Physico chemical Parameters

Sample of textile industry effluent was collected from south Gujarat Region. The results of this analysis were comparedwith the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). In this analysis the various physicochemical parameters such as colour, odour, temperature, alkalinity, acidity, chloride, hardness, total dissolved solids(TDS), total suspended solid, pH,DO, COD, BOD, were determined using standard procedures. The study revealed that Due directly discharge of untreated Textile effluents poses a health risk to several rural communities which rely on the receiving water bodies primarily as their source of domestic water.

Abstract- It can be concluded from the investigation that the application of N, P, K and their interaction significantly improves the physiological as well as bio-chemical parameters in gladiolus. The application of N2P¬2K2 (4.5:2.7:2.25 g/plant) was observed to be the best in respect of vase life of spike, earliest first flower bud appearance, number of florets per spike and  longest vase life of spike and highest nitrogen content in leaves. The application of N2P¬2K1 (4.5:2.7:1.8 g/plant) was found to be the best in respect of longest duration of flowering, the maximum number of spikes per plant, maximum length of spike, maximum diameter of florets, maximum length of florets, the maximum chlorophyll content in leaves, anthocyanin content in petals and potassium content in leaves and N2P¬1K1 (4.5:1.8:1.8 g/plant) was found to be the best in respect of high phosphorus content in leaves.

Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated for surface drinking water in Nadia district, West Bengal, India at six different sites in the post-monsoon season Water quality parameters were selected as per the BIS guidelines and eight water quality physico-chemical parameters were estimated following the standard methods and procedures. Drinking water of some sites was found to be moderately contaminated and at other sites to be of good quality water as per Water Quality Index during the year 2007. In general, the water quality showed deterioration. It is felt that some remedial measures are urgently required to optimize the water quality for this region.

in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of water samples collected along the Mahim Creek of Mumbai. The annual average Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) content of the Creek water was found to be 14614 ppm which was very much above the limit of 2100 ppm set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for inland surface water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 24023 µS cm-1 which was very much above the conductivity limit for inland surface water of 1000 µS cm-1 set by CPCB for propagation of fisheries. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was recorded as 1696 ppm, based on the recorded value the creek water can be considered as very hard water. The hardness of creek water was supported from the high annual average concentration levels of calcium (545 ppm) and magnesium (209 ppm) in the creek water. The average annual alkalinity level was recorded as 334.7 ppm, which according to the UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development can be considered as medium to strongly alkaline. The annual average chloride concentration level was found to be 4770 ppm which was above the US Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) standards of 250 ppm set for chloride in surface water. The overall annual average concentration of sulphate was found to be 605.5 ppm, which was very much above the limit of 400 ppm set by CPCB for inland surface water. It is feared that such high amount of sulphates may lead to pollution problems resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas. The average concentration level of reactive silica as SiO 2 in the creek water was recorded as 495.3 ppm. Based on the previous study it is feared that such high level of Si at a pH greater than 5 may affect significantly in removal of the As (III) and also reduce the adsorption capacity of ferric hydroxide for As (V) and As (III) at a pH of approximately 6.8. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to control the discharge of pollutants into the aquatic ecosystems.

Thane Creek is one of the most important ecosystems around Mumbai and Thane, and the mangroves surrounding the ecosystem form the vital green lung for the residents. It is also an important feeding and breeding ground for fishes. Locals have been living in harmony amidst this ecosystem for ages, but in recent past, man has misused this ecosystem by way of releasing sewage, dumping solid waste, etc., and has succeeded in choking the ecosystem. This paper advocates habitat conservation and ecological studies with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment samples collected from six different sampling sites along the Thane Creek area. The constituents monitored included bulk density, moisture content, pH, EC, alkalinity, and chlorinity. The objective of the present work is to throw light on deteriorating condition of Thane Creek, suggesting the need for regular scientific studies, which will help to gauge the extent of pollution.

