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The contemporary scene of borders and border space in Europe is composed of a series of parameters: (a) the eastward enlargement of the European Union; (b) the European Neighbourhood Policy launched by the European Union’s new strategy; and (c) the 9/11 terrorist attack, which, imperatively, addressed the issue of security. These developments have triggered a discussion concerning the future borders of European Union. What are Europe’s borders and where do they end? How far should the European Union’s borders extend following the next round of enlargement? What is the European Union’s approach with regard to its external surroundings? What is considered to be European and what is not? All the above are merely questions that are brought to the fore, initiating a series of dilemmas and syllogisms. The present article attempts firstly to examine the political and economic geography responsible for synthesizing the new image of borders in Europe in general, and in Southeastern Europe af...

We acknowledge financial support from the research programme ‘Environmental Policy, Economic Reform and Endogenous Technology’, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). We gratefully acknowledge useful comments by Egbert Jongen, Richard Nahuis, Michiel de Nooij and Bob van der Zwaan on an earlier version of this paper. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies. Research Memorandum 0105

This paper compares Japan and the US as they provide different types of capital to the developing world, focusing especially on foreign aid and, to some extent, also on remittances and the role of NGOs. The main focus is on the quality of aid and on past conceptual differences and on an emerging convergence between these two major donors, with Japan having the potential advantage of being able to bring its own historical experience in development to bear.

This paper presents the results of a survey of over 4100 works created under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and over 4800 randomly selected users across 100 villages in 20 districts in Maharashtra. It has two goals: the first was to verify the existence of the assets and the second was to elicit user perceptions of the problems and benefits they associate with the work. The survey indicates that 87 of the works exist and function and over 75 of them are directly or indirectly related to agriculture. A bulk of the rest constitutes rural roads that connect habitations to farms and provides access to agricultural markets. The study also finds that 92 of the randomly selected users paper that their main occupation is farming; half of them are small and marginal farmers, owning less than 1.6 hectares of land. An overwhelming 90 of respondents considered the works very useful or somewhat useful; only 8 felt the works were useless. There is some eviden...

Using objective measures of business regulations in 135 countries, we establish that countries with better regulations grow faster. Improving from the worst quartile of business regulations to the best implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth.

In this paper, we attempt to provide a comprehensive portrait, over the last two decades, of gender and racial wage gaps across the entire wage distribution and of the impact of gender and racial occupational segregation on wage determination in the context of the Brazilian labour market. Adopting an occupational classification consistent over twenty years, our analysis particularly focuses on the evolution of the impact of female and non-white occupational intensity on wage disparities. We first employ quantile regression analysis in order to investigate the role of female and non-white occupational intensity at different points along the conditional wage distribution. We then apply two different decomposition techniques, proposed by Machado and Mata (2005) and Melly (2006) and by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) in order to investigate the determinants of wage disparities at these different points in the wage distribution, and in order to understand how these determinants vary at ...

It has often been argued that oil, gas and minerals may have a negative impact on development as measured by income per capita. This does not say much about sustainability, which is critical for developing countries whose economic growth derives primarily from the exploitation of exhaustible resources. We take adjusted net savings (ANS) per capita as an indicator of weak sustainability to examine the link between resource dependence and sustainable development, and look at specific governance and armed violence indicators. Since it is hard to dis-entangle the direct effect of governance on development in empirical studies, we use the relative size of the youth bulge as instrument. Our results highlight a negative relationship between natural resource exraction and ANS but indicate that this is not inevitable. Effective checks on the power of the executive appears to be critical for sus-tainable outcomes. Effective legislative chambers, an independent judiciary and broad acceptance o...

The effect of nominal tariff cuts on industry wage differentials has been the subject of a number of recent empirical studies. In this paper we investigate the latter relationship with respect to the South African trade reform experi-ence using micro-level labor data for the period from 1995 to 2004. Our study extends on the existing literature in two respects: firstly, we control for the po-tential effect of labor market institutions, such as collective bargaining power, in assessing the relationship between tariffs and industry wages. Secondly, we account for general equilibrium effects by controlling for the effect of changes in effective tariffs rates. We find that on the one hand, only wages in industries with levels of unionization beyond a certain threshold were adversely affected by tariff cuts. The negative association between tariff declines and industry wages is exacerbated by the extent of sectoral union power. This result is consistent with the notion that wage adjustme...

Page 1. TUGAS AKHIR PANCASILA SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI NASIONAL Nama : ARIS MUNANDAR NIM : 11.11.5086 Kelompok : D Program Studi : Strata Satu Jurusan : Teknik Informatika Nama Dosen : Thajudin Sudibyo,Drs. Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Akhir Pancasila ...

