Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Deposits of old blast-furnace slag are an environmental problem. The slag’s hardness is an important for calculation of the energy cost for crushing and grinding process. Due to its porosity, measurement of the (macro) hardness is. To adapt the dimensions of the indentations to the character of the slag, it is necessary to apply loads in the range of micro-hardness. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of load on the micro-hardness - the Indentation Size Effect (ISE) using Meyer’s, Hays-Kendall and PSR methods. ISE for all samples is “normal”, the slag’s basicity affects micro-hardness and ISE.

In this work-report are indicated the results of microscopic analysis performed on the samples coming out from the second campaign of coating ( working parameters realized by  Dr. rer.nat. Paul Olaru work-activities and recommendations). There are two ( 2) families of samples: - Coating on heat treated base material (as per EU Deutsche Materialkunde e.V application) - Coating on not heat treated base material (only for comparison purposes) All samples has been attacked with 2 reagents: - Nital 4% that reacts with the base material and shows microstructure, carbides and defects (pin-holes) - Aqua Ragia that reacts with the coating showing carbides and defects (pin-holes) Analysis performed in RWTH-IMM Aachen (Metallography Dept.)

The aim of this paper is to perform experimental<br> modal analysis (EMA) of reinforced concrete (RC) square slabs.<br> EMA is the process of determining the modal parameters (Natural<br> Frequencies, damping factors, modal vectors) of a structure from a<br> set of frequency response functions FRFs (curve fitting). Although,<br> experimental modal analysis (or modal testing) has grown steadily in<br> popularity since the advent of the digital FFT spectrum analyzer in<br> the early 1970's, studying all types of members and materials using<br> such method have not yet been well documented. Therefore, in this<br> work, experimental tests were conducted on RC square slab<br> specimens of dimensions 600mm x 600mmx 40mm. Experimental<br> analysis was based on freely supported boundary condition.<br> Moreover, impact testing as a fast and economical means of finding<br> the modes of vibration of a structure w...

A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl and staurolite were used in this project. Using Octano-hydroxamic acid as a collector, the surface chemistry was investigated through surface area measurements, zeta potential tests and adsorption density determinations. The results of adsorption studies were then correlated with microflotation tests conducted at room temperature in a PartridgeSmith cell. In this paper, the surface chemistry and microflotation behaviors are then discussed based on both lab observations and a literature review.

Additive manufacturing offers several potentials such as the freedom of design, part consolidation, function integration, or time and cost-savings. These potentials make AM interesting for industries such as aerospace, automotive and medical implants, and are also seen as enables for the creation of entirely new business models. Additive manufacturing has the potential to change the current manufacturing landscape substantially and has attracted much attention of industry and academia over the last decades.However, these developments require improvements concerning the technology itself and its successful implementation into the value creation chain. Driven by the promising market opportunities and upcoming technological developments, many research activities started.This paper presents a literature review of publications from the last 20 years. Based on this analysis, the evolution of the AM research landscape is portrayed. The research landscape is organised into four areas: machi...

Um tumor caracteriza-se pelo mau funcionamento da celula. Seu mecanismo de crescimento e um processo complexo, exigindo o desenvolvimento de modelos matematicos para auxiliar na sua compreensao. Automatos celulares sao estruturas discretas com caracteristicas espaciais e temporais que conseguem representar sistemas complexos por meio de interacoes locais. O presente trabalho apresenta um visualizador desenvolvido em linguagem Java para um modelo de crescimento de tumores baseado em automatos celulares. O sistema e uma primeira versao baseada nos trabalhos de (Qi et al.,1993) e apesar de sua simplicidade, consegue reproduzir caracteristicas e elementos reais presentes no crescimento de tumores radiais.

