Pomaks

The paper discusses the social inequalities that appear in space, inequalities that integrate a group of people into the process of social exclusion. The area of the Municipality of Mykis of the Xanthi Regional Unit (RU), which is inhabited almost exclusively by the Pomak Muslim minority, was selected as a field of research. The social inequalities that take the form of social exclusion in the study area, to some extent, arise from the cultural differences between the Christian and minority populations and are associated to higher social and economic inequalities, while also being evident in the spatial development of the population. In the paper we examine in particular the differentiation of the social composition (social profile) of the Pomak region - a territory corresponding to the Municipality of Myki - from that of the "wider region" - Xanthi RU, as well as of the total of Greece. The analysis prioritizes parameters critical to the study of the spatial and social exclusion of the Pomaks of Xanthi. Specifically, four groups of topics are analyzed: (a) The age composition of the population (b) Income, human potential, employment and unemployment (c) The socio-occupational profile (type) of the population (d) The level of education of the population. Here is an in-depth analysis of the ELSTAT 2011 population census data in conjunction with the results of surveys concerning the immediately preceding decade. It is noted that the above analysis attempts to explain the "core" of the whole process of territorial social exclusion of the Pomak region of Xanthi. However, it is also necessary to study the religion and the cultural characteristics of the minority group, as well as the relevant public policies for it, in order to arrive at a broader interpretative form of the spatial social exclusion of the Pomaks of Xanthi. Η εισήγηση αφορά στις κοινωνικές ανισότητες που εγγράφονται στο χώρο, ανισότητες που εντάσσουν μια ομάδα ανθρώπων στη διαδικασία του κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού. Ως πεδίο έρευνας επελέγη η περιοχή του Δήμου Μύκης της Περιφερειακής Ενότητας (ΠΕ) Ξάνθης, η οποία κατοικείται σχεδόν αποκλειστικά από την μουσουλμανική μειονότητα των Πομάκων. Οι κοινωνικές ανισότητες που παίρνουν, στην περιοχή μελέτης, την μορφή κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού, προκύπτουν, ως ένα βαθμό, από τις πολιτισμικές διαφορές μεταξύ του χριστιανικού και μειονοτικού πληθυσμού και αντιστοιχούν σε πολύ αυξημένες κοινωνικές και οικονομικές ανισότητες, ενώ εγγράφονται εμφανώς και στη χωρική ανάπτυξη του πληθυσμού. Στην εισήγηση εξετάζουμε ειδικότερα την διαφοροποίηση της κοινωνικής σύνθεσης (κοινωνικού προφίλ) της περιοχής των Πομάκων -χωρική ενότητα (territory) που αντιστοιχεί στον Δήμο Μύκης- από εκείνη της «ευρύτερης περιοχής» -της ΠΕ Ξάνθης, όπως επίσης του Συνόλου της Ελλάδος. Η ανάλυση δίνει προτεραιότητα σε παραμέτρους που έχουν κρίσιμη σημασία για τη μελέτη του χωρικού και κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού των Πομάκων της Ξάνθης. Ειδικότερα, αναλύονται τέσσερις ομάδες θεμάτων: (α) Η ηλικιακή σύνθεση του πληθυσμού (β) Το εισόδημα, το ανθρώπινο δυναμικό, η απασχόληση και η ανεργία (γ) Το κοινωνικοεπαγγελματικό προφίλ (τύπος) του πληθυσμού (δ) Το επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης του πληθυσμού. Εδώ γίνεται σε βάθος ανάλυση των δεδομένων της απογραφής πληθυσμού 2011 της ΕΛΣΤΑΤ σε συσχέτιση και με αποτελέσματα διερευνήσεων που αφορούν στην αμέσως προηγούμενη δεκαετία. Επισημαίνεται ότι η παραπάνω ανάλυση επιχειρεί να εξηγήσει τον «πυρήνα» της όλης διαδικασίας χωρικού κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού της περιοχής των Πομάκων της Ξάνθης. Απαιτείται, όμως, συμπληρωματικά, η προσέγγιση του θρησκεύματος και των πολιτιστικών χαρακτηριστικών της μειονοτικής ομάδας, όπως επίσης των σχετικών δημόσιων πολιτικών για αυτήν, ώστε να καταλήξουμε σε ένα ευρύτερο ερμηνευτικό σχήμα του χωρικού κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού των Πομάκων της Ξάνθης.