Emblica officinalis (Amla, EO, and E. officinalis) is one of the most important herbs in the Indian traditional medicine system, especially Ayurveda and also known as the king of all medicinal plants. EO is famous ayurvedic herb (the name means sour in Sanskrit) is likely one of the most useful drug treatments within the Indian pharmacopoeia, and is considered to be one of the most strongest uvenatives (Rasayana), particularly for the blood, bones, liver, and heart. It is an exceptionally rich source of vitamin C containing 30 times the amount found in oranges. It is one of the oldest oriental medicines mentioned in Ayurveda as potential remedy for various ailments. EO (Amla) is widely used in the ayurvedic medicines and believed to increase defense or immune power against diseases. Several parts of the plant are used to treat a variety of diseases, but the most important is the " fruit. " The fruit is rich in quercetin, phyllemblic compounds, gallic acid, tannins, flavonoids, pectin, and vitamin C and also contains various polyphenolic compounds. A wide range of phytochemical components including terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and tannins have been shown to possess useful biological activities. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of EO as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory activities, anticancer, anti HIV-reverse transcriptase, antidiabetic, inhibitory effects, antidepressant, antiulcerogenic, hair growth tonic, wound healing activities, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and many other traditional uses of the plant. The present study also includes macroscopy, microscopy, preliminary phytoconstituent, and physico-chemical evaluation.

The rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in Vasai City of Mumbai with improper environmental planning has resulted in discharge of sewage and industrial wastes in to the Vasai Creek thereby greatly affecting its physico-chemical properties. The present investigation to study the physico-chemical parameters of creek water for the two assessment years 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 suggests the high level of aquatic pollution. It is observed that pH; solid content, total hardness, sulphide, phosphate, phenol, and oil/grease content, as well as BOD/COD values were above the maximum permissible limit for set for inland surface water subjected to pollution load. The results also indicates that the pollution level of 2010 to 2011 were above that of 2009 to 2010. It is observed that the present high level of pollution will not only not only create threat to the aquatic life of the creek, but also affect the aesthetic beauty of the creek.

The present investigation along Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, solid content, hardness, chloride, sulphate/sulphide, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), surfactants, oil/ grease and phenol content in river water samples. The study was performed for the period of two years from 2009 to 2011, at three different sampling stations of Mithi River namely airport, CST Kalina road and Taximen's Colony Bandar Kurla Complex (BKC). From the results it appears that values of most of the physico-chemical parameters were very much above the permissible limit set for inland surface water. The values of various physico-chemical parameters studied in the present investigation were above those reported by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) in 2004. It was observed that results of various physico-chemical parameters obtained for the year 2010 to 2011 were higher than that of 2009 to 2010.

The present research work deals with the study of some of the important physico-chemical parameters of industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that engineering, paper mill, fine chemical, dyes, paint, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and textile industries are some of the major industries responsible for polluting the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that pH values of effluent samples collected from paint, pharmaceutical and dyes industries were slightly above and below the limit of 6.5 to 8.5 by ISI and WHO. The effluent samples collected from textile industries shows extremely high Total Dissolved Soild (TDS) content of 12023.6 mg/L and correspondingly high Total Solid (TS) content of 13499.2 mg/L. The chloride content in the effluents from textile industries was 238.4 mg/L which was significantly high than acceptable limit of 200 mg/L set by WHO. The BOD values of effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical, dyes, engineering and paint industries were 1047.3, 776.2, 604.8 and 535.8 mg/L respectively which lie above the maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 to 300 mg/L. The COD values in the different industrial effluent samples were also very much higher than maximum permissible limit of 4.0 mg/L according to USPH Standard. The overall results highlight towards the discharge of highly polluted waste water effluent from industries of Taloja Industrial area of Mumbai. These industrial effluents have resulted in pollution of nearby Kasardi River thereby affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

The present study is concerned with the pollution load monitoring along Vasai Creek of Mumbai with reference to the physico-chemical parameters of sediments. The study was carried for a span of two years from 2009-11 at four sampling stations namely Vasai bundar, Bhayandar west side below Railway Bridge, Bhayandar east side near Retibundar and Ghodbundar site along the flow of Vasai Creek. It was observed that most of the physico-chemical parameters like electrical conductivity, chloride, sulfate, sulfide and phosphate content in the sediment samples were higher during the assessment year 2010-11 as compared to that during the year 2009-10. However the pH values recorded during the year 2009-10 were higher than that recorded during the year 2010-11. The results of present investigation suggest that the present increasing pollution load along the Vasai Creek may affect sediment dwelling organisms and fish resulting in decrease survival, reduced growth, or impaired reproduction and lowered species diversity.

Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.

