Neogeography

Cet article propose une synthèse sur les différentes formes de cartographie participatives, qui ont émergé à partir des années 1980 dans le cadre de l’aide au développement, et se sont épanouies dans un tout autre contexte technique, avec les cartes numériques créées à l’aide d’interfaces de programmation, associées à un internet contributif, le Web 2.0. Dans un second temps, nous abordons les enjeux de ces cartographies, en montrant qu’elles matérialisent un transfert de pouvoir, mais ne sont pas exemptes de biais et de contraintes. Enfin, l’analyse porte sur le défi qu’elles représentent pour la cartographie en tant que discipline technique et académique, et leur intérêt pour une approche géographique des territoires.

Participative cartography, undisciplined cartographyThis article provides a synthesis of the various forms of participative cartography that emerged in the 1980s in the framework of development assistance, and flourished in a completely different context, with the digital maps created through application programming interfaces, associated with a collaborative and participatory internet, the Web 2.0. Secondly, we address the key issues of these cartographies, by showing that they materialize a transfer of power, but are not free from bias and constraints. Finally, the analysis relates to the challenge they represent for cartography as a technical and academic discipline, and their interest for a geographical approach of territories.

В работе указывается на необходимость изучении предыстории Цифровой Земли, приводятся примеры предвосхищения географических продуктов со свойствами, явно отличающими их от карт и явно указывающими на свойства будущей Цифровой Земли.
++++++++
The paper points to the need to study the prehistory of the Digital Earth, provides examples of anticipating geographical products with properties that clearly distinguish them from maps and clearly indicate the properties of the future Digital Earth.

____________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN La neogeografía incorpora tecnología y métodos propios de la geografía académica y, a través de Internet, los pone al alcance de cualquier usuario no especializado. Gracias a los datos masivos (Big Data) y a la llamada ciencia ciudadana, a través de la red podemos acceder fácil y gratuitamente a cualquier tipo de información territorial y, a través de aplicaciones neogeográficas basadas en tecnología propia de los SIG, cualquier persona puede trabajar con ella para crear sus propios mapas. La neogeografía ha evolucionado rápidamente durante los últimos años y la clave de su éxito reside en la combinación de la potencia tecnológica propia de los SIG de escritorio (antes restringida al mundo académico) con el entorno interactivo, gratuito, voluntario, divulgativo y fácilmente manejable de Internet (del cual también se beneficia la geografía académica). En esta comunicación mostramos dos series de mapas cuya información ha sido obtenida a partir de datos masivos y cuya confección se ha llevado, por un lado, a través de métodos académicos (ArcGIS de escritorio) y, por otro, a partir de aplicaciones neogeográficas (My Maps, ArcGIS online, Carto). Ello nos permite detectar las principales diferencias entre ambos tipos de mapas y, tras subirlos a Facebook, observar la respuesta de las personas usuarias de redes sociales en línea ante ambos tipos de geografía.
ABSTRACT Neogeography incorporates technology and methods of academic geography and, through the Internet, makes them available to any non-specialized user. Thanks to the Big Data and the so-called citizen science, through the Internet we can easily and freely access to any kind of territorial information and, through neogeographical applications based on GIS technology, anyone can work with it in order to create their own maps. Neogeography has evolved rapidly in recent years and the key to its success lies in combining the technological power of desktop GIS (previously restricted to the academic world) with the interactive, free, voluntary, informative and user-friendly environment of Internet (from which academic geography is also benefitted). In this paper we show two series of maps (whose information has been obtained from big data) which have been carried out, first, through academic methods (ArcGIS Desktop) and, second, from neogeographical applications (such as My Maps, ArcGIS online, Carto Builder). This allows us to detect the main differences between both types of maps and, after uploading them to Facebook, to observe the response of users of online social networks to both types of geography.