ÖNSÖZ
ESEFLE, teessür ve teessüfle belirtelim ki, bugün «komünist
-siyonist» Bulgar devletinin yönetimi altında olupta meskün oldukları bölgelerin en «otokton» unsuru olan muhtelif Müslüman Türk zümreleri hakkında hür anavatan Türkiye'de ciddi kitap neşriyatları yoktur. Bütün bu durumlar; ethnik orijin, filolojik, lenguistik, folklor ve genel «demografi» durumlar ve faktörler hakkında tamamen sathi ve mütenakız bilgilerin yayılmasına amil olmaktadır. Derneğimiz bu müessif önemli «bilgi boşluğu»nu ciddiyetle dikkate aldığı için, şu elinizdeki «broşür»ü neşretmeği her yönden gerekli görmüştür. Şu elinizdeki «broşür»ün neşredilme amilinin fikri hedefleri şu hususları ihtiva etmektedir...

Özet
Anadil olarak Slavca konuşan ve müslüman bir topluluk olan Pomakların kökeni günümüzde de akademik bir tartışma konusudur. Literatürde mevcut verilerle Pomakların tarihlerini 6’ncı yüzyıla kadar götürülebilen çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Pomak toplulukları, 19’uncu yüzyıldan itibaren doğu Avrupa’da milliyetçiliğin yayılması sonucunda dört farklı ulus-devletin sınırları içerisinde kalmış; Pomak kimliği tanımlaması da bu parçalanmışlıktan etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Pomak kimliğinin inşası ve tarihsel süreç içerisinde dönüşümünü analiz etmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Bogomilizm, Pomaklar, Tarih, Kimlik, Etno-dinsel

Abstract
The origin of Pomaks, whose religion is islam and mother tongue is Slavic, is a topic of academic debate today. There are some studies in the literature that can trace the history of Pomaks up to the 6th century with the available data. Pomak communities remained within the borders of four different nation-states as a result of the spread of nationalism in eastern Europe since the 19th century; and the identification of Pomak identity has also been affected by this fragmentation. This study analyzes the construction of the Pomak identity and its transformation in the historical process.
Keywords: Bogomilizm, Pomaks, History, Identity, Ethno-religious

The Bulgarian Moslems in Years of Transition (1990-1997). Ethno-cultural Problems.

  Islam in Bulgaria is traditionally moderate, characterized by a tolerant attitude toward the difference of the “others” and their culture, and the representatives of this confessional community consider themselves rather as “European Moslems”, alien to religious fanaticism. The difficulties in the transition of the post-totalitarian societies, however, have brought to light some old contradictions, which have always been a latent destabilizing factor. The development of the Islam in Bulgaria since 1989 has been connected with the expansion of the minority rights. The road to the revival of the minorities in Bulgaria was traced by the struggle for restoring the Moslem names. It includes, however, also the right to use and study at school the mother tongue, the question of the religious and ethno-cultural freedom, etc. An attempt is made in the paper at outlining basically all these aspects of the development of the Moslem minority question in Bulgaria after the changes in 1989.

Основен фокус на материала са селата в Северозападна Мала Азия с компактно българско население, съществували до организираното изселване през 1914 г. Досегашните разработки се базират единствено на български източници, които в по-голямата си част преповтарят една и съща информация, и дори фундаментални въпроси като географското местоположение на селищата не са решени. Самите преселници и техните наследници, прекъснали всякаква връзка с упоменатите селища, често нямат представа за географското местоположение, а в някои случаи оригиналното наименование на топонима е запазено в крайно изопачен или диалектен вид, нуждаещ се от дешифриране. Ударната промяна на селищната мрежа в този регион, породена от масовите миграции на мюсюлмани от Балканите, както и честите преименования също оказват своето въздействие. Използвайки не само български извори, но и османотурски архивни източници и картографски материал, както и интензивна работа на терен, картата на българските селища в Северозападен Анадол е вече установена.