— The present study evaluated physico-chemical and sensorial qualities of value added banana products. Unripe fruits of Cavendish variety were processed for making banana flour. Value added products like dough, chapatti and banana kheer were prepared from banana flour. Rice and basin flour were also used in chappati. Unripe banana fruit, banana flour and their products were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, moisture (%), TSS (Brix) and vitamin C. The results showed that the maximum pH (7.68) and TSS (26.30 brix) recorded from the kheer, However, Ash (0.86%) and vitamin C (18.3mg/100gm) were observed highest in chapatti prepared from banana and rice flours as compared to chappati prepared from banana flour only (12.54). Unripe banana fruits had maximum percentage of moisture (72.08%) in comparison to banana products. The minimum pH (6.79) and titratable acidity (0.02) were observed from the unripe banana fruits. While, banana flour had minimum moisture (7.49%). Minimum TSS (5.30) were recorded in chappati prepared from mixture of banana-rice flour and banana-basin flour. The results shows that processing of banana for value added products alter the physico-chemical qualities of banana.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to metallurgical industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 41.00, 1.47, 5.97, 2.55, 46.86 and 12.97 ppm respectively during winter and summer seasons starting from December to May. The pH value was found to be maximum of 10.30 in the month of February, while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 25067 µmhos/cm in the month of July. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like salinity, chloride content, and total solids (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of June having values of 6.32, 2411 and 20738 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.09 ppm), phosphate (117.21 ppm), COD (13640 ppm) and low DO content of 5.79 ppm were observed in the effluents released during the month of February. The alkalinity content in the effluent was maximum of 1395 ppm in the month of May. The hardness and BOD values of the effluents were reported maximum of 490 and 557 ppm in the month of October. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

All life on earth depends on water. Fresh water is a
critical, finite, vulnerable, renewable natural resource on the
earth and plays as important role in our living environment
without it life is impossible .In this paper we are analyzed to
monthly variation and comparative physio- chemical study of
Baba Ghat of Bihar river of Rewa city (M. P.) in March, April
and May 2012. Monthly variation in physical and chemical
parameters like Temperature, pH, total solids, total dissolved
solids, total hardness , chlorides, calcium, magnesium, 
biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand etc.

The present investigation is a study of physico-chemical parameters of sediment along the Bhavan's College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai. The parameters monitored include pH, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate and phosphate contents. The annual average values of above parameters where found to be 5.75, 239 ppm, 236 ppm, 40 ppm and 0.62 ppm respectively. The weakly acidic pH of the sediment might reduce the pH of lake water below the recommended limit of 6.5 to 8.5 set by CPCB which is necessary for propagation of wild life fishery. It was observed that the excess of accumulated chlorides in the lake sediments have affected the plants growth and biological life of the lake. It was also observed that at some places of the lake, the plants shows suppressed growth and flowering, leaf necrosis, black and flaccid roots, root decay which might be due to accumulation of sulphates in the sediment. Also the formation of dense blue-green algal blooms was observed along the lake which might be due to accumulation of phosphates in the lake sediments. From the overall results of the present investigation it seems that the present condition if neglected might create irreparable damage to the lake ecosystem. It is expected that such type of systematic and continuous monitoring will help to assess the extent and severity of sediment contamination, to evaluate the effects of contaminated sediments on freshwater and marine environment, and to prepare a plan for appropriate remedial action.

The present paper deals with assessment of physico-chemical properties of sediments samples collected along Mithi River of Mumbai. The study was carried for the period of two years i.e. 2009-10 and 2010-11 at three different sampling stations namely Jarimari near airport, CST Kalina road and Taximen's colony at Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC). It was observed that pH values at the above three sampling stations recorded during 2009-10 were 6.75, 6.63 and 4.30 respectively, which decreases to 4.95, 4.06 and 4.02 respectively during 2010-11. The above pH values were lower than that reported by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) in 2004.The chloride content recorded at three sampling stations during 2009-10 were 3177 mg/L, 2849 mg/L and 1825 mg/L which increases to 3256 mg/L , 3176 mg/L and 2148 mg/L respectively during the year 2010-11. Similarly sulfate values recorded were 2204 mg/L, 3545 mg/L and 5811 mg/L during the year 2009-10 which increases to 4682 mg/L, 4266 mg/L and 5318 mg/L respectively for the three sampling stations during the year 2010-11. The above observed chloride and sulfate values were higher than that reported by MPCB in 2004. The other physico-chemical parameters like electrical conductivity, sulphide and phosphate contents were also found to be higher in 2010-11 as compared to that in 2009-10.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to fine chemicals manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn was found to be maximum of 45.94, 1.05, 7.50, 4.76, 145.87 and 21.96 ppm respectively in the effluents released during the months of February to April. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and chloride content were found to be maximum in the month of October having the concentration values of 1482, 4.91, 2710 ppm respectively, while the DO content in the effluents released in the same month was reported to be very much low having the value of 2.90 ppm. The effluents released during the month of June were reported to have high hardness, total solid (TS) content and COD values of 3713, 13638 and 6951 ppm respectively. The cyanide content (0.08 ppm), phosphate content (131.32 ppm) and BOD content (631 ppm) were found to be maximum in the months of December, February and May respectively. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless can be expected to be released into the ecosystems.