Digital social data are now practically ubiquitous, with increasingly large and interconnected databases leading researchers, politicians, and the private sector to focus on how such ‘big data’ can allow potentially unprecedented insights into our world. This paper investigates Twitter activity in the wake of Hurricane Sandy in order to demonstrate the complex relationship between the material world and its digital representations. Through documenting the various spatial patterns of Sandy-related tweeting both within the New York metropolitan region and across the United States, we make a series of broader conceptual and methodological interventions into the nascent geographic literature on big data. Rather than focus on how these massive databases are causing necessary and irreversible shifts in the ways that knowledge is produced, we instead find it more productive to ask how small subsets of big data, especially georeferenced social media information scraped from the internet, can reveal the geographies of a range of social processes and practices. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, we can uncover broad spatial patterns within this data, as well as understand how this data reflects the lived experiences of the people creating it. We also seek to fill a conceptual lacuna in studies of user-generated geographic information, which have often avoided any explicit theorizing of sociospatial relations, by employing Jessop et al’s TPSN framework. Through these interventions, we demonstrate that any analysis of user-generated geographic information must take into account the existence of more complex spatialities than the relatively simple spatial ontology implied by latitude and longitude coordinates.

Analysing Active Mobility through Participatory Urbanism deals with the practical application of emerging trends in participatory urbanism, as applied to the understanding of the urban environment issues of active mobility in Malta. Through citizen science, neogeography and volunteered geographic information (VGI), this research seeks to analyse if and how community knowledge can be considered a viable option for understanding the urban environment issues for bicycle users.
The inherent benefits of active mobility align with two of Malta's current and most prominent health concerns, urban outdoor air pollution and lack of physical activity (World Health Organization, 2011), in addition to the overarching goal of making cities more livable (Gehl, 2010).  In this research, a mixed methods approach focused on participatory action research (PAR) allows for a practical understanding of these issues, with emphasis given to the process of the research as well as critical outcomes. This approach was taken due to its relevance to urban design research and in an effort to avoid an overly positivist quantitative approach (Elwood, 2009b; Haklay, 2013b).
Central to this study has been the implementation of a citizen science initiative entitled bike&map, which consisted of a workshop during which physical mapping was complemented with a digital interactive online mapping exercise. The case study, carried out over 14-days, attracted 342 VGI contributions, relating mainly to Malta’s Principal Urban Area (PUA). The practical application of community knowledge led to an in-depth on-the-ground understanding of the urban environment issues that bicycle users encounter.
It is suggested that community knowledge can bridge the gap between technical knowledge and the on-the-ground reality. The outcome is that there are multiple forms of knowledge that can influence the understanding of the urban environment in a meaningful manner, amongst which, technical and community knowledge are considered. The citizen science process, through the implementation of participatory citizen science, neogeography and crowdsourcing in an urban design context, can therefore be termed mutualistic urbanism.

The platform can be found online and is still available for crowdsourcing at https://uom.communitymaps.org.uk/project/bikemap

El geomarketing es una disciplina basada en el análisis espacial para el desarrollo de los negocios. Con la aparición de Internet y el desarrollo de las redes sociales se ha producido un cambio profundo en la sociedad y en el territorio, haciendo que los negocios tengan que desarrollar estrategias que unan el espacio físico y el digital a través de la geolocalización, utilizando nuevas herramientas y tecnologías de la información. Gersón Beltrán, geógrafo profesional, reúne en este libro los artículos publicados a lo largo de un año en la web Con Tu Negocio (www.contunegocio.es) sobre geolocalización, redes sociales y turismo, en los que aporta una información muy práctica para que los negocios sepan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad, haciendo especial énfasis en el turismo como ejemplo de un sector pionero en la adaptación a este nuevo entorno entre empresas, destinos y turistas.

This thesis presents an analysis of the nature of volunteered geographical information (VGI) and on its applicability for use in a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) to supplement official and commercial sources, particularly given the ease with which ordinary people can document their environment, experiences, perspectives and prejudices, share them widely and rapidly, and even query anyone else’s content. For this research, taxonomies and repositories of such information were examined qualitatively and using formal concept analysis (FCA). Further, this thesis attempts to reflect on the context for SDIs and VGI and the challenges and opportunities for both.