Паралелно са представени и аналогичните проблеми на мигранти помаци, населяващи редица от българските селища в Мала Азия, да се ориентират в картата на съвременна България.

[ÖZET] Kültürel coğrafyaların biçim kazanmasında önemi haiz bir faktör olarak göç, bu haliyle salt bedenlerin veya işgücünün hareketliliği anlamına gelmemekte; göçmenlerin hareket güzergâhları boyunca ilerleyen bir doğrultuda, toplumsal belleğin taşınmasında bir anahtar vasıta işlevi göstermektedir. Bu haliyle göç, terkedilen topraklardan yola çıkan geçmişe ilişkin algılanımın ve bu algılanımın ürünlerinin, yerleşilecek toprağa taşınması bağlamında bir kültürel hareketlilik kavrayışını da kapsamında barındırmaktadır. Göçlerin yoğun olarak yaşandığı Balkan toprakları, salt belirli bir tarihsel dönemle sınırlı kalmaksızın, göçlerin farklı boyutlarda, farklı hareket rotalarında ve farklı dinamiklere bağlı olarak görüldüğü bir alan olması ölçüsünce ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çerçevede değerlendirildiğinde, Pomak göçleri de özgün bir geçmiş ve özgün bellek ürünleriyle, böylesi bir coğrafyanın karakteristiğini anlayabilmek adına önemli bir parametre sayılmaktadır. Batı Trakya merkezli Pomak göçlerine bir örnek olarak ele alma gayreti göstereceğimiz Çavuşoğlu Ailesi’nin göç hikâyesi, göçün zorluklarına ilişkin anlatıları içermesinin haricinde; Osmanlı dönemine, Yunanistan devlet politikalarına, Yunan İç Savaşı’na ve 1960 yılı itibarıyla başlayan Türkiye’ye yerleşim sürecine ilişkin hatı-ralar barındırması bakımından da çarpıcı bir sözlü tarih kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, aile fertleriyle yapılan –kayıt altına alınmış– sözlü görüşmelerden yansıyan anlatılar ve muhtelif dökümanlar, yazınsal bir bütünlük halinde ilgili çalışmamızın içeriğini oluşturacaktır.

The present work represents a translation of a brochure named “Poor Pomaks” from
Ottoman Turkish to Bulgarian. This brochure gives very interesting information about the
forced conversion in Christianity of the Pomaks in 1913. Printed in the publishing house
"Hayriye and its associates", the only surviving copy of the brochure is preserved in the
archive of the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul. There are a number of brochures printed by this
publishing house. Between the years 1912-1915, 4 brochures with the similar topics were
published. The brochure “Poor Pomaks” is the fourth one.
The author of the “Poor Pomaks” brochure is not known. The brochure consists of
29 pages. The first 8 pages of the text contains the author's opinion about Bulgarians and
Turkish-Bulgarian relations. In the other twenty-two pages, the author gives a place for
stories about the torture and cruelty experienced by 150,000 Pomaks who were subjected to
forced conversion in 1913. The important thing in this account, which is a valuable source
of conversion, is that it testifies to real-world events, villages, and sacrifices. The territorial
coverage of the conversion in the regions with numerous Pomaks populations and mainly
the villages of today's Plovdiv, Smolyan, Pazardzhik, Kardzhali and Blagoevgrad regions in
Bulgaria and the northern parts of Western Thrace in Greece are clearly outlined. The last
two pages of the brochure include a letter and an epilogue. In the epilogue, the author
makes a critical assessment of the behavior of the big states and of the Balkan allies during
the Balkan War. Two photos are also featured in the brochure, one of which has a great
historical value because it is one of the few preserved to our day authentic photographs of
the victims and the baptists.

