Public Helath

Background: The experience and opinion of the enrolees/clients who utilized health services through the insurance scheme are important for improving healthcare services, shaping health policies and providing feedback on the quality, availability, and responsiveness of healthcare services. Experience of enrolees will serve as a future reference point to implement potential quality improvement initiatives. Objective: The study has the following objectives: 1) to address knowledge gap on researches on client's satisfaction with health service provision by insurance scheme, 2). to determine the degree of clients' satisfaction towards healthcare services through an insurance scheme. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the catchment area of a State-based health insurance program between Feb-May 2020. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted for the satisfaction score of each indicator and overall satisfaction score; multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with overall health scheme satisfaction. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The overall satisfaction mean score was 5.22 ± 0.35 (95% CI: 5.19-5. 37) out of 6.0. The most satisfactory domains were related to staff friendly relationship (5.83 ± 0.79), health care providers' explanations about laboratory tests (5.79 ± 1.22), and health care providers' explanations about prescribed drugs (5.48 ± 1.02), access to care (5.31 ± 1.16) and comprehensive (quality) services provided. Conclusions: This study observed that the overall satisfaction level towards health care services was quite good, but the satisfaction scores can still be improved by addressing the waiting time and health facility environment cleanliness.

Three areas are dealt in great details, viz. child care, empowerment through education, and comprehensive strategy for better health. These significant policy initiatives backed by resource allocations may achieve these objectives. The various structural gaps which constrain the young people in the backward regions, rural areas and socially marginalised communities to receive quality education need to be removed without delay. If we explore the states such as Gujarat which doing decently in health area mainly because of better infrastructure, economic prosperity but it is not doing well in educational area but on the other hand Jharkhand is doing really badly in economic prosperity and health area. Finally, those who believe in trickle-down theory argue that poverty is coming down and no one is worse off as a result of high growth and it will have its impact on other areas. But in a vibrant democracy, even illiterate people are aware of the highly iniquitous sharing of the benefits of development.

Although the three international drug control treaties take a very broad approach to drug treatment, limitations do exist. These are limits of ethics and effectiveness, clarified and refined by human rights law. Thus, although States are not under any direct obligation to implement or prohibit specific treatment modalities, they do need to ensure, under both drug and human rights law, that the treatment options available to drug using individuals are first rights compliant and then effective.

Reaching this conclusion involved an analysis of human rights law related to drug treatment and constructive interpretation of the drug treatment articles in the three international drug control treaties. Many human rights standards, instruments and mechanisms are applicable to the topic of drug treatment. It is thus straightforward to identify State obligation, under human rights, as regards this topic. As expected, the human right to health is prominent, along with the rights of prisoners and children - particularly vulnerable groups in relation to drug treatment.

Although the drug conventions are broad when referring to treatment - to allow for future develop- ments in medicine, among other things - standards could be identified which limit the flexibility of States regarding drug treatment approaches.
In both cases, international human rights and international drug law, rights compliance and efficacy emerged as the most appropriate tests of State obligation regarding drug treatment. These tests should be applied to all currently implemented and potential drug treatment options, in order to ensure that obligations under both human rights and drug law are respected.

A test of rights compliance should be applied first to a drug treatment approach, followed by a test of efficacy. A drug treatment programme which is effective but not rights compliant is still not appropriate under the human rights and drug control regimes.

The practicality of these tests, and thus the usefulness of human rights in drug policy discussions, is further demonstrated via their successful application to opiate substitution therapy (OST) and compulsory treatment. OST is found to be both rights compliant end effective under these tests, and thus also under human rights law and the international drug conventions. Compulsory drug treatment is only rights compliant in very rare and temporary circumstances, but quasi-compulsory treatment (QCT) - for example, drug courts where individuals choose drug treatment as their only alternative to penal sanctions - is rights compliant in more cases. It was thus concluded that only when these specific, rights respecting criteria were met would QCT be appropriate. Following that assurance, the resulting drug treatment should be effective to justify the limitation of the individual’s rights through coercion.

Μελέτη της επιδημίας χολέρας του 1854 με έμφαση στον αντίκτυπό της στην τοπική κοινωνία του Πειραιά και την διοικητική οργάνωση του ελληνικού κράτους.

Study of the cholera epidemic of 1854 with a particular emphasis on its impact on the local society of Piraeus and the administrative organization of the Greek state.

