Pulses

The field experiment was conducted on the seasonal incidence of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer and gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner on black gram at Chatha Farm, SKUAST-Jammu during summer 2018. The data on seasonal fluctuations of spotted pod borer and gram pod borer larval population was first observed during 10 th standard week with an initial population of 0.36 larvae/ m 2 area and 0.46 larvae/ m 2 area, respectively. The maximum larval population of M. vitrata (12.53 larvae/ m 2 area) was recorded during 15 th standard week, whereas, the maximum incidence of H. armigera (9.53 larvae/m 2 area) was recorded 18 th standard week of sown crop. Thereafter, the spotted pod borer and gram pod borer larval population decreased till 23 rd standard week up to 4.42 larvae and 0.26 larvae/ m 2 area, respectively on the same crop. A highly significant positive correlation was existed between weekly mean maximum temperature (0.633**) and spotted pod borer larval density, positively significant correlation with minimum temperature (0.586*), significantly negative correlation with relative humidity morning (-0.551*) and evening (-0.593*). While, the positive correlation between weekly mean maximum temperature (0.466) and gram pod borer larval density, positive correlation with minimum temperature (0.362), negative correlation with relative humidity morning (-0.457) and a significant evening (-0.498*) and non-significant negative correlation with rainfall (-0.252) and significant positive correlation with wind speed (0.489*) were recorded. The regression analysis indicated that all the weather parameters together were responsible for a significant variation of 62.50 and 54.10 per cent on the larval incidence of spotted pod borer and gram pod borer, respectively.

This is the catalog for a 2019 exhibition at the Radcliffe Institute featuring Dario Robleto's work on the nineteenth-century history of the pulse wave as a graphic expression of internal life. Robleto explores the profundity and confusion of this moment, when ineffable sensory and emotional experiences were first made visible as data. The essay pursues a deep investigation of just one of the waveforms on display: a single cerebral pulse wave recorded by Angelo Mosso and his subject Michele Bertino in Turin in 1877.

Lupin is an economical source of protein, fibre and bioactive compounds, and to obtain these health and nutritional benefits lupin flour has been used in bread production. However, addition of more than 10% lupin flour markedly reduces bread quality mainly due to gluten dilution. The main aim of this research was to retain lupin bread quality enriched with higher percentages of lupin flour (20%) by addition of vital gluten powder (0%, 2%, 3.5% and 5%), investigating the effects of lupin variety (Lupinus albus and L. angustifolius) and two baking systems (rapid and sponge & dough). Impact on bread staling qualities was also determined through texture analysis of samples over a 72-h storage period. Compared to lupin bread with nil gluten addition, significant improvements in loaf volume and crumb texture were observed with addition of gluten powder especially at 5% which increased loaf volume by an average of 20% across lupin sources and baking methods, and crumb softness by 30-50%. Differences were observed between the lupin flour sources. L. angustifolius had a reduced weakening effect when blended with the base flour compared with L. albus. The Sponge & Dough process was found to be more suitable to the inclusion of lupin flour than the rapid process.

In race towards high production and profit from agriculture, the farmers are adopting abnormal production technologies like heavy and injudicious use of chemical fertilizers that have reduced the factor productivity due to negative effect on soil fertility status. Therefore, it's an urgent need to optimize the integrated nutrient management in different crops including baby corn. The present study was thus carried out during Kharif season 2015 at the Instructional Dairy Farm (IDF), Nagla, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand to study soil nutrient status under the effect of integrated nutrient management. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design with 11 treatments consisting of sole application of NPK fertilizer, sole application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, and application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum along with NPK fertilizer. The different integrated nutrient management practices had significantly equal organic carbon, however the highest value was recorded at application of 100% NPK and 100% NPK+Azot+Azos. Significantly highest available N and K content was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos whereas available P was recorded significantly highest at 75% NPK+Azot+Azos in soil after crop harvest. Higher apparent nitrogen and potassium balance was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos while apparent phosphorus balance was found highest at application of 75% NPK+Azot+Azos. Application of biofertilizers also had better apparent nutrient balance than alone application of chemical fertilizers. The bacterial population differed significantly by different integrated nutrient management practices. The highest bacterial population was recorded at 100% NPK+Azot+Azos followed by 75% NPK+Azot+Azos but both remained non-significant with each other. INM thus showed positive effect on soil chemical and biological properties, and so maintained positive nutrient balance in soil.

Recent studies of agricultural commodities highlight the role