The concept of post-socialism evolved into an “area study” while its “era” content became mostly excluded from the discourse. This paper discusses the necessity of integrative approach in post-socialist studies to understand the phenomenon in depth. It offers a comparative study of the post-socialist period through the EU trajectories of the three neighboring states: Bulgaria (2007), Greece (1981), and Turkey (candidate since 1999). Comparative studies mostly dealt with intra-post-socialist states. State-socialist regimes’ differences from their capitalist neighbors are mentioned, but usually not included in comparative studies. I argue that by compartmentalization under the label of post-socialism, we miss the similarities that transcend state systems of capitalism and socialism. I argue that one of the fundamental similarities between former state social list countries and their “capitalist” neighbors is migration and citizenship regimes driven by nationalism and their politics of “unwanted” vs. “desired” populations. While the influx of refugees is currently at primary agenda of the EU politics, migration and refugees were also among the concerns of the post-socialist era in the 1990s. Post-socialist migrations had various motives, such as refugees from civil wars as in the case of former Yugoslavia, asylum seekers from destabilized post-socialist regions, and economically motivated emigrants. Through examples from Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, this paper analyzes the three countries' socio-political trajectories as well as migration and citizenship policies. I evaluate migration of the “co-ethnics” and citizenship policies in the three countries, and show how similar their motives are, how they are interrelated with each other, and finally with the dissolution of state-socialist regimes and the growth of the EU, how they produce similar effects. I argue that the EU could neither change nor even challenge the politics and discourse of “unwanted” vs. “desired” populations in the three states.

P.S. This paper is also available in an Open Access journal. Please follow the link to access the whole text: http://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/BSSR/article/view/1901

Kültürel açıdan heterojen devletlerde din, dil, ırk ve etnisite sorunlarını sosyo-ekonomik sınıf ya da ideoloji sorunlarından daha çok görürüz. Heterojen toplumlarda, topluluk ile devlet sınırlarının bir olmayışı bir devlet oluşturma sorununu ortaya çıkarır ve bu sürecin sonucunda devlet vatandaşlık hakkına sahip olanları sınırlama eğilimi gösterir.  Doğu Avrupa’da komünizmin çöküşü ile geniş çaplı etnik problemler ortaya çıkmış, etnik milliyetçilik, ayrılıkçılık Yugoslavya ve eski SSCB ülkelerinde savaşlara neden olmuştur.

Bulgaristan’da komünizm sonrası demokrasiye geçişle etnik çeşitlilik sorun teşkil etmeye başlamıştır. Hükümet, Slav çoğunluk ile Türk azınlık arasındaki sorunların politik düzene yönelik tehdit oluşturduğu gerekçesi ile Bulgaristan Türklerine yönelik kültürel ve dinsel asimilasyon politikaları uygulamaya koymuştur.  Asimilasyon politikaları Bulgaristan milliyetçiliğini körüklerken, Bulgaristan ve Türkiye arasında nota krizine neden olmuş, sınırların açılmasıyla yüz binlerce Bulgaristan Türkü ülkeyi terk etmiştir. Asimilasyon politikalarına son verilmesi ve Türklerin geri dönüşü azınlık sorununu tek başına çözmeye yeterli olmamıştır.