An SDI is an evolving concept for facilitating and coordinating the management and sharing of geospatial data, with services, metadata, products, standards and inter-organisation arrangements and structures. It can take long to establish an SDI; some have failed and they have competition. In South Africa, the National Development Plan has an objective to establish a national spatial observatory: it is part of an SDI with its own value-add data, and products provided through the SDI or directly to its participants. The Spatial Data Infrastructure Act established the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure and its Committee for Spatial Information.

Creating vast quantities of user-generated content (UGC) has been enabled by the pervasiveness, power and affordability of inter-networking, social media, virtual communities, applications and mobile devices. VGI is user-generated content with geospatial components, or user-generated geospatial content.

VGI can contribute successfully to an SDI, at the local, national, regional or global level. VGI can extend the reach in time and space of official mapping agencies and others contributing to an SDI, because of the sheer volume of humans and their devices acting together or independently, as sensors, recorders and disseminators. VGI; repositories of VGI; innovative integration of content, applications and services (mashups); crowd sourcing and new geographical theories (psychogeography, social theory, social justice, ethics, etc) all challenge the traditional business models of SDIs.

However, metadata, quality, classification and standards can be challenges for VGI. Further, while some VGI can be useful, other VGI can be spurious, misleading or wrong. There are also different interpretations over what is actually VGI.

To provide context for the exposition, this thesis also examines terminology, geospatial data, classification, folksonomies, virtual globes, inter-networking, the limitations of the Internet, controlling the Internet, privacy, exploiting content, social media, curation, the digital divide, citizen science, crowd sourcing, neogeography, metadata, quality, standards and formal concept analysis (FCA). To determine the nature of VGI and its suitability for an SDI, this thesis investigates various taxonomies of UGC, VGI and citizen science; assesses qualitatively their discrimination adequacy using VGI repositories; and assesses them using FCA.

This thesis also presents original research contributions, to information science, geographical information science and theoretical computer science. For FCA it presents lemmas on stability in a lattice (providing lower and upper bounds for intensional and extensional stability indices), it shows there is value in instability in a lattice when assessing a taxonomy (representing extreme values rather than noise) and it presents stability exploration, a possible decision support tool. It describes the four stages for recognising the quality of a resource, it reports on a survey of geographical information professionals on VGI, SDIs and virtual globes, and it clarifies the differences between UGC, VGI, citizen science, crowd sourcing and neogeography, which can be confused with one another. Finally, this thesis explains why the Internet cannot be controlled.

Desde la aparición de Internet el mundo está cambiando de forma espectacular haciéndose más social, local y móvil (SoLoMo). La generalización de dispositivos móviles ha hecho que podamos geolocalizarnos en cualquier sitio y compartir la información a tiempo real con nuestras redes sociales. La geolocalización cobra una nueva dimensión y aparecen nuevos conceptos: los mapas en Internet, la geolocalización social, el geomarketing y el geocommerce, la geolocalización aumentada, el geoposicionamiento web, el geoposicionamiento emocional y la geolocalización personal. Gersón Beltrán, geógrafo profesional, reúne algunos de los artículos publicados en su blog en torno a la Geolocalización y las Redes Sociales para que se entienda este nuevo escenario, acompañado de anexos enlazando videos de sus ponencias, presentaciones de decenas de conferencias y cursos, así como referencias a documentos de gran interés.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. © 2016 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.

Big data is increasingly seen as a way of providing a more 'scientific' approach to the understanding and management of cities. But most geographic analyses of geotagged social media data have failed to mobilize a sufficiently complex understanding of socio-spatial relations. By combining the conceptual approach of relational socio-spatial theory with the methods of critical GIScience, this paper explores the spatial imaginaries and processes of segregation and mobility at play in the notion of the '9th Street Divide' in Louisville, Kentucky. Through a more context-sensitive analysis of this data, this paper argues against this popular spatial imaginary and the notion that the Louisville's West End is somehow separate and apart from the rest of the city. By analyzing the everyday activity spaces of different groups of Louisvillians through geotagged Twitter data, we instead argue for an understanding of these neighborhoods as fluid, porous and actively produced, rather than as rigid, static or fixed. Ultimately, this paper is meant to provide a conceptual and methodological framework for the analysis of social media data that is more attentive to the multiplicity of socio-spatial relations embodied in such data.