The main purpose of the paper is to explain what measures can be taken in order to fix the trade deficit, and the pressure that is upon a country by imposing such measures. The international and the national supply and demand conditions change rapidly, and if a country doesn’t succeed in keeping a tight control over its deficit, a lot of factors will affect its wellbeing. In order to reduce the external trade deficit, the government needs to resort to several techniques. The desired result is to have a balanced current account, and therefore, the government is free to use measures such as fixing its exchange rate, reducing government spending etc. We have shown that all these measures will have a certain impact upon an economy, by allowing its exports to thrive and eliminate the danger from excessive imports, or vice-versa. The main conclusion our paper is that government intervention is allowed in order to maintain the balance of the current account.

We use a household bargaining model to provide a rationale for gender discrimination in pay to disappear. In societies where women have a credible outside option to marriage and have the right to bargain with their future husband over the benefits of their union, the elimination of gender discrimination in pay is likely to come as a Pareto improvement. If

In this paper, we investigate international demand spillovers brought about by a global middle class and their impact on trade patterns and industrialization. We propose a multi-industry and two-country trade model featuring demand complementarities propagating increasing returns across industries and national boundaries. We show how the international extent of demand spillovers depends upon asymmetries in domestic income distribution, labor efficiency, and labor force size; that is, on the global distribution of real income.

There is enough consensus to show that India’s economic performance since 1991 is a direct result of the economic liberalization measures that have been put in place. One of the outcomes of this improved performance is the growth of innovations in the country. This was accompanied by or caused by the emergence of a number of technology-based enterprises. This paper takes a critical look at the available quantitative evidence on the growth of knowledge or technologybased entrepreneurship. It then looks at five facilitating factors for the emergence of this phenomenon in terms of the existence of increased market opportunities, availability of financial support schemes in the form of venture capital funds, existence and enlargement of a number of government programmes, a number of private sector initiatives and education, and training leading to the supply of technically trained personnel. The paper concludes with certain policy suggestions for the continued sustenance of this activity.

We examine a model of social learning in networks following the lines of Bala and Goyal (1998, 2001). As a model of agents’ behaviour we have chosen the model of informational cascades of Bikhchandani et al (1992). Similarly to Bala and Goyal we find that the higher the ’degree of integration’ within the society is, the more likely it is that conformity of actions will arise. However, unlike their results our model suggests that in the presence of informational externalities globalisation of informational flows, expressed in the increasing density of communication channels in a network, may drive down the expected social welfare.

This paper analyses potential internal and external determinants of institutional change as measured by the World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI) based on a panel of 25 transition countries for the period from 1996 to 2005. We show that natural resources and capital inflows exert an insignificant or negative influence and that economic policy allows to break path-dependency. Most importantly, however, we are able to show that incentives provided by NATO membership are important for institutional development and even more robust than variables measuring the integration into the EU. This allows for some optimism about the effectiveness of ENP policies and supports the argument that NATO, offering regional security, may provide significant additional incentives for good governance.

Abstract: Lao PDR has shown a strong record of economic growth and poverty alleviation since the early 1990s. Yet, the pace of economic development has varied significantly between different parts of the country–the rate of growth was initially faster in more developed areas, but after the mid-1990s growth has been stronger in poorer rural areas. Here it is shown that this pattern of regional development has been driven by the nature of market integration. This is highlighted in three case studies covering:(i) the effect of ...

This paper analyzes the economics of external reference pricing (ERP), a policy under which the price that a …rm is allowed to charge in one country depends upon its prices in other countries. In our model, a single …rm produces a patented product that it can potentially sell in two countries (home and foreign). The …rm has an incentive to price discriminate internationally because home consumers are assumed to have a greater willingness to pay than foreign ones. Homes optimal ERP policy is to permit a level of international price discrimination at which the …rm is just willing to export. Even though homes ERP policy generates a negative price spillover for foreign consumers, its equilibrium policy maximizes joint welfare of the two countries. If foreign can impose a price control (PC) on the …rm, homes ERP policy not only undermines the PC by raising the minimum price at which the …rm is willing to sell abroad, it also partly transmits it back to domestic consumers. There exist cir...

This paper presents a single unified framework that integrates the theoretical literature on Schumpeterian endogenous growth and major strands of the empirical literature on R&D, productivity growth and productivity convergence. Starting from a structural model of endogenous growth following Aghion and Howitt (1992, 1998), we provide microeconomic foundations for the reduced-form equations for total factor productivity (TFP) growth frequently estimated empirically using industry-level data. R&D affects both innovation and the assimilation of others’ discoveries (‘‘absorptive capacity’’). Long-run cross-country differences in productivity emerge endogenously, and the analysis implies that many existing studies underestimate R&D’s social rate of return by neglecting absorptive capacity.

This research is formulated in the context of increasing global recognition that creative industries are becoming progressively more important components of modern post-industrial knowledge-based economies. As momentum builds to prioritize this field of a