ÖZ Doğusundan batısına, güneyinden kuzeyine, Anadolu'nun her yöresinde do-kuma kültürüne rastlanmaktadır. Bunların bazıları halı, kilim gibi yaygılar vb. şeklinde kirkitli dokumalar; büyük bir kısmı da giysi, örtü, ev süsleme eşyası vb. amaçlarla üretilen mekikli dokumalardır, yani yöresel bezlerdir. Her biri malze-mesi, üretim ve kullanım şekli, desen ve kompozisyonu ile kendine has özellikler taşımaktadır. Yüzyıllardır üretilen ve kullanım alanı bulan bu bezler son yıllarda tekstil sektöründe yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak olumsuz yönde etkilenmiş; özellikle modern şehirlerde günlük yaşamda kolay ve ucuz elde edilebilen, aynı zamanda modaya da uyum gösteren kumaşlar ve ortak çizgilere sahip giysiler tercih edilir hale gelmiştir. Tüm dünyada tüketim hızı aynı oranda artmış, kısa süre kullanıldıktan sonra atılan tekstillerden büyük yığınlar meydana gelmiştir. Halbuki Anadolu bez dokumaları genellikle doğal elyaflarla üretilen ve ekolo-jik kullanım imkanı sunan, üretildiği sayı sınırlı olduğundan bölgeye özel kalan, taşıdığı değerden dolayı anneden kıza geçen ve yıllarca saklanan değerlerdir. Geleneksel dokuma kültürü muazzam bir çeşitliliğe sahip olduğundan; Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı tarafından 10-11.03.2017 tarihinde düzenlenen "Gelenekli Türk Sanatlarının Dünü, Bugünü, Geleceği" konulu çalıştay kapsamında hazırlanan bu makalede, mekikli el dokumacılığını kısaca tanıt-mak amacıyla yurdumuzun çeşitli yörelerinden bazı örneklemeler seçilmiş, geçmiş ve günümüzdeki durumları tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır.

ABSTRACT
From east to west, from north to south, weaving culture is found in every region of Anatolia. Some of them are called kirkitli weaving in forms of carpets, rugs, etc. . A large part of them are shuttle weaving which are also called reginal weavings and in forms of traditional fabrics, clothing, quilts, and home decorative items, etc. However, each of them carries unique characteristics with its material, production and usage style, pattern and composition. These cloths, which have been produced and used for centuries, have been affected negatively in parallel with the developments experienced in the textile sector in recent years; especially clothes in modern cities which are easy and cheap to obtain in everyday life and which are also compatible with fashion and have common lines have become preferred. As the consumption increased at the same rate all over the world, and large stacks of textiles occured, which are discarded after being used for a short time. Whereas Anatolian hand weavings are generally produced with natural fibers and offer the possibility of ecological use, thus be used by several generations. However, due to limited production, this value generally stays within a region.
Since traditional weaving culture has a tremendous variety, in order to present a brief introduction to shuttle hand weaving and its past and present situation, some samples from various regions of Turkey were selected for this report, which is prepared by Atatürk Culture Center on 10-11.03.2017 in the scope of the workshop titled "Past, Present, Future of Traditional Turkish Arts".
Keywords: Weaving, Textile, Ehram, Karacakılavuz, Göynük, Pomak, Sof, Şal-Şapik

Günümüz Bulgaristan coğrafyasında yaşayan Pomakların göç kaderi 1877’den 1920 yıllarının ilk yarısına kadar devam eden süreçte Türklerin göç kaderinden farklı değildir. 1923 yılından sonra Bulgaristan yetkililerinin Pomaklar ile ilgili resmi görüşü değişmiş ve Bulgar olarak ilan edilen bu Müslüman azınlığın göçü devlet yetkilileri tarafından yasaklanmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak bireyler üzerindeki baskılar yoğunlaşmış, hayat şartları dayanılmaz bir aşamaya ulaşmıştır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Pomak göçlerine yaklaşımı, Bulgaristan ile imzaladığı ikili antlaşmalarda, kurumlar arasındaki resmi yazışmalarda yer almaktadır. Müslüman azınlıklara yönelik değişmez ve sinsi bir iç ve dış politika izleyen Bulgaristan’dan farklı olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Pomakların göçü konusunda istikrarlı bir tutum içinde olmamış ve zaman içinde bilinçli veya bilinçsiz bazı tavizler vermiştir.

Many anthropologists, including Zdenek Salzmann, claim that cultural change
proceeds at a much slower pace in societies that are only slightly affected by new
technological developments (Salzmann 1973, 16) than in more developed ones.
Thus, while no society or culture stands still, the rate of societal and cultural
change may vary from one society to another, or from one institution to another
within a given society. Some cultures, such as that of the Pomaks, have, in fact,
passed through many different phases of change over the millennia. This paper
deals with the role of traditional clothing, especially the female wedding costume,
as a cultural marker among the minority Pomak ethnic group in Turkey.