The work is of a discussion and review nature and is devoted to the comparative analysis of different approaches to the development of cartography in the modern period.
------------
Работа носит дискуссионный и обзорный характер и посвящена сравнительному анализу различных подходов к развитию картографии в современный период.

La Agència Valenciana del Turisme gestiona la Red de Oficinas de Información Turística de la Comunitat Valenciana (Red Tourist Info), 193 oficinas más Puntos de Información temporales que vertebran la información del territorio turístico valenciano y son un punto fundamental de conexión entre los turistas y los destinos.

Al mismo tiempo la sociedad ha evolucionado muy rápidamente, la aparición de Internet y el posterior desarrollo del denominado Turismo 2.0. ha hecho que la relación entre los turistas y el destino haya cambiado básicamente en las herramientas y las formas de comunicación en un entorno social, local y móvil (SoLoMo) dentro de los destinos turísticos inteligentes.

Por ello se está desarrollando un proyecto pionero desde el 2014 que consiste en un análisis cuantitativo del estado de la geolocalización online de las Tourist Info de la Comunitat Valenciana mediante la elaboración e implementación de un sistema de indicadores de las herramientas de geolocalización online: dos de cartografía online (Google Maps y Bing Maps) y cuatro de geolocalización social (Facebook Places, Google Local, Foursquare y Yelp).

En definitiva, este artículo parte de una experiencia aplicada en el territorio con un componente importante de innovación del análisis espacial dentro de la ciencia geográfica y de su aplicación a un caso específico con resultados transferibles a la sociedad.

The terms user-generated content, volunteered geographical information, crowdsourcing, citizen science and neogeography are elucidated. The purpose is to expose the range of meanings associated with these terms, and to promote consensus as to their scope and meaning, thereby enhancing the clarity with which discourse around these phenomena may occur, both in the research and popular context.

As emerging sources of so-called 'big data' are increasingly utilized in order to understand social and spatial processes, so too have these new data sources become the subject of harsh criticism from more critically-oriented geographers and social scientists. This paper argues that one of the major issues preventing a more productive dialogue between critical human geographers and those already engaging in the mapping and analysis of these new data sources is around the ways that space and spatiality are conceptualized in social media mapping. As such, this paper draws on and extends earlier critiques of the 'spatial ontology of the geotag', in which the geographic analysis of geotagged social media data over-privileges the single latitude/longitude coordinate pair attached to each individual data point, often leading to the kind of simplistic mappings and interpretations prevalent today. The goals of this paper are twofold: first, to demonstrate how the spatial ontology of the geotag is implicitly operationalized within mainstream social media mapping exercises, and how this understanding of space remains incongruent with existing conceptions of space drawn from human geography. Second, using the example of tweeting in the wake of the August 2014 killing of an unarmed African-American teenager by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, this paper demonstrates how a more geographically-situated analysis of this kind of data, inspired by relational or multidimensional conceptualizations of space, can yield alternative understandings of the social processes embedded in such data.

Los importantes cambios de la web 2.0 y la geolocalización han modificado nuestras relaciones con el entorno. Existe un mayor uso, gestión y generación de información georreferenciada, tanto por profesionales como por cualquier ciudadano. No obstante, se sigue priorizando el tradicional uso de localización en los mapas frente a otras funcionalidades más analíticas y explicativas. El artículo reflexiona sobre el actual contexto de la Neogeografía. Pretende poner en valor la democratización del uso de la información cartográfica y su gran potencial para la disciplina geográfica. Pone de manifiesto la necesidad de una mayor alfabetización visual y espacial a través de una confluencia entre la geografía académica y las nuevas geografías.

Les importants changements du Web 2.0 et la géolocalisation ont modifié notre relation avec l’environnement. On constate une plus grande utilisation, gestion et production d’informations géo-référencées, de la part des professionnels et par tout citoyen. Cependant, on continue a donner la priorité à l’utilisation traditionnelle des cartes (localisation) par rapport aux autres fonctionnalités plus analytiques et explicatives. L’article réfléchit sur le contexte actuel de néogéographie. On met l’accent sur la démocratisation de l’utilisation des informations cartographiques et son grand potentiel pour la discipline géographique. Il souligne la nécessité d’une plus grande alphabétisation visuelle et spatiale par une confluence entre la géographie académique et de nouvelles géographies.

