Literary Communication

Öz Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Türk düşünce geleneği içinde özgün bir yere sahiptir. Osmanlı Türk modernleşmesi sürecinde bozulan " ruh bütünlüğü " nün sağlanması sorunu, yeni ile eskinin mücadelesi ve bu sürecin yarattığı kültürel bunalım, iş ahlakı problemi ile birlikte eserlerinin temel izleklerini oluşturmaktadır. Ölümünden sonraki dönemde temel düşünsel eğilimlerin indirgemeciliği ve dar ufukluluğundan dolayı fazla ilgi görmeyen Tanpınar, 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren yoğun bir biçimde incelenmeye başlamıştır ve bu eğilim günümüzde artarak devam etmektedir. Bu sürecin temel sebeplerinden birisi ekonomi temelli okumalar yerine kültür merkezli okumaların öne çıkması, ikincisi " yasa koyucu " entelektüellerin yerine " yorumcu " entelektüellerin zaman içinde belirleyici olmaya başlamasıdır. 1990'lı yıllarda belirginleşen Batılılaşma sürecindeki kriz de yeni arayışları ortaya çıkarmıştır ve Tanpınar sağladığı düşünsel imkanlarla yeni okumaları mümkün kılmıştır. Abstract Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar has an unique position within Turkish intelectual tradition. Basic themes of his books are combining the divided souls of the people which spoiled during Ottoman Turkish modernization process, the challenge between the old and the new and its cultural results and also work ethics problem. As an outcome of reductionism and insularity of basic intelectual trends in the period after his dead there is small attention to him, there is an increasing focus on Tanpınar today which began in the 1990's. Main reason of this process is new trends through cultural perusal instead of economic perspective and also interpreter intelectuals remaining importance within time in lieu of legislator intelectuals. Tanpınar offers intelectual oppurtunities for new perusal after new born search after crises of Westernization which became obvious after 1990's.

Written by the renowned Russian novelist Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol in 1842 as a short novel, " The Overcoat " is a highly influential text for its successors. In this study, Gogol's contribution to literature in terms of literary communication will be clarified systematically through structural analysis. The method presentation is followed by an extensive analysis part and in conclusion, the deep structure formed in " The Overcoat " is revealed. The results reached after the analysis are of importance for literature researchers as well as for those who study literary communication.

Metin ile okur arasındaki iletişimi konu alan ‘Anlatı Yoluyla Dünyanın Zihinsel Yeniden Kurulumu’ başlıklı doktora çalışması, salt sözcükler yoluyla girişilen bir etkileşimde okuyucuların roman yazarlarının oluşturduğu dünyayı kendi zihinlerinde nasıl kurdukları sorunsalı üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Söz konusu sorunsalın merkezinde ise hakikatin konumu vardır. Yazınsal iletişimde hakikatin konumuna ilişkin tartışmalar uzun süredir edebiyatçıların ve akademisyenlerin kafasını kurcalamaktadır. Yazar, metin ve okuyucunun hakikat konusunda sacayağının birer bölümünü oluşturduğu konusunda akademik topluluk tarafından bir uzlaşı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bazı akademisyenler yazınsal gerçeklikte hakikatin, metni oluşturan öznelere bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığını, bazıları metnin ortaya çıktıktan sonra başlı başına yazarından bağımsız bir yapı olduğunu, diğerleri ise hakikatin metnin içinde değil okuyucunun metinle oluşturduğu etkileşimde varlaştığını savunmaktadırlar. Çalışmada hakikatin konumuna ilişkin her üç yaklaşım da inceleme altına alınmıştır. Yazı, zihin ve anlamlandırma edimi ile metin, anlatı ve anlamlandırma edimine ilişkin kavramsal bir referans çerçevesi oluşturulduktan sonra üçboyutlu bir analiz yapılmıştır. Boyutlardan birincisi, yazarlarının niyetliliğidir. Palto, Dönüşüm ve Hayvan Çiftliği romanlarının inceleme nesnesi olarak seçildiği çalışmada yazarların metinlerine yüklediği anlam, kendi beyanlarından ve edebiyat tariçilerinin metinlerinden yola çıkarak, yazarlık serüvenleri içerisinde belirlenmiştir. İkinci boyut, metnin kendi anlamsal yapısıdır. Burada metinler, içerik çözümlemesiyle desteklenerek, yapısal çözümleme yöntemiyle kendi anlatısal yapıları içerisinde sistematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Üçüncü boyut, okuyucuların anlamlandırma pratikleridir. Burada, derinlemesine görüşme yöntemiyle farklı tiplerdeki okuyucuların alımlama pratiklerini çözümlenmiştir. Üzerine yoğunlaşılan sorunsala yönelik yapılan üç boyutlu çözümlemeden elde edilen bulgular, kavramsal çerçeve ile birleştirilerek genel geçer saptamalara ulaşılmış ve bu vargılar sonuç bölümünde bir model üzerinde somutlaştırılmıştır. 
[This is the doctorate study titled as ‘Mental Reconstruction of the World by means of Narration’ -which expresses the communication of the text and the reader- mainly focuses on how the readers recognize a world that is constructed by the writers only through the words as an interaction method. In the center of problematic we mention about, the main problem is the location of the reality. The discussions about the location of reality in written communication have preoccupied the minds of litterateurs and academicians. The academic society has come to a conclusion that the author, text and the reader are the main feet of the reality. Nevertheless, some academicians support that the reality in written genres emerges dependent to the subjects that compose the text, some say that the texts are totally independent bodies from the authors after coming into existence and some others support that the reality is not inside the text but in the interaction which the reader forms with the text. In this study, all three approaches about the location of the reality are questioned. A three dimensional analysis has been made after a conceptual reference framework about the acquisition of text, narration and construing was practised. The first of the dimensions is the tendencies of authors. The meanings that the authors gave to thier texts are determined in their own experinences in writing and under the guidance of authors’ statements and the writings of Literature Historians. The novels of ‘The Overcoat’, ‘The Metamorphosis’ and ‘Animal Farm’ have been selected as the subjects of the study. Second dimension is the text’s own structure of meaning. Here, texts are analyzed systematically in their own narrational structures as using the structural analysis method and consolidated with content analysis. The third of the dimensions is the reader’ contruing practises. Recognising practices of different readers are analyzed through the interviewing method in depth. The findings -that have been concluded through the three dimensional analysis about problematics we focused on- are combined with the conceptual framework, after that, some mainstream determinations are reached and all these conclusions are embodied on a model in the epilogue of the study.]