Balkan coğrafyası sakinleri, nüfusları nispeten az olmakla birlikte, çeşitlilik bakımından oldukça zengindir. Balkanlarda, bugünkü Yunanistan'ı da sınırları içerisine alan coğrafi bölge, Türk milleti için tarihî, siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel açıdan son derece önemlidir. Osmanlılardan çok önceleri bölgeye yerleşen Gagavuz, Kuman-Kıpçak, Peçenek gibi Türk boylarının akıbeti Türk tarihi açısından önemli bir problematik olarak görülmektedir. Balkanlarda Bulgarlar, Sırplar, Yunanlılar, Arnavutlar, Boşnaklar ve Hırvatlar gibi var olan milletlerin kökenleri haklarında, istisnai iddialar dışında aşağı  yukarı ortak kanaatler varken, Pomaklar, Goralılar ve Torbeşler’in kökenleri hakkında, genel bir kabul
yoktur. Bu çerçevede Sırplar; Pomaklar, Torbeşler ve Goralılar ile ilgili olarak “Müslümanlaştırılmış Sırplar”, Makedonlar; “Müslümanlaştırılmış Makedonlar”, Bulgarlar; “Müslümanlaştırılmış Bulgarlar” şeklinde tezler ileri sürmektedir. Pomaklar, bugün itibarıyla Yunanistan, Bulgaristan ve
Makedonya’nın dağlık bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmış, kimlik ve yaşam mücadelesi vermektedir.  Pomakların tarihi, kökeni, bugün iskân hâlinde bulundukları bölgeye gelirken izledikleri göç yolları ve  kullandıkları dil tartışmalıdır. Kanaatimizce bu mesele ile ilgili ortaya atılan tezler, akademik ve  tarafsız olmaktan ziyade, politik ve ideolojik bir karakter taşımaktadır. Konunun aydınlatılmasında  ortaya konulan Bulgar, Sırp, Yunan ve Makedon kaynaklarının objektif olduğunu söylemek mümkün
değildir. Bu itibarla, yaptığımız saha araştırması çerçevesinde, Bulgaristan’da ve Yunanistan’da yaşayan Pomaklar ile doğrudan görüşmeler yapılmış, sosyo-kültürel yapı, dil kullanımları tespit
edilmiş ve elde edilen bulgular karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yukarıda adı geçen tezlerin karşısında, tarihî gerçeklere daha uygun olan “Türk Tezi”nin de işlenmesi ve gündemde tutulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Corinna Leschber (2020): Rezension von D. Stern, M. Nomachi, B. Belić 2018. "Linguistic Regionalism in Eastern Europe and Beyond. Minority, Regional and Literary Microlanguages", Peter Lang, Berlin. In: Săpostavitelno ezikoznanie/Contrastive linguistics 1/2020, Sofia, 84-88.

In this paper I examine how ‘silence’, as voiceless and non verbal expression, becomes a main idiom of Greek-Pomak marginality, as signified by the social subjects themselves. I aim to reveal in what ways ‘silence’ consists a dominant idiom of experiencing and managing a minority/marginality status -unlike in other states of marginality where
physical or verbal conflict and dispute are more dominant modes-, mong the minority Pomak population of the mountain area of Rodopi, in Thrace, Northeastern Greece. To bemore precise, I discuss silence as it is interwoven with crucial -for these subjects- emotional
states, such as those of “fear and shame”, which they articulate in their discourse using the same meaning (stramo, srano). More specifically, the marginal status is performed through silence practices and is emotionally invested with feelings of fear and shame, while it is
attributed by subjects to lack of material and social goods, and absence of good physical, mental and emotional health. Practices of self-constraint of speech, emotions, and sexuality are systematically adopted by subjects who, not only in the past, but also until present, have
experienced and are experiencing attitudes of discrimination. These social subjects are in no position to harness their fear and express their desire, since they evade exorcising their fear by openly talking about their desires and anxieties