The important changes of Web 2.0 and geolocation have modified our relations with the environment. There is a greater use, management and generation of georeferenced information, both by professionals and by any citizen. However, the traditional use of location in the maps continues to be prioritized against other more analytical and explanatory features. The article reflects on the current context of Neogeography. It aims to put into value the democratization of the use of cartographic information and its great potential for geographical discipline. It highlights the need for improving visual and spatial literacy through a confluence between academic geography and new geographies.

ABSTRACT In many countries, authority for maintaining records of land ownership lies with national or state institutes, called ‘cadastres’ or ‘land registries’. The emergence of volunteered geographic information (VGI) and crowdsourcing potentially challenges this state based authority, enabling the construction of ‘neo’-cadastres (using the analogy of ‘neo’geography). Individual citizens can themselves map and record land tenure rights. This paper explores if and how VGI and crowdsourcing may redefine the state based cadastres and land registries, and the roles of land users who claim land rights outside of the state based institutions. Using theories of institutions and isomorphism we hypothesise that a parallel exists between emerging open systems and situations where no state-based cadastre exists: participants in both situations will position themselves to protect their interests. Three cases from Ghana, Canada, and Indonesia demonstrate how land users indicate their land tenure right boundaries based on personal views (the neo-cadastre), rather than on rules stipulated by a national authority (the traditional cadastre). In each case land users root their behaviour partly in local dependency relations and social advocacy networks. These locally embedded rules may not necessarily coincide with hierarchical institutional relations. Even in participatory adjudication activities conducted under the authority of national cadastres, land users are not completely free in providing their land boundaries. Instead, they adhere to certain locally embedded microsocial conventions. We conclude that VGI and crowdsourced based neo-cadastres will likely redefine, from passive to active, the roles of land users in cadastres. This creates an opportunity for citizens, but also a potential risk. Where implicit rules of the neo-cadastre do not co-evolve with traditional cadastral institutions, conflicts of land information and access to land may emerge. Neo-cadastres will be an artefact of this dissatisfaction, and may reflect new directions for cadastral institutions. Neo-cadastres will not be a direct trigger for wider cadastral change, but a piece of evidence that change and resistance are occurring.

La geolocalización es una de las herramientas utilizadas por los geógrafos para situar a las personas u objetos en el espacio mediante sus coordenadas y que ha cobrado una nueva dimensión a partir de la aparición de Internet y de los dispositivos móviles. Paralelamente se ha desarrollado el fenómeno de compartir información desde cada lugar e individuo en los social media (medios sociales). A la unión de estos aspectos se le ha denominado So-LoMo, acrónimo de social, local y móvil, donde la geolocalización es una herramienta de comunicación entre el mundo físico y el digital, desde lo local a lo global, desde el lugar a la nube. Por tanto geolocalización y redes sociales son dos elementos complementarios, otorgando una nueva dimensión a la geografía y que deben ser analizados en un contexto de modernidad líquida. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de estos conceptos nuevos en la geografía, pero imprescindibles en el análisis espacial, que hoy en día no puede entenderse sin Internet.

Texto publicado en 2008. Planteo un análisis utópico del devenir del Kml y los mashup de mapas virtuales. Pero utópico quiere decir aquí su significado etimológico, como ‘otro lugar’. La utopía deja de ser filosofía para convertirse en operatividad real y virtual. La construcción de los territorios que habitamos empieza a ser dislocada por una nueva manera de entender la tierra, el territorio y el terruño. Los mapas virtuales de meros instrumentos para ayudarnos a llegar de un punto A al punto B, devienen contingencia creativa. Los Kml adquieren el poder GeoSemántico, a pesar de que no alcanzan a ser confeccionados por criterios de la Web Semántica del W3C, puesto que obligan a una nueva conceptuación de la Geosemántica. Ahora podemos crear territorios a voluntad y estos podrán alcanzar cotas de validez en el mundo real dependiendo del comportamiento de las comunidades. La ecuación GeoSemántica que se propone, quiere abrir el potencial real y virtual de las tendencias generadas por los mapas virtuales. La construcción de la ecuación GeoSemántica implica el desarrollo de un marco teórico que aclare y ordene la complejidad ontológica que plantea la paradoja del espejo ascensional que implica Google Earth, primus inter pares de los programas geográficos orientado a usuarios finales.