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of Mahul Creek water. From the results of our study it was observed that the annual average COD level was 362.09 ppm which was far higher than the maximum tolerable level of 250 ppm set for inland surface water as well as for marine coastal water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 6122.81 µS cm-1 which was very much above the conductivity limit for inland surface water of 1000 µS cm-1 set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of fisheries. The annual average total alkalinity level was recorded as 166.25 ppm, which according to the UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (1985) was found to be strongly alkaline. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was found to be 2488.65 ppm which was above the limit of 300 ppm set by ISI. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

The Hirudinea species were collected from various running waters and lakes in Turkey. The sampling sites were located on Yeşilırmak River, streams in Yedigöller National Park, Büyük Menderes River, Lake Beyşehir, Lake Işıklı, Karamuk Marsh and Karadut Spring of Acıgöl Lake. Recorded species were evaluated with physicochemical variables such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorus and substratum structure. In this study, eight Hirudinea species were determined. These are Helobdella stagnalis, Erpobdella octoculata, Erpobdella testacea, Erpobdella vilnensis, Dina stschegolewi, Hirudo verbana, Limnatis nilotica, Haemopis sanguisuga. The relationships between leech species and water quality variables were assessed with canonical correspondence analysis. The results show that leech species which are found in the present study are able to live in different saprobic levels in streams and trophic levels in lakes, but they usually prefer polluted environments. Knowledge of ecological characteristics of leech species must be improved to use them in water quality assessment much more effectively.

The pollution status of Lagos Lagoon was investigated to determine some physical and chemical parameters, in order to further understand its water quality. Five locations were selected according to the anthropogenic activities taking place in the areas. The measured parameters are water temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and alkalinity. The mean values ranged from 28.50-30.15°C for temperature, 7.86-8.50 for pH, ND-10.60‰ for salinity, 0.18-15.20µS/cm for electrical conductivity, 12.00-14.00 mg/l for alkalinity and 1.60-6.40 mg/l for dissolved oxygen. The statistical analysis of the measured physicochemical parameters revealed non-significant difference (p&gt;0.05) across all stations in the physico-chemical parameters. Generally, the values obtained suggest the influence of anthropogenic activities especially the depletion of DO in most of the stations. Therefore, point source and non-point source pollution into the Lagos Lagoon should be controlled for ...

This study assessed the physico-chemical quality of River Ogun, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Southwestern Nigeria. Four locations were chosen spatially along the water course to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities that are capable of changing the quality of river water. The water samples were collected monthly for seven consecutive months (December 2011 – June 2012) at the four sampling stations. pH, air temperature (℃), water temperature (℃), conductivity (µs/cm) and total dissolved solids (mg/L) were conducted in-situ with the use of HANNA Combo pH and EC multi meter Hi 98129 and Mercury-in-glass thermometer while dissolved oxygen (mg/L), nitrate (mg/L), phosphate (mg/L), alkalinity (mg/L) and hardness (mg/L) were determined ex-situ using standard methods. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentration, total hardness and nitrate were above the maximum permissible limit of National Administration for Food, Drugs and Control (NAFDAC), Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water during certain months of the study period. Results also showed that water temperature and conductivity were within the permissible limits of all the standards excluding FEPA. However, total dissolved solids and alkalinity were within the permissible limits of all the standards. Adejuwon and Adelakun, (2012) also reported similar findings on Rivers Lala, Yobo and Agodo in Ewekoro local government area of Ogun state, Nigeria. Since most of the parameters measured were above the maximum permissible limits of the national and international standards, it can be concluded that the water is unfit for domestic uses, drinking and aquacultural purposes and therefore needs to be treated if it is to be used at all. The low dissolved oxygen values for the first four months was too low i.e. < 5 mg/L. This is most likely as a result of the amount of effluents discharged into the river. To prevent mass extinction of aquatic organisms due to anoxic conditions, proper regulations should be implemented to reduce the organic load the river receives.