The present volume aims at exploring the overall patterns of linguistic regionalism throughout Eastern Europe, casting also a comparative glance beyond this specific cultural setting into neighboring Western European regions. A wide array of aspects related to regional language designs are addressed, such as: linguistic rights, conflicting conceptualisations of linguistic regionalism, the role of the internet in identity modelling, the role of linguistics in language planning and research, etc. The volume is also designed to approach linguistic regionalism on a general theoretical level giving a critical assessment of Aleksandr Dulichenko’s microlanguage paradigm. Case studies of individual projects as well as reports by regional language activist will provide the reader with glimpses of how regional language designs are set up and elaborated.

Анализ речи родопских болгароговорящих мусульман о традиционном свадебном обряде позволяет выявить характерные семантические и морфологические парадигмы, сохранность персонажного кода и тенденцию к деабстрагированию наименований обрядовых комплексов. На сохранность языкового кода свадебного обряда в целом и разграничение отдельных кодов в частности в большой степени влияют лексико-семантические трансформации в диахроническом аспекте.

The linguistic code of the wedding rite of the Pomaks (Muslim speakers of Bulgarian in the Rhodope Mountains), as reflected in the speech behavior of our informants, is marked by specific morpho-semantic paradigms, leading role of character code, and tendency to refer to the whole rites in precise terms. In the diachronic perspective, lexico-semantic transformations contribute to the preservation of the linguistic code of the wedding rite, along with the code boundaries.

Pomak meselesi, Bulgaristan’ın bağımsızlığını kazanmasının ardından en
öncelikli konulardan biri olmuştur. 20. yüzyıl içerisinde Pomakları asimile etmeye
yönelik girişimlerde bulunan Bulgar karar alıcılar, her ne kadar 1989’da
Jivkov Rejimi’nin yıkılmasının ardından Pomakların zorla değiştirilen isimlerini
iade etmiş ve inanç özgürlüklerini sağlamış olsa da Pomak kimliğini tanımayı
reddetmiş ve “Bulgar Müslümanları” kavramını kullanmayı sürdürmüştür.
Lakin kimliğin tarihsel süreç içerisinde şekillenen ve statik olmayan yapısı,
Pomak kimliğinin inşası açısından da geçerliliğini korumaktadır. Bu bağlamda
çalışmada tarihsel süreç içerisinde Pomak kimliğinin dönüşümü ve Bulgaristan’ın
Pomaklara yönelik politikaları analiz edilmiştir.

Nowadays that nationalism is the prevalent political ideology and the cause for ethnic tension and secession movements globally, the issue of ethnic, national and religious identities has attracted considerable scholarly attention among historians, political scientists, social anthropologists etc. In this context the present paper aims to contribute to the academic discussion on Pomak ethnic/cultural identity. Focusing on the Pomaks living in Bulgaria it examines two interrelated topics: the predominant thesis of Bulgarian historiography about their ethnic origins and state policies towards them since the creation of the nation-state in 1878. Based on the fact that Pomaks are Slavic speaking populations Bulgarian political and academic elites adopted and still hold the view that they are in fact Bulgarians who were Islamized during the period of the Ottoman domination in the Balkans. For this reason, before 1989 Bulgarian governments made attempts to assimilate them either by forcibly Christianizing them in 1912-1913 or by putting pressure on them in order to change their names and abandon their traditional lifestyle and Islamic traditions. Such coercive campaigns took place in the beginning of World War II under the initiative of the Pomak cultural organization Rodina (Homeland) and during the communist rule especially from 1950 until the collapse of the regime. These endeavors, although they were soon reverted, together with the lack of efficient strategies for improving their living standards are responsible for the marginalization of the Pomaks.