Text publicado en 2005.
  El programa "Google Earth" que la empresa Google lanzó a fines de junio de 2005 presenta un revolucionario salto en el entendimiento de las interfases tradicionales, conocidas en la relación del usuario con Internet. Planteamos que la herramienta desarrollada y presentada al mundo tiene la capacidad de cambiar radicalmente la forma en que nos relacionamos con la Internet, desde un espacio de interfase basada en la Web semántica tradicional, caracterizada por diferentes modos de vinculación entre contenidos e información en general, hacia una Web GeoSemántica basada en la visualidad y cercanía físico-virtual del interoperador. En primer lugar constituye una herramienta descomunal puesto que el espacio real del planeta es tridimensionalizado (dimensión geoespacial) por medio de dispositivos ópticos satelitales, y además es aumentado en su potencia informativa por múltiples capas (overlays) de información adicional cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre las propiedades físicas general y por tanto cualidades humanas del lugar, especialmente en ámbitos urbanos. La Web geosemántica tiende a reconfigurar la manera en que nos ubicamos en espacios virtuales, creando la posibilidad de establecer una correlación visual en tiempo real del espacio físico en que existe determinado dato, página, nodo o usuario.
Todo ello nos coloca sobre nuevos rieles en la veloz carrera por el desarrollo de interfases cada vez más poderosas para el avance de la inteligencia en general (conocimiento) y de la Inteligencia en específico, allá donde la imaginación sigue siendo desafiada por el ingenio y el emprendimiento.

Cet article s'intéresse à des formes de cartographie, de développement récent, dites wikimaps, cartes ou SIG participatifs, cartes collaboratives, communautaires, etc. Ces catégories représentent des expériences très variées, mais elles ont comme point commun la production d'une information géographique par une communauté d'individus, dans une logique dite "bottom-up", de la base vers le sommet. Ces cartes s'opposent ainsi à une vision du territoire venue d'en haut, imposée par un expert ou une institution.
On pourrait décrire cette cartographie comme une cartographie sans cartographes. En réalité, les cartographes professionnels peuvent jouer un rôle dans les pratiques collaboratives, même si celui-ci est très variable. Nous tentons dans cet article de décrire la diversité des cartographies participatives et de mesurer leur part dans un processus de démocratisation de la cartographie. Le produit final résultant des formes de cartographie participative semble étranger à toute préoccupation de communication, et les règles sémiologiques s'y trouvent le plus souvent réduites au strict minimum. Il ne peut cependant pas être dédaigné au nom de ces faiblesses graphiques. Il faut en reconnaître la valeur sociale et admettre qu'elle autorise un processus de communication différent de celui qu'envisagent les cartosémioticiens, puisque situé en amont de la construction des cartes, avec pour but de faire émerger une connaissance spécifique sur les territoires. Par ailleurs, le succès de telles cartes, en particulier sur internet, peut être l'occasion de diffuser la connaissance de quelques règles basiques de la communication visuelle.

В работе даётся краткий обзор научных результатов, достигнутых при разработке концепции «Цифровой Земли» (Digital Earth) как нового метода геопространственной визуализации. Рассматриваются проблемы создания типологии визуализации и влияние этой концепции на семиотику. Описывается ход встраивания концепции в системы управления национального и континентального уровней в качестве среды поддержки принятия решений.
=====
In the article the brief review of scientific results achieved at the developing of Digital Earth concept as new approach for geospatial visualization is provided. Impacts of this concept on semiotics and the problem of visualization's typology are assessed. Process of embedding the concept in the management systems of the national and continental levels as an environment for decision support, is considered.