The performance of 14 (alkoxy-phenyl)benzamide derivatives was studied on silica and alumina surfaces by normal phase TLC. The impact of substituent of benzanilide moiety on retention of analytes was determined by Free Wilson Analysis. It was found that the introduction of the methyl group in ortho position on benzyl submoiety, as well as alkoxy group in ortho position on anilide submoiety, altered the retention of analytes by a significantly different manner on two stationary phases; meanwhile, this influence in meta position depended on the size of the alkoxy group. The substitution in para position on anilide submoiety influenced the retention on silica and alumina surfaces by a similar manner. Weighting the impact of the substituent on retention of benzanilides, the canonical correlation analysis was successfully applied for reduction of the number of variables without losing relevant information. The relationships between measured retention parameters of analytes and computed molecular descriptors were calculated by linear regression analysis. It was established that the computed molecular descriptors in 78 of 3346 of cases correlated with measured retention parameters (P = 0.1–10%). This finding indicates that further developments are requested for the use of in silico descriptors in Quantitative Structure Retention Relationship (QSRR) studies to predict expected physicochemical properties of this type of molecules.

Statistical analysis of some physico-chemical parameters like pH,Conductance,Total Solid,Total Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,Chemical Oxygen Demand, Chloride And Total Hardness were done by Pearson Correlation Regression Analysis to find the correlation between concentration of two parameters with respect to each other.This is very significant way of analysis as it represent how does increase in one of the quality or physico-chemical parameter of water leads to increase or decrease in other parameter scientifically with correlation regression equation.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to pharmaceutical based industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals like Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 14.06, 0.57, 0.42, 18.93 and 3.31 ppm respectively in the month of February, while Ni concentration was found to be maximum of 0.43 ppm in the month of June. The pH and BOD values were reported to be maximum of 12.54 and 546 ppm respectively in the month of October. The conductivity and total solid content was found to be maximum of 27400 µmhos/cm and 9401 ppm respectively in the month of June. The cyanide content was maximum of 0.13 ppm in the month of April. The alkalinity, hardness, salinity, chloride, phosphate and COD content was reported maximum of 852, 694, 10.36, 4821, 46.32 and 1271 ppm respectively in the month of February. The DO content was found to be minimum of 3.00 ppm in the month of February. It was observed that the level of many of these toxic heavy metals except Zn and various physico-chemical parameters were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to move towards ecosystem specific discharge standards to maintain the health and productivity of natural resources on which the majority of Indians are dependent.

Water is essential for all forms of life, food production and economic development.
Only 0.5 % of water is available on earth surface making it more precious commodity
on earth. Water covers 70.9 % of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms
of life. As Ariyalur is a land of limestone, the cement industries flourishes to maximum
resulting in air pollution and water pollution. The Present study is undertaken to
investigate extent of pollution, to determine the ground water quality in and around
Ariyalur District due to usage of fertilizers and make awareness among the people
about the quality of ground water by taking water samples from different locations for
analysis. The sample were analyzed for physico–chemical parameters such as pH,
EC,TDS, TH, DO, Ca, Mg, BOD COD and NO3. The ground water samples were
collected from Ariyalur area and the collected samples were analyzed for major
physical and chemical parameters. However the experiments have been performed on
the reduction of hardness from synthetic solution and ground water samples using
plant materials (Moringa oleifera seeds). The plant materials that have been tested
over the years, powder processed from the seeds from Moringa oleifera has been
shown to be one of the most effective as a primary coagulant for water treatment.

ABSTRACT This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

Abstract- Ponds play many vital roles in maintaining the hydro geological equilibrium of an area. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to determine the water quality of Athiyannoor Block Panchayath by using GIS techniques and water quality index method. A total of thirteen parameters were analyzed of which nine were considered for calculating the WQI. Water Quality Index has been proved to be a useful technique for the overall assessment of the water quality of a water body. In this study, GIS was employed for obtaining the geospatial data of the study area with respect to the themes, Drainage, DEM, TIN and Relative Relief which in turn have significant implications on the water quality of the ponds. Site specific action plans has also been suggested for this study, which ensure the protection and conservation of these small water bodies.