Ingin tampil lebih percaya diri dengan pasang gigi palsu permanen di Jogja? Disini tempatnya untuk pasang gigi tiruan di Yogyakarta. Kami siap melayani implan gigi palsu sesuai kebutuhan Anda dengan ditangani oleh dokter gigi dan perawat gigi terbaik dan kompeten. Kami melayani pemasangan gigi palsu permanen, gigi palsu lepasan, gigi palsu akrilik, gigi palsu valplast, pemasangan crown (mahkota tiruan) dan gigi palsu lain yang aman dan nyaman untuk anak, ibu hamil, orang tua, dan orang dewasa. Siap melayani masyarakat Piyungan, Berbah, Prambanan, Kalasan, Patuk, Dlingo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Sleman, Wonosari, Wates, Jogja, dan sekitarnya. Kami percaya kepuasan dan kesehatan pelanggan adalah prioritas utama kami. Kami siap melayani segala jenis pemasangan gigi palsu permanen dan lepasan dengan berbagai model dan kebutuhan yang terbaru, ternyaman dan paling aman.

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Breast cancer is the top most cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world. The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in the developing world due to increase life expectancy, increase urbanization and adoption of western lifestyles (WHO 2018). It starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. The tumor is malignant (cancer) if the cells can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body (American cancer society 2017).
It is the most common cause of death and the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 140 of 184 countries worldwide (Mesfin, Dagne, Roza and Hailu, 2016). Globally, over 1.15million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed every year and about 502,000 women have died from the disease each year, making it the second only to lung cancer as the cause of cancer related deaths among women (WHO 2013). The American Cancer Society in 2015 reported an estimated number of new cases of breast cancer in women in the United States to be 231,840 with an estimated death of 40,290.
In Nigeria, breast cancer Is the leading malignancy among women with an increase of breast cancer recorded annually. Out of the 102079 cases of cancer recorded 27,304 (26.7%) are breast cancer related according to GLOBACON 2012. Also, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the world breast cancer incidence and mortality may increase by 50% by the year 2020 with anticipated increase to be highest in the developing countries of which Nigeria is inclusive.

ereksi yang maksimal berhubungan di ranjang memang sangat mengganggu terhadap kenikmatan dan kepuasan saat bercinta, baik itu dari diri pria pribadi maupun wanita.



























Sejatinya bahwa hubungan seks dengan durasi waktu yang cukup panjang bisa menciptakan suasana keharmonisan di dalam rumah tangga tanpa disadari, teruntuk kaum hawa karena pada dasarnya wanita dibutuhkan bukan hanya materi saja melainkan hubungan badan yang terpuaskan adalah salah satunya faktor pendukungnya.

Setiap permasalahan tentu pasti ada jalan keluar, begitu pula dengan hubungan intim yang kamu rasakan kini. Baiklah supaya tidak panjang lebar kita bahas ke pokok inti dalam artikel ini, yu di lanjut dibaca.

Introduction: Most of the smokers remain as active smokers and unrecognized their nicotine dependence (ND) level. ND was an important reason for addict smoking. The study measured the prevalence of smoking and ND among adult males and their difficulties to quit smoking.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 adult males from Felda Bukit Goh in Kuantan, Malaysia in 2015. Socioeconomic status, history of smoking, quit attempt and reasons with failing quit were explored by using a self-administered questionnaire. Level of ND was assessed by validated Malay version of the Fagerstrom Test for ND questionnaires. The chi-square test was performed to determine the associated factors of current smokers and nicotine dependence level.

Results: The prevalence rate of current smokers was 61.1% (n=181) and the prevalence of low and (moderate to high) ND level was 76.2 % (n=138) and 23.8 % (n=43) respectively. Among the current smokers, 54.1% (n=98) were tried to quit smoking, ranging from 1 to 30 times by self-awareness (48%) and their main reason to fail was an addiction (71.9%). Respondents with higher prevalence of current smoking were age group 18 to 40 years and secondary educational level with (p=0.031) and (p<0.001). The respondents with total monthly household income RM2000 and above have more likely to have moderate to high nicotine dependence compared to income less than RM2000 with p= 0.042.