Internet como soporte, como base digital sobre la que se apoyan las nuevas herramientas de trabajo. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica ya no son un elemento diferenciador, son la herramienta por antonomasia para analizar los territorios, se desdibujan en lo digital y se convierten en neoterritorios, los nuevos mapas son online y están en la nube, ayudan a la toma de decisiones a tiempo real. La tecnología geoespacial es una gran industria transversal que une los móviles que hay en la palma de nuestras manos con los satélites que sobrevuelan el espacio exterior.

La serie «Geografía en red: de la reflexión a la acción», desarrolla estos tres grandes aspectos vinculados con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación geográficas: la tecnología, los datos y la comunicación, conformando así una trilogía, un conjunto organizado de reflexiones conectadas y llevadas a la acción a través de buenas prácticas y ejemplos del desarrollo de la geografía en el siglo XXI.

Alongside traditional approaches to defining the positions and prestige of cities, their functioning and visibility in digital space have recently gained attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the visibility of cities and their mutual connections in digital space. This study used the Google search engine to obtain information on Google-indexed web sites concerning Polish cities. Socioeconomic data were analyzed to identify the relationships and similarities between online and offline worlds. The results support conclusions about two important problems associated with such analyses: temporal changes and the relationships between online and traditional measures describing individuals’ socioeconomic activity.

En estos momento estamos pasando del Social Media al Social Business por lo que se requiere adaptarnos a este nuevo entorno poniendo al cliente en el centro de cualquier estrategia, saber cómo se comporta y “dónde” lo hace. De esta manera se convertirá en nuestro mejor consultor y nuestra mejor herramienta de marketing.

Un dato geolocalizado es un producto que se transforma en servicio digital tras un proceso de recogida, transformación y distribución en Internet. Es esencial conocer cómo es la incipiente industria del geodato, qué son y cómo se gestionan las fábricas de datos geográficos y qué valor económico tienen. Su tratamiento aporta información relevante, transformada en conocimiento y en inteligencia para predecir y prever los sucesos espaciales.

La serie «Geografía en red: de la reflexión a la acción», desarrolla estos tres grandes aspectos vinculados con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación geográficas: la tecnología, los datos y la comunicación, conformando así una trilogía, un conjunto organizado de reflexiones conectadas y llevadas a la acción a través de buenas prácticas y ejemplos del desarrollo de la geografía en el siglo XXI.

A brief retrospective of the development of the process of paradigm shift in the field of geography, known as the "geospatial revolution" is given. The concept of the Digital Earth and the geospatial service Google Earth, which most fully embodied the concept of the Digital Earth, is described. The typology of geospatial methods is proposed, the semiotic paradox of cartography is substantiated, the necessity of introducing the concept of "zero sign"is demonstrated. | Приводится краткая ретроспектива развития процесса смены парадигм в области географии, известного как «геопространственная революция» и заключающегося в смене научного метода. Даётся понятие о Цифровой Земле и о геопространственном сервисе Google Earth, в котором наиболее полно воплотилась концепция Цифровой Земли. Предлагается типология геопространственных методов, обосновывается семиотический парадокс картографии, демонстрируется необходимость введения понятия о «нулевом знаке».

Проводится сравнительный анализ понятий «аналитика» и «визуальная аналитика», предлагается трактовка визуальной аналитики как практики, противоположной по своей методологии аналитике обычной, даётся определение визуальной аналитики как процедуры обеспечения ситуационной осведомлённости, предшествующей выбору абстрактной модели описания обстановки. Демонстрируется применение визуальной аналитики для анализа двух резонансных событий: процесса, ассоциируемого с так называемым «Челябинским метеоритом» (2013), и происшествий с самолётами «Боинг» рейсов МН370 и МН17 (2014). Обсуждаются перспективы теоретического и практического развития визуальной аналитики.
-----------------
A comparative analysis of the concepts of “analytics” and “visual analytics” is provided. Interpretation of visual analytics as opposite for common analytics is discussed. Definition of a visual analytics is provided. Visual analytics potential os demonstrated by the mean of two events: so-called “Chelyabinsk meteorite” (2013), and incidents with the aircraft “Boeing” flight MN370 and MN17 (2014). The prospects of the theoretical and practical development of visual analytics is discussed.