1940 年代上海就開始有一批創作者以現代化都市作為創作場景,書寫 人情、階級、感覺結構在都市中發生的改變,以海派、新感覺派與張愛玲的 先後湧現,呈現一種上海式的「都市傳奇」。易金在上海出版《上海傳奇》, 在香港被翻印為香港傳奇,顯示易金在上海時期的小說創作,曾受到香港讀 者的歡迎。隨著 1949 年後到上海文人南遷到香港,也有大量以現代化都市 作為書寫對象的作品,可與上海都市傳奇對照觀之。易金編輯《香港時報》 副刊時,以「香港傳奇」為欄目,廣徵各方作者投稿,掀起 1950 到 1960 年 間,香港都市傳奇小說寫作的風潮。本研究以易金的都市傳奇小說書寫與企 畫編輯作為分析對象,討論他在上海與香港時期的都市傳奇書寫,分析易金 的都市傳奇特色與限制。

Orhan Pamuk’s latest novel “A Strangeness In My Mind” is about the story of Mevlüt whom had migrated from country to İstanbul in 1969. Migration from country to the cities which begun in the 1950’s caused big social changes in Turkey and also it shaped mindsets of each person in this context. Novel explains this process from the point of the “others” and it focuses Turkey’s transformation and silent masses. Traditionally Turkey’s conflict axes have been shaped within East-West, Intelectual-Public and City-Country dualities.  It is possible to read these three axes in the context of Mevlüt’s story in Orhan Pamuk’s novel. Westernized bourgeois intellectual is positioned against Mevlüt in the novel. At the same time these qualities represent one side of cultural divide in Turkey. Another point in the novel is the process which migrants became rich simultaneous with İstanbul’s transformation. While Mevlüt represents “losers”, his cousins became rich rapidly. This differentiation is defined by “ethics”. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s epigraph in the first part of the novel symbolize lawlessness in Turkish society. Land sharing conflict is a result of societies stepping out of “the state of nature”. In this conflict Mevlüt represents “pure” and “innocent” one while society have been configurated as a result of this struggles ethic reflections. Freedom problem is another title which is at the center of the novel. From the point of author, in Turkey there is a formal and also an informal opinion of people. This context shapes societies psyche and mindset.