During the late 19 th century in the region of Xanthi in Greece, the tradition of dealing with the monoculture of tobacco combined with livestock farming contributed to the development of a rural family economy by the people of Pomaks. This led to the formation of the mountainous settlements and their residences. At the same time, part of the region's complete identity was associated with its ethnic, social and cultural characteristics, from the period of Ottoman domination to modern times. However, the physiognomy of the settlements today have been gradually altered, with a significant number of residents abandoning them because of historical, social, political and economic circumstances over the last 60 years. This paper has a number of objectives. First, there is an attempt to record and present the physiognomy of the settlements and the characteristics of their architecture during the period of great prosperity. Then the specific reasons and procedures which have led to the current situation are highlighted and especially the problematic practices of piecemeal approach, both by the State and by the inhabitants themselves. This fragmentation has the effect of losing the identity of the region as a single network of settlements, the alteration of their character and their possible degradation.

Bu çalışma, Etnomüzikoloji disiplininde geliştirilen göçmen müziği kuramları çerçevesinde İzmir ve Manisa’da yaşayan Pomak toplulukların çalgı eşlikli ve eşliksiz seslendirdikleri “Pesna” geleneklerini ele alarak Pomak kimliğinin göç deneyimi ile bağlantılı sonuçlarını inceler.

Şu elinizdeki broşürün neşredilmesine sebebiyet veren pek çok
amiller vardır. Bu amil ve saik Bulgaristan komünist yönetimi
altındaki Pirin Makedonyasıyla Rodop'ta meskun 2 milyondan
müteşekkil Müslüman - Türk toplumunun 1970 yılından
bu yana anayasa ve hukuk dışı vandalist icraat ve tadbikatlarla
«tenassur» ettirilmeleri ve «Slav-Bulgar» olmağa icbar edilmeleridir....
Rodop - Tuna Türkleri Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği - 1976

1. Γεωπολιτική της Επαναστάσεως του 1821
2. Γεωπολιτικές παράμετροι του Μακεδονικού Ζητήματος
3. Η στρατηγική της Ελλάδος στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, 1830-1922
4. Το Κυπριακό Ζήτημα ως δίλημμα δημογραφικής ασφαλείας
5. Η ιστορική ταυτότητα των Ελλήνων Πομάκων
6. Ιθαγένεια και ελληνική κρατική κυριαρχία
Παράρτημα I: Η Συμφωνία των Πρεσπών (2018)
Παράρτημα II: Η 460/2013 απόφαση του Συμβουλίου της Επικρατείας
Βιβλιογραφία
''Η μελέτη Ιστορία και Γεωπολιτική της νεώτερης Ελλάδος του Δρος Ιωάννη Ε. Κωτούλα προσφέρει μία συνθετική οπτική της νεοελληνικής ιστορίας υπερβαίνοντας την συνήθη τυπική ανάγνωση της Διπλωματικής ή της Πολιτικής Ιστορίας. Ο συγγραφέας χρησιμοποιεί στοιχεία από την Γεωπολιτική, την Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, την Πολιτική Δημογραφία και τις Διεθνείς Σχέσεις. Η μελέτη αναλύει το γεωπολιτικό υπόβαθρο επιμέρους εκφάνσεων της νεοελληνικής ιστορίας: της Επανάστασης του 1821, του Μακεδονικού Ζητήματος, της ιστορικής πορείας των Ελλήνων Πομάκων. Ιδιαιτέρως πρωτότυπη είναι η οπτική περί του Κυπριακού όχι ως νομικού θέματος, αλλά βάσει ενός διλήμματος δημογραφικής ασφαλείας και μιας μακροϊστορικής οπτικής. Τέλος, ο συγγραφέας εξετάζει αναλυτικά την σχέση ιθαγένειας και κρατικής κυριαρχίας ως ζητήματος ασφαλείας, θέματος κομβικού στο σημερινό πλαίσιο των μαζικών μεταναστευτικών ροών

From the Germans of Danzig (now Gdansk, in Poland) to the Turks of Rhodes: the «Europa etnografica» map (1:6.000.000) of the Atlante internazionale del TCI (1st ed., 1927). For a later version of this map (3rd ed., 1929) you can see www.davidrumsey.com