This is a Utopian analysis of the development of KML and mashups of virtual maps. Utopian is defined here in its etymological meaning of ‘another place’. Not a matter of philosophy, this Utopia is operative in reality and virtually. The construction of the territories we inhabit is starting to be displaced by a new way of understanding land, territory, and homeland. Virtual maps, once merely tools to help us get from point A to point B, have become creative contingencies. KMLs take on geosemantic
power, although they are not made according to W3C Semantic Web criteria, given that they make a new concept of geosemantics necessary. Today we can create territories at will and they can reach levels of validity in the real world depending on community behaviour. The geosemantic equation proposed here aims to open up the real and virtual potential of the tendencies generated by the virtual maps. The construction of the geosemantic equation requires the development of a theoretical framework  that  clarifies  and  orders  the  ontological  complexity  presented  by  the paradox  of  the  ascensional  mirror  implicit  in  Google  Earth,  primus  inter  pares  of geographic software for final users.

In this article, we explore the concepts and applications of Web 2.0 through the new media of NeoGeography and its impact on how we collect, interact and search for spatial information. We argue that location and space are becoming increasingly important in the information technology revolution. To this end, we present a series of software tools which we have designed to facilitate the non-expert user to develop online visualisations which are essentially map-based. These are based on Google Map Creator, which can produce any number of thematic maps which can be overlaid on Google Maps. We then introduce MapTube, a technology to generate an archive of shared maps, before introducing Google Earth Creator, Image Cutter and PhotoOverlay Creator. All these tools allow users to display and share information over the web. Finally, we present how Second Life has the potential to combine all aspects of Web 2.0, visualisation and NeoGeography in a single multi-user three-dimensional collabor...

Появление географических продуктов принципиально нового класса (таких, как Google Earth, Erdas TITAN, Virtual Earth, и т.д.) в рамках метода неогеографии, очевидное наличие в них принципиально нового качества, отличающего их от «классических» географических продуктов, а также широкое и быстрое их распространение делают необходимым анализ их особенностей, характерных черт, обучение работе с ними, а также использование их в преподавании географии, а также других дисциплин.
В работе описываются особенности новых продуктов и нового метода работы с геоданны- ми — неогеографии, а также характеризуются основные стереотипные представления, ослож- няющие обучение новому подходу, новым продуктам и их использованию в практической дея- тельности.

This article combines geographical studies of both the Internet and religion in an analysis of where and how a variety of religious practices are represented in geotagged web content. Thismethod provides needed insight on the geography of virtual expressions of religion andhighlights the mutually constitutive, and at times contradictory, relationship between the virtualand material dimensions of religious expression. By using the spatialities of religious practiceand contestation as an example, this paper argues that mappings of virtual representations of material practices are important tools for understanding how online activities simultaneouslyrepresent and reproduce the material world.

Despite great efforts in adopting technologies for tourism development, few results have been achieved. A lot of experiences are mostly based on pilot projects or on never completed prototypes. Nations with a large tourism vocation lack of a serious national tourism portal. A different approach has been adopted in Matera (southern Italy), where a volunteered way has been adopted in mapping all tourist services and related information. All data related to cultural heritage, services, transport, etc. have been collected by voluntary actions of students and citizens and shared using cloud-gis web service. These data have been linked with other information already existing on the web (movies, pictures, Wikipedia, historical documentations, etc.), producing a sort of local mini-portal for tourism development. After this first phase a strong interaction with citizens has been created using a blog and social networks in order to complete and correct the whole dataset.


Keywords Neogeography – Volunteered Geographical Information – Crowdsourcing – Collaborative Mapping – Cloud Services – GisCloud – Territorial Marketing – Tourism Development

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has huge potential for influencing the use of geographic information systems. However, there is a wide range of individuals involved in this process, each with their own motivations for contributing and using volunteered data. This paper investigates the range of stakeholders involved with VGI, their relationships and the main tensions and issues involved. The research was based on a series of detailed interviews and theory-driven coding of data. From this, a Rich Picture (Monk, Howard 1998) was developed to graphically present and relate stakeholder relationship information. The findings have implications for how stakeholder groups may be described, and how VGI can lead to enhanced products and services.