Conclusion: Despite the high prevalence of current smoking, majority (76.2%) of smokers had low ND and addiction was the main reason to fail quit attempt. However, they are addicted to smoking, it is better to support the smokers who want to quit smoking starting with low level of ND. The medical professional may facilitate them to do an early assessment of the ND level before engaging in the quit smoking program and to provide tailored nicotine replacement therapy to them regardless of their socioeconomic background.

KEYWORDS: current smokers, nicotine dependence, adult males, quit smoking
Authors: SWE SWE LATT, JAMALLUDIN AR, RAZMAN MR, HTIKE MP, KARIMAH HANIM AA

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of preventable blindness globally. A good therapeutic agent in the management of glaucoma should produce clinically significant reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) while allowing patients to achieve target levels and control of IOP where the progression of glaucomatous damage is halted and the visual field preserved. This study assessed the trends, dynamics, and advances in glaucoma control. Electronic search of relevant materials was undertaken using PUBMED, EmBase, and MedLine based on selected criteria. The information was obtained from PUBMED, MEDLINE, and Google search and were sorted based on their importance to the topic. Selection was done based on selection criteria using identified search items individually and in combinations of more than two words and with additional search words where necessary.Physicians have more options for IOP-lowering following variety of pharmacologic agents.Effective treatment calls for the selection of IOP-lowering agents that are patient friendly leading to better adherence and better treatment outcomes.

Cultures globally are man-made survival strategy based on responding to various environmental, ecological, demographical, topographical, geographical, political, social, psychological and economic factors for diversity. The point raised here is if the nature accepts the diversity due to which the living styles, languages, dressing, and other related aspects of aesthetics then why don't human accept socio-cultural diversity. The paper focuses its discussion on medical anthropology. Anthropologists have long been involved in studying the health systems of various societies that they choose for research. The understandings of various cultures and its medical practices helped anthropologists to understand why people prefer to have a unique and indigenous thought patterns as regards health notions and practices. Pakistan being a member of third world brethren still holds its position among the conventional medicalization. National life is divided into various strands of medical belief system and thus practices regarding diagnosis, curing, treatments, rehabilitation. Health bureaucracy blindly follows the Western medical approaches upon which there are intellectual debates internationally to accept the cultural notions in order to improve the global indicators while accepting the local cultures and their interpretations on such vital aspects of man's civilized life. There is a need to reiterate the health policy as well as the brain set of medical care systems to give the cultural perceptions and thus medical anthropology a due role in deciphering the dream into a reality. This paper attempts to educate the readers about the importance of cultural factors in understanding the disease, illness and healing in cultural settings and also to discuss the role of ethno-medicine that has been acknowledged throughout the world.

The wellness movement may be one of the more intelligent, life-enhancing exports of the United States, and while it has served to inspire healthful behaviors and an active lifestyle for four generations, for millions more the concept of wellness  never caught on. Meg Jordan, PhD, RN, CWP, a professor of Integrative Health at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and Co-President of the National Wellness Institute Board of Directors, has recently published a white paper chronicling the 40-year history of the wellness movement, its benefits and persistent hurdles.

According to Jordan, "Wellness is paradoxically both been lauded as significantly improving lifestyles especially in the workplace, and also condemned as nothing more than a marketing ploy for products ranging from vitamins to dog biscuits. But the actual history reveals it's much more than that"  Dr Jordan's report outlines the milestones of the wellness profession and identifies evidence for its continuing legacy.

This research find outs the main arguments of anti-vaxxers’ discourse analyzing the contents of tweets posted to “#aşıolmayacağım (#iwontgetavaccine) hashtag on Twitter. With regards to discourse theory, social media has an influence on public opinion and public policies. This study identifies the Twitter users’ thoughts about Covid-19, vaccine, public policies, global organizations, scientist, and people vaccinated or not. It points out that the anti-vaccine discourse has been visible for public on Twitter. The investigation of anti-vaccine opinions on Twitter is important for public policy actors providing information and data in the processes of decision making and policy implementation during pandemic.