The most important physico-chemical characteristics describing detergent micelles are the CMC value and the aggregation number. These parameters depend critically on external conditions such as pH, ionic strength, buffer composition or temperature. However, the influence of these conditions on CMC or aggregation number is a priori not to predict, but the most important parameter. This holds especially for the aggregation number. Here, we present a simple, reliable and fast method for the analysis of detergent containing buffer systems. It enables the determination of CMC values and aggregation numbers of detergents as well as detergent mixtures in a 96well plate standard device relying on steady state fluorescence and fluorescence quenching. To prove the general applicability of our approach, we analyzed DDM as a prime example of a detergent and mixtures of DDM with six other detergents at different ratios to demonstrate the potential of our method.

The study was conducted to analyze the chemical parameters and major anionic contents of water from Taltola and Mullahbari Pond at Santosh, Tangail during the months from January to March 2014. Chemical parameters such as pH, EC, DO, TDS, BOD and Alkalinity of all water samples were ranged from 7.56 to 7.78, 239.7 to 342 ?S/cm, 4.3 to 5.7 mg/L, 123.7 to 175 mg/L, 2.1 to 2.63 mg/L and 87 to 154 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the anions such as F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4-- were ranged from 0.221 to 3.8, 16 to 24, 2.5 to 3.8, 0.96 to 1.67 and 1.99 to 17.93 mg/L, respectively. In case of Br- the anionic value of water sample was not detectable.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are affected by physical, chemical and biological conditions of the stream. Some of them are pollution-sensitive while others are pollution-tolerant. They are good indicators of stream health. This study was conducted to determine the status of Labo and Clarin Rivers using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Dip-net and kick-net methods were employed. Results showed that sampling sites in forested areas in Labo and Clarin rivers had a higher macroinvertebrate taxa richness and abundance. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were the dominant macroinvertebrates. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) and %EPT indices were higher in Clarin than Labo River. Based on Family-level biotic index (FBI), the water quality of sampling site 1 in Clarin (forested site) was excellent (organic pollution is unlikely) and very good (possible slight organic pollution) for site 1 in the Labo River but decreased downstream (fair to good quality). MANOVA results revealed a sig...

1. In this study, nine sampling sites were chosen from running waters which are located in Camili, Artvin. The benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from the sites in July 2006. Physico-chemical variables, such as pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity and water temperature were measured in the field. 2. Some biotic indices [Biological Monitoring Working Party Score (BMWP), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Belgian Biotic Index (BBI), Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT-taxa), and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera (EP-taxa)] and functional feeding group ratio (% Grazers-Scrapers, % Shredders and % Gatherers-Collectors) were used to assess water and habitat quality of sampling sites. 3. Total 1365 individuals were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and 48 taxa were determined. 40 taxa belonged to Class Insecta, while other 8 taxa belonged to Classes of Oligochaeta (2), Malacostraca (3), Turbellaria (2) and Gordioida (1). 4. According to th...

A study was conducted in the Konglo stream for six months to make an inventory of aquatic heteroptera, following a monthly sampling frequency. Some hydrological and physicochemical parameters such as water width, current velocity, and water flow, water temperature and pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, phosphates, nitrates, and ammonia were measured according to standard methods. For an inventory of the heteropterans, the multihabitat approach was used during sampling, but only heteropterans representing 3.15 % of total abundance are considered in this study. The hydrological variables were different in each station. The water width and flow were increased from upstream to downstream. The results showed that pH, total hardness, nitrites, phosphates, and ammonia values ​​were weak and no significant differences were observed. Among physicochemical variables, only dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity were different between upstream and downstream. T...

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of sediments samples collected along the Mahul Creek of Mumbai. The annual average pH value of the creek sediments was recorded as 5.38. It is feared that such low pH value of sediment might increase the acidity of creek water thereby triggering the heavy metal toxicity which will further reduced survivorship in fish through chronic stress and affect the reproductive partner. The annual average salinity content of the sediment was recorded as 4601.17 ppm. It is important here to note that the high salinity of the sediment may increase the salinity level of creek water which is considered as a major stress factor for most freshwater organisms including crustaceans. The average annual concentration of phosphate in the creek sediment was found to 480.39 ppm. Such high concentration of phosphate in the creek sediments might accelerate the process of eutrophication. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk due to the toxic pollutants which are released into the ecosystems.