BY BMDzukogi There are challenges on the suitable methods to be adopted for teaching and enhancing creativity of the child in the school. This has led sometimes, to confusion on the best ways to direct and shape the individual's style of life through education. However, mentoring has become an effective strategy for achieving excellence in creative writing at the Hill-Top Art Centre, Minna, Nigeria. Alfred Adler, a renowned psychologist said in his theory of individual psychology that the 'creative self' is responsible, to a large extent, for dictating and shaping the individual's style of life. He further stated that the creative self is responsible for giving meaning to life through the creation of goals and finding solutions to them. Hill-Top Art Centre has affirmed the potency of mentoring in dictating and shaping creative writing goals and output of mentees in writing stories, poems and other forms of creative expressions. This has given meaning to the lives of the mentees in striving to better themselves and their societies through their creative endevours.

Pliny the Younger was, as well as most other members of the aristocracy of the early and high Roman Empire, a very politically active figure. This political existence was expressed through literary communication, which was, however, no compensation for an assumed depolitization of the ordo senatorius, but rather a means to an end for the political goals of the aristocracy. In Pliny’s letters, we can witness this literary communication. It is apparent how he used the epistolographic literature in connection with his social network to further his career, promote friends, influence political decisions and propagate fundamental values and moral standards. Literature and politics were therefore inseparably connected to each other.

[from the 'Introduction' to the same volume, by Roger D. Sell, Adam Borch and Inna Lindgren, pp. 1-19, here 8:] Finch here discusses 'West Hackhurst' (written in the 1940s), but 'not published until after his [Forster's] death, perhaps because it carried frankness to the point at which it risked prosecution under the libel law. [...] It is basically about a rather unpleasant feud that developed between Forster and the Farrer family, who were his landlords-cum-neighbours in a Surrey village near Dorking. Forster's attack on the Farrers can sometimes bring to mind the withering scorn of Dryden and Pope, and Finch suggests that some of the communication here is less genuine than coercive -- there is certainly not much scope for come-back on the Farrers's part, as it were. On the other hand, Forster is just as frank about himself. He comes across as a nervous, crotchety old man, whose predominant tone is pretty morose. As a study of just how badly wrong human communication can sometimes go, the memoir is inimitably sharp-eyed, not least in locating the antagonisms between its author and the Farrers within a particular phase of the English class system. In tracing communicational dysfunction with such unflinching directness, Forster is envisaging readers with whom, after his own death if not before, he could communicate much better than with some of the people he is writing about.'

Εισαγωγικές σκέψεις και στοιχεία για τη συγκρότηση του δικτύου των ανταποκριτών εξωτερικού στις εφημερίδες και μελέτη των χρονογραφικών αναπαραστάσεων του Παρισιού και άλλων ευρωπαϊκών πόλεων, μέσα από τις ανταποκρίσεις των Ζ. Παπαντωνίου, Κ. Ουράνη, Ν. Λάσκαρη, Αγ. Γιαννόπουλου κ.α.

The paper reviews Barbara Kaszkowska-Wandor’s book Res publica (post) literaria. Od poetyki wspólnoty do postliteratury. The study into the etymology of the metaphor of the “literary republic” leads the author to consider fundamental questions concerning the role of litera- ture in shaping communities and the ways in which literature impacts political reality. The author’s erudition and bold methodological solutions allow her to answer those questions – often old and considered to be unanswerable – in an original, unobvious way.

This article reviews narratological assumptions from an expanded phenomenological perspective. My exploration into the ethics of narrative form, including looking beyond “unreliability” into a doubt-faith paradigm, has led me to develop a conceptual framework which reconsiders the terms on which we engage in narrative – its creation, its perception, and its trace. I place literary narrative within the context of the world and take into account its generative (authorial) and receptive (readerly) potentialities. In doing so, I have found it necessary to re-articulate basic notions – narrative, author, text, reader – while attempting to set out discourse for the discussion of the author-reader dialectic and the indirect nature of literary communication.

Since the 1980s, Roger D. Sell’s literary criticism has striven to take account of the (often conflicting) approaches available without compromising the human importance of the literary work: either in terms of its creation or its reception. Sell’s theory of literature draws strength from the interface between literary studies and linguistics and is grounded on the argument that literary making is a primary communicational act between human beings. Other critics have found Sell’s work inspirational.

This book both responds to Sell’s ideas and demonstrates the multifaceted potential of his work. Aware of his trajectory through Literary-Pragmatic, ‘Humanizing’ and ‘Mediating’ criticism, Humane Readings offers a series of original and focused studies which demonstrate the power, provenance and importance of Sell’s approach. Ranging in subject matter from the Early Modern Period to the present, a reconfiguration of literary criticism by contemporary readers and practitioners is urged here. Case studies are presented on a range of poetic, novelistic, dramatic and children’s works. Each illuminates different aspects of Sell’s critical thought.