Infectious diseases cause devastating illnesses in human society, such as Coronovirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ecological study of host-pathogen interactions in their environment is basic to explain the evolution, transmission dynamics and diffusion over space and time of viral agents, role of in ecosystems, impact on host populations and the burden of infectious disease on socioeconomic system. This study endeavors to explain the ecology of COVID-19 considering wind speed in polluted environments that can affect the transmission dynamics of the novel pathogen and related diffusion of COVID-19. The statistical analysis, based on a case study of Italy, suggests that high wind speed can reduce air pollution commingled with viral agents and as a consequence reduce the numbers of infected individuals of COVID-19; in particular, results here reveal that polluted cities having low wind speed (i.e., with atmospheric stability) have a greater number of infected individuals and total deaths. This study suggests the important interaction between atmospheric pollution, atmospheric circulation and transmission dynamics of the novel Coronavirus to support appropriate environmental policy of sustainability directed to reduce concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere and as a consequence the transmission dynamics of pathogen in society, improving air quality and human health.

Aim: To investigate the work of the hospital at Kraljevica (2,000 beds), which treated Skrljevo disease, from its foundation in 1818 until its closure in 1859, with special reference to the causes of death and other disease statuses of the patients treated there. Sources and methods: We investigated the Kraljevica parish death records for the period 1815–1859, as well as reports of patients hospitalized at Skrljevo Hospital in 1826. These sources are preserved in the State Archives in Rijeka,Croatia. The causes of death of those who died in hospital and disease statuses were described and analyzed. Findings: Analysis of hospital reports (Ausweis) for the year 1826 shows that 261 persons (161 women and 100 men) of different ages were hospitalized there. Most of them came from Kraljevica, Delnice, Bribir and Rovinj. The most frequent disease statuses (status morbi) were: angina exulcerata, herpetic lesions and exulcerations on different parts of the body, condylomata, or the patients were simply placed under observation. The data from the Kraljevica parish death records for those who died in hospital in the period 1818–1859, show that the most common causes of death were tabes, febris, dysenteria, pneumonia, phthisis pulmonis, asthma, apoplexia etc. Morbus Skrljevo was the cause of death in six cases. A total of 778 patients died in the hospital during its existence. Conclusion: Skrljevo disease was not a lethal disease, as shown by the analysis of primary sources. Patients were mostly hospitalized in the second stage of syphilis. The hospital in Kraljevica justified its 41 years of existence as it succeeded in eradicating the endemic form of syphilisknown as Skrljevo disease.

In Situ is the Department of Anthropology's undergraduate research journal at the University of Pennsylvania. I supervised the editing and publication process of the Spring 2015 issue as the journal's founder and editor-in-chief.

Table of Contents:

"As Long as You're a Black Wo/man You're an African: Creole Diasporic Politics in the Age of Mestizo Nationalism" by Melanie White

"A Perspective in Healing: Christian Science Practitioners" by Kirsten Myers

"Can the Repatriation of the Murray Black Collection be Considered an Apology? Colonial Institutional Culpability in the Indigenous Australian Fight for Decolonization" by Jordi A. Rivera Prince

"Guatemalan Malnutrition: Combatting the Plight of the Rural Poor with Community-Based Agriculture" by Charlie McClelland

Obat Aborsi Malaysia | Obat Aborsi Di Malaysia | Obat Aborsi Asli Malaysia | Jual Obat Aborsi Malaysia | Harga Obat Aborsi Malaysia | Obat Aborsi 1 Bulan Malaysia | Cytotec Di Malaysia | Obat Peluntur Janin Malaysia | Obat Penggugur Kandungan Di Malaysia.

Si bien los peligros sanitarios y económicos de la resistencia antimicrobiana son ampliamente conocidos, se han vuelto quizás mayores en riesgo que las últimas epidemias virales emergentes. La pregunta es: ¿Porque no se hizo lo suficiente a lo largo de tanto tiempo perdido, y no se hace más hoy? Una de las razones quizás pueda  encontrarse en que la creciente resistencia a los antibióticos ha quedado relativizada por las políticas basadas en la evidencia, que otorgan mayor prioridad terapéutica a determinados problemas de salud en base a la carga económica a que dan lugar. También se ha sumado que, desde la Farmacoeconomía, los estudios comparativos no han sido lo suficientemente demostrativos en cuanto a que el impacto del costo económico de la resistencia a los antibióticos resulte lo suficientemente elevado como para encender las luces de alerta sanitaria. O más crudamente, que analizado el costo global de dicha resistencia frente a la costo – efectividad de las intervenciones necesarias para neutralizarla, la rentabilidad asociada a cuestiones de innovación terapéutica no resulte atractiva