The discovery of nuclear fission took place in Berlin at the end of 1938, and the Nobel Prize for the discovery was awarded to the chemist Otto Hahn in 1945. Because the award excluded the physicist Lise Meitner, it has always been controversial, raising questions about the fairness and competency of the Nobel decisions. Here I outline the interdisciplinary collaboration of Meitner, Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin that culminated in the fission discovery, showing how Meitner's forced emigration from Germany distorted the scientific attribution for the discovery and led Hahn to deny that Meitner and physics had contributed to it. In discussing the Nobel decisions to award a prize only to Hahn, and not to Meitner, Strassmann, or Otto Robert Frisch, with whom Meitner devised the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, I examine Meitner's situation as a woman and a foreigner in Swedish exile and her difficult experience with the Swedish physicist Manne Siegbahn.

A thermoplastic pultrusion process was examined using commercial fiber roving of PET/E glass, to determine the optimum pulling speed and optimal zonal temperatures. Finite element analysis predicted heat transfer through the commingled fibers and air in the pultrusion die. The cross-section of obtained rods was examined, and image analysis was carried out to obtain information about the degree of fiber impregnation, number of voids and uniformity of fiber distribution. Optimizing the temperature field for the pultrusion of poly (ethylene terephthalate) is of significant importance. The pulling speed has the same importance. These two parameters are closely related as evidenced by the analysis of images.

Iron(III) oxide particles (α-Fe2O3) were obtained from ferrous chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) precursor using ammonium hydroxide as a precipitating agent and particles were calcined at 700 °C for 4 h. Morphological and structural properties of the obtained particles were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), BET/BJH analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR). The image analysis software, Image-Pro Plus 4.0, was used to determine the distribution of the diameter of the obtained particles. Hematite based particles were used as an adsorbent for BPA removal. Adsorption equilibrium was established after 75 min with 14.8% BPA removal efficiency.

The ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with the average particle size of about 10 nm were used to adsorb chromium (VI) in aqueous solution. The equilibrium of Cr(VI) adsorption can be achieved at the pH value of 2.5, in the contact time of 120 minutes. The mechanisms of Cr(VI) adsorption were evaluated by 4 isothermal adsorption models Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin. The results showed that all four models are satisfied; especially, Redlich-Peterson is the most suitable model to describe the adsorption kinetic of Cr(VI) on ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles.

A thermoplastic pultrusion process was examined using commercial fiber roving of PET/E glass, to determine the optimum pulling speed and optimal zonal temperatures. Finite element analysis predicted heat transfer through the commingled fibers and air in the pultrusion die. The cross-section of obtained rods was examined, and image analysis was carried out to obtain information about the degree of fiber impregnation, number of voids and uniformity of fiber distribution. Optimizing the temperature field for the pultrusion of poly (ethylene terephthalate) is of significant importance. The pulling speed has the same importance. These two parameters are closely related as evidenced by the analysis of images.

In this article the results of experimental data for heats of steam formation depending on temperature (density) for individual organic substances and mixtures are presentedВ статье приводятся результаты в приведенной форме представления экспериментальных данных теплоты парообразования в зависимости от приведенной температуры (плотности) для индивидуальных органических веществ и их смесей

Stainless metal is generally composed of iron, with at least 10.5% chromium content cloth, which works as a protective oxide layer that prevents corrosion. Different grades of stainless steel vary through their alloy composition, influencing their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and packages. When deciding on among 304, 316, and 316L stainless-steel grades, recording their properties is vital for making an informed preference. Understanding Grade 304 Stainless Steel Grade 304 is the most common sort of stainless steel and money is owed for more than 50% of the area's stainless-steel manufacturing. It is also referred to as 18/8 stainless steel because of its composition of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. This composition offers first-rate corrosion resistance and ease of fabrication, making it suitable for a huge type of program.

İsveçli mineralog ve kimyager Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-1765), minerallerin ve kayaların kimyasal bileşenlerinin önemini ilk fark edenlerden biriydi ve yeni bir mineralojik sistem kurma çabalarıyla tanınır. Ayrıca minerallerin kimyasal bileşimini analiz etmek için üfleme borularının sistematik kullanımını içeren deneysel bir prosedür geliştirdiği için de tanınır. "Mineraloji Sistemine Doğru Bir Deneme"yi (1758) yazmıştır.

1751'de İsveçli mineralog ve kimyager Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, nikeli cevher içeren bir nikolitte (nikel arsenit) bir safsızlık olarak keşfetti. Bunu yeni bir element olarak bildirdi ve bunun için nikel adını önerdi. Bu element, Dünya kabuğunda bolluk sıralamasında 24. sıradadır ve ortalama 80 ppm konsantrasyonu vardır. Bu metalin iki ana kaynağı, Kanada, Rusya (Sibirya madenleri), Yeni Kaledonya ve Güney Afrika'daki demir-bakır pirit yataklarındaki nikel içeren sülfür ve garnierit (Güney Doğu Asya, Avustralya ve Karayipler) gibi nikel içeren laterit yataklarıdır. 2001'de dünya nikel maden üretimi toplam 1,26Mt'a ulaştı ve bu şimdiye kadar kaydedilen en yüksek çıktı oldu. Başlıca üretim ülkeleri Rusya (%20), Kanada (%15), Avustralya (%15) ve Yeni Kaledonya (%10).

Химическая промышленность – является собой одной из ведущих отраслей тяжелой индустрии, представляет собой научно-техническую и материальную базу химизации народного хозяйства, играет важную роль в развитии производительных сил, укреплению обороноспособности государства и обеспечении жизненных потребностей общества. Так же объединяет целый комплекс разнообразных отраслей производства, где преобладают методы химической переработки предметов (сырья и материалов), позволяет решать технические, технологические и экономические проблемы, создать новейшие материалы с заранее заданными свойствами, заменить металл в строительстве, машиностроении, повысить производительность и достаточно сэкономить затраты общественного труда. Химическая промышленность уступает только машиностроению по производству тысяч различных видов продукции.
Большое значение промышленной химизации выражается в народнохозяйственном комплексе в виде расширения производства ценных промышленных продуктов, в замене дорогостоящего и дефицитного сырья на более дешевые и распространенные, утилизируются производственные отходы вредные для экологии.
Значение химической промышленности выражается в прогрессивной химизации всего народнохозяйственного комплекса: расширяется производство ценных промышленных продуктов; происходит замена дорогого и дефицитного сырья более дешевым и распространенным; производится комплексное использование сырья; улавливаются и утилизируются многие производственные отходы, в том числе вредные в экологическом отношении. На базе комплексного использования разнообразного сырья и утилизации производственных отходов химическая индустрия образует сложную систему связей со многими отраслями промышленности и комбинируется с переработкой нефти, газа, угля, с черной и цветной металлургией, лесной промышленностью. Из таких сочетаний складываются целые промышленные комплексы. Одним из таких направлений является производство минеральных удобрений.

Unlike conventional methods that involve removing components from a product, the groundbreaking idea behind additive manufacturing (AM) is the gradual creation of materials. A computer-controlled laser is often used in additive manufacturing to shape and consolidate powder feedstock in a layer-by-layer fashion to arbitrary shapes. The aerospace, defense, automotive, and biomedical sectors have high standards, and AM is now being refined to create complex-shaped functional metallic components out of metals, alloys, and other materials. Lightweight structural components with series similar mechanical characteristics may be produced using Selective Laser Melting (SLM), one of the AM technologies that eliminates the requirement for part specific tooling or downstream sintering procedures, among other things. The low weight and excellent mechanical and chemical qualities of aluminium make it an ideal material for such environmentally designed components. We need further information on how processing circumstances and material qualities affect the microstructural and mechanical properties of AM produced components as well as the metallurgical processes that produce them. Following this, we provide a comprehensive overview of AM's material and process components, including the mechanical and microstructural features of AM-processed parts as well as the physical characteristics of AM-optimized materials. Ultimately, the samples made using SLM-Alsi10Mg demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 150 MPa, yield strength of 120 MPa, and an elongation of 20%, as determined by the testing data. Mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg, additive manufacturing, laser powder bed fusion, selective laser melting, and related terms.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the abrasive wear behavior of different high-Cr cast iron alloys after hardening heat treatment process at 950oC. The abrasive wear rate after tempering heat treatment at different tempering temperature was also investigated. A number of high-Cr cast iron (HCI) alloys with various compositions and Cr/C ratios were tested under normal load of 40N and different sliding distances of 400, 800 and1200m. Wear tests were performed on the neurons pinon-disk testing device, at sliding speed of 1 m.s-1 . The current results presented that, the rate of wear of HCI alloys was markedly improved with the increasing the ratio of Cr/C. HCI alloys with lower Cr/C ratio showed the lowest abrasive wear rate while, high-Cr cast iron with higher Cr/C ratio displayed the highest wear rate at all heat treatment conditions and applied load. In addition, abrasive wear resistance of high-Cr cast iron was improved markedly after hardening heat treatment process at austenitizing temperature of 950oC.

Hay que resaltar que la gran mayoria de las empresas dedicadas a manufacturar elementos de aseo, como por ejemplo los panos abrasivos, tienen gran cantidad de competidores por parte de empresas extranjeras, donde el proceso se realiza en forma automatica, obteniendo productos de bajo costo y alta calidad. Pensando en hacer mas competitiva la empresa nacional, se efectua el diseno de una maquina automatica; para la aplicacion de productos quimicos abrasivos atomizados sobre superficies no tejidas en elementos utilizados para la fabricacion de panos abrasivos. Se realiza un estudio del proceso y sus problemas, para llegar a formular el diseno de una maquina, capaz de hacer la aplicacion optima de estos quimicos abrasivos, sobre superficies no tejidas. El resultado final es una maquina automatica que permitio: aumentar la produccion de panos abrasivos, mejorar la calidad del producto, disminuir la polucion de quimicos volatiles en el recinto de trabajo, controlar la cantidad de sustanc...

Neftni tayyorlash va qayta ishlash jarayonlarida neftdan ajratilgan qatlam suvlari tarkibida qolib ketgan neft zarrachalari hamda boshqa minerallarni tozalash orqali suvlarning sifatini yaxshilash uchun qo'llaniladigan usullar ushbu maqolada bayon etilgan. Oqova suvlar turidan kelib chiqib uni tozalash uchun qo'llash mumkin bo'lgan jihozlar tuzilishi va ish prinsipi keltirilgan.

A M 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Characterization across Length Scales IV Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee Program Organizers: Michael Uchic, US Air Force; Eric Taleff, University of Texas; Alexis Lewis, Naval Research Laboratory; Jeff Simmons, US Air Force; Marc DeGraef, Carnegie Mellon University

One of the main goal, that steel makers have to deal with is continuously increasing metallurgical's quality and purity. It triggered a rapid progress of the secondary metallurgy. Treatment of secondary metallurgy steel is an important step in getting the technology required to ensure quality outcomes. Continuous development of the civilization causes demand on new construction materials. This also applies to steel metallurgy. Therefore the aim is to produce new, not yet melted steel grades. This has a need to conduct multiple researches of a scientific nature, that provide the necessary information to innovate in the technology of steel production. In the cathedral of Metallurgy of the Silesian University, researches conducted for many years on the modeling of metallurgical processes. The scope of these tests is very wide, because of the extensive laboratory equipment in metallurgical aggregates models. It includes the processes of raw material (blast furnace) and steelmaking (...

In the steelmaking industry, ferroalloys such as silico manganese and ferro manganese play a crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties and quality of steel. This paper explores the production processes, compositions, and applications of silico manganese and ferro manganese, emphasizing their significance in the steel manufacturing process.

Silico manganese, an alloy of manganese, silicon, and iron, is primarily used as a deoxidizer and alloying agent, contributing to the reduction of sulfur and oxygen in steel. Its typical composition includes 60-70% manganese, 10-30% silicon, and 1-3% carbon. The presence of silicon makes it particularly effective in improving the tensile strength and ductility of steel, making it suitable for producing structural steel, stainless steel, and high-strength low-alloy steel.

Ferro manganese, on the other hand, is an alloy with 65-90% manganese and 6-8% carbon, used to increase the hardness and wear resistance of steel. It serves as a crucial deoxidizing agent and is vital in manufacturing high-carbon steel and cast iron. The production processes for these alloys involve the smelting of manganese ore in submerged electric arc furnaces, where reduction reactions occur in the presence of carbon sources such as coke or coal.

The paper also examines the strategic considerations in choosing between silico manganese and ferro manganese, based on the desired properties of the final steel product and cost-efficiency. By understanding the roles and impacts of these ferroalloys, steel manufacturers can optimize their production processes to produce high-quality steel tailored to diverse industrial applications.

This study underscores the importance of silico manganese and ferro manganese in advancing steel technology, highlighting their contributions to achieving the desired mechanical properties, improving product quality, and ensuring efficient production processes.

Abstract—Forging, milling, turning, grinding and shaping etc. are the various industrial manufacturing processes which generate the metal waste. Grinding is extensively used in the finishing operation. The waste generated contains significant impurities apart from the metal particles. Due to these significant impurities, it becomes difficult to process and gets usually dumped in the landfills which create environmental problems. Therefore, it becomes essential to reuse metal waste to create value added products. Powder injection molding process is used for producing the porous metal matrix framework. This paper discusses the presented design of the porous framework to be used for the liquid filter application. Different parameters are optimized to obtain the better strength framework with variable porosity. Carbon nanotubes are used as reinforcing materials to enhance the strength of the metal matrix framework.

This study examined the level of heavy metals concentration in the well water of Surulere local government area. The concentration was determined using an absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The heavy metals [lead, Cadmium and Zinc] concentration of well water from the sampling site was found below the world health organization’s (WHO) recommended limit. The concentration of Cd was below the detection limit in some areas. It was recommended that the general public should be educated and enlightened on the health hazard involved in the consumption of contaminated water and there should be consistent monitoring of groundwater bodies in Lagos state.

En el desarrollo de un producto se llevan a cabo varias fases, cuyo objetivo es transformar las necesidades del mercado en productos económicamente viables. A través de la metodología del diseño de sistemas mecánicos integrados, se presentan un conjunto de actividades importantes que permiten el desarrollo de cualquier tipo de producto. En este libro se implementan las actividades para el desarrollo del producto, utilizando para ello: el desarrollo de la bañera acrílica. De esta manera se pretende obtener una serie de actividades que permitan el desarrollo del producto de forma ordenada, metódica y sistémica. Las actividades utilizadas permiten emplear una metodología de diseño, que sirven como guía para la implementación, desarrollo, planificación, creatividad y calidad del producto; además, se presenta el contenido de los principios y conceptos básicos de cada una de las fases de diseño desarrolladas. En este trabajo las actividades se implementan demostrando que el proyecto siempre involucra factores tecnológicos, económicos, humanos y ambientales, y que lo que varía de un producto a otro es la importancia relativa de estos factores. Se profundiza en los conceptos y fundamentos que permiten clarificar la evolución y desarrollo que han tenido las bañeras a través de la historia de la humanidad, como eje central del estudio, se documenta la fabricación de las bañeras en fibra de vidrio y la bañera acrílica, con mayor énfasis en esta última, y se aplica la metodología de diseño con valores reales tomados de la experiencia en la consolidación de un proyecto de desarrollo de bañeras acrílicas.