factors (Economical, Social, Political, etc.), the process of identifying the city's character or identity is no longer an easy task. This appears more clearly in historic cities and historic areas that in most cases contrast with the civilizational, cultural and urban extension of the mother city. This therefore justifies the importance of polyphonic and edificial aesthetic works as they are elements of consistency and solidity of urbanism. Cities and their various components (facilities & planning, objectives & economics, construction & architecture) have witnessed a new turn and were influenced by many factors. These factors and their results should therefore be identified in order to understand how they reflect on cities and how artistic and aesthetic works reflect on the form and identity of cities.

The Tees Transporter Bridge is arguably one of the most recognisable structures in the north-east of England having towered over the River Tees since 1911 and described by Pevsner as “a European monument – in its daring and finesse…a thrill to see from anywhere”. A unique embodiment of  Victorian and Edwardian technology and ingenuity utilised to solve the problem of crossing the Tees without impeding traffic on the ‘steel river’, this ‘majestic dinosaur’ has become an iconic landmark of Teesside and an embodiment of ‘home’ for many.

Following on from the Bridge’s 2011 centenary, the HLF-supported Tees Transporter Bridge Visitor Experience Project has celebrated and explored the landmark through a range of new interpretation, pageant and reminiscence activities. The launch of the new ‘Visitor Experience’ in late 2015 coincided with the end of steel manufacturing on Teesside inextricably linked to the area’s identity and in particular its bridge-building heritage. This paper considers how the Tees Transporter Bridge serves as an evocative, sometimes contentious, platform for inspiring memories of yesteryear’s industrial heyday whilst provoking a sense of loss and dislocation in the post-industrial town.

It will be contended that the ongoing preservation and reinterpretation of this urban landmark and space has highlighted how sites of industrial heritage serve as an apparatus for creating an often romanticised ‘sense of place’ and helped celebrate Teesside’s rich bridge-building history in particular.

In recent globalization era, city park (RTH) is one of the most important things for a big city. In addition that a park can be characteristic of a city, the growing population of the occupants, which contribute to less and less open space for city's green space, need park from them to express themselves and to socialize. According to world's statistical data, Indonesia is at number four after United Stated in term of the most densely populated countries. Ideally, big city has at least 30 percen of its area for park. Semarang is number 10 for the most densely populated city in Indonesia, at 1.773.905 (BPS 2010). Thus it is mandatory for Semarang municipality to give more attention for the need of City Park in order that it can be use optimally by the citizen. This research use descriptive qualitative method which is a kind of research mean to uncover the facts, circumstances, phenomena, variable, and ongoing event during research to be presented as plain as possible. This research present and interpret data regarding the ongoing situation. This research is also accompanied by result of interview of surrounding people which is then collected and combined with the gained theories and data. This research focus on what kind of park is preferred by the people around Pandanaranpark in order that it can be input for interest party to design the future city park. The result of the research is that a good park must be connected to society. It means that the park must be designed to meet the need of the main user, the surrounding people. The park must provide facilities for various groups of peoplevisiting the park, easy access to the park, comfortable places for visitors, and place for people to socialize. This research has given some insight about how to design an ideal city park which is beneficial to surrounding people. The result of the research can be used as reference for college student, researcher, and also municipalachieve for better city. We hope that this research can become initial step and good example regarding the attempt to promote the quality facilities of the city.

The degradation caused by environmental noise affects the sound identities of several areas, especially at a city level, so there is a need for immediate individual and collective action. This paper focuses on the environmental noise impacts towards the soundscapes of historical landmarks located in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece). Furthermore, it offers an insight regarding a new urban quiet area attribute, since it discovers whether elevation contributes to the formation of their sound identity. The first step of this research utilized the opinion of more than 500 residents of Thessaloniki with the aid of a questionnaire, in order to highlight areas of the city’s historic center with unique soundscapes. The resulted soundscapes were studied and analyzed by gathering both quantitative and qualitative data. Finally, these soundscapes were assessed by sound experts in order to thoroughly describe their sound identities. The Roman and Byzantine landmarks studied, being at lower and ...

The right to human dignity has left a mark on development in Namibia, and this chapter measures the scale of this transformation by taking stock of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence relating to that right since Independence. With wording partly inspired by international human rights texts, Article 8 of the Namibian Constitution makes the “dignity of all persons” “inviolable” and forbids cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. We review how the Supreme Court of Namibia applied and elevated human dignity in landmark cases from 1990 to date. We find that, although human dignity has framed constitutional interpretation in Namibia and constitutes one of the foundations of human rights philosophy, so far no judge and no scholar have ‘really defined’ human dignity in the country. As a consequence, they have unwittingly applied a Western conception at the detriment of African understandings of dignity. From Ex parte: Attorney-General In Re: Corporal Punishment through Namunjebo to Gaingob – ...

Human Factors concerns exist with vehicle navigation systems, particularly relating to the effects of current Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) on driver disengagement from the environment. A road study was conducted aiming to provide initial input for the development of intelligent HMIs for in-vehicle systems, using the traditional collaborative navigation relationship between the driver and passenger to inform future design. Sixteen drivers navigated a predefined route in the city of Coventry, UK with the assistance of an existing vehicle navigation system (SatNav), whereas a further 16 followed the navigational prompts of a passenger who had been trained along the same route. Results found that there were no significant differences in the number of navigational errors made on route for the two different methods. However, drivers utilising a collaborative navigation approach had significantly better landmark and route knowledge than their SatNav counterparts. Analysis of individual ...