Background The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is higher in Indonesia than in high-income countries. In order to reduce the incidence of the disease, a protocol on preventing, screening and treating ROP was published in Indonesia in 2010. To assist the practical implementation of the protocol, meetings were held in all Indonesia regions, calling attention to the high incidence of ROP and the methods to reduce it. In addition, national health insurance was introduced in 2014, making ROP screening and treatment accessible to more infants. Objective To evaluate whether the introduction of both the guideline drawing attention to the high incidence of ROP and national health insurance may have influenced the incidence of the disease in Indonesia. Setting Data were collected from 34 hospitals with different levels of care: national referral centres, universitybased hospitals, and public and private hospitals. Methods A survey was administered with questions on admission numbers, mortality rates, ROP incidence, and its stages for 2016-2017 in relation to gestational age and birth weight. Results We identified 12 115 eligible infants with a gestational age of less than 34 weeks. Mortality was 24% and any stage ROP 6.7%. The mortality in infants aged less than 28 weeks was 67%, the incidence of all-stage ROP 18% and severe ROP 4%. In the group aged 28-32 weeks, the mortality was 24%, all-stage ROP 7% and severe ROP 4%-5%. Both mortality and the incidence of ROP were highest in university-based hospitals. Conclusions In the 2016-2017 period, the infant mortality rate before 32 weeks of age was higher in Indonesia than in high-income countries, but the incidence of ROP was comparable. This incidence is likely an underestimation due to the high mortality rate. The ROP incidence in 2016-2017 is lower than in surveys conducted before 2015. This decline is likely due to a higher practitioner awareness about ROP and national health insurance implementation in Indonesia. HKWCHC, Harapan Kita Women and Children's Hospital (National Centre for Women and Children's Health); OH, other hospitals; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; RSCM/NRH, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital (national referral hospital); UBH, university-based hospital.

The first aim of our paper is to find out whether the views discussed above regarding female mortality and morbidity can be upheld in light of the latest research results in a European context. The second part of the paper focuses on Hungary and attempts to answer the question of whether health-related variation connected with social differences is greater among men than among women, and whether it is the nature of women’s own social status or the characteristics of their families’ status that has a greater impact on women’s physical condition.

Ingin tampil lebih percaya diri dengan pasang gigi palsu permanen di Jogja? Disini tempatnya untuk pasang gigi tiruan di Yogyakarta. Kami siap melayani implan gigi palsu sesuai kebutuhan Anda dengan ditangani oleh dokter gigi dan perawat gigi terbaik dan kompeten. Kami melayani pemasangan gigi palsu permanen, gigi palsu lepasan, gigi palsu akrilik, gigi palsu valplast, pemasangan crown (mahkota tiruan) dan gigi palsu lain yang aman dan nyaman untuk anak, ibu hamil, orang tua, dan orang dewasa. Siap melayani masyarakat Piyungan, Berbah, Prambanan, Kalasan, Patuk, Dlingo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Sleman, Wonosari, Wates, Jogja, dan sekitarnya. Kami percaya kepuasan dan kesehatan pelanggan adalah prioritas utama kami. Kami siap melayani segala jenis pemasangan gigi palsu permanen dan lepasan dengan berbagai model dan kebutuhan yang terbaru, ternyaman dan paling aman.

The reorganization of hospital and territorial services: social welfare The Italian health system is extended to social welfare benefits provided in the face of needs related to diseases that lead to At the base of this reorganisation is the need to identify an organizational model integrated with the current territorial care pathways, of which the protected remission model for patients in the post-acute phase. The network is an organizational model of increasing importance in the Western welfare, able to implement the organizational and professional resources available. However, the management of social networks has previously had uncertain outcomes. in the Italian social-welfare context for the critical issues in defining this model in the policy objectives and management procedures. The clinical care network is defined in the national health system by D.M. n. 70/2015 that protects the global care of the patient in conditions of appropriateness, effectiveness, efficiency, quality and safety of care, through the relationship between professionals, structures and services that provide health and social health interventions of different types and levels. The impact of the Covid has been to remodulate the existing paths of assistance and care in order to make them functional in dealing with this emergency. The most urgent projects started were developed through models oriented to integration between hospitals and territory. Relations between networks and territorial medicine: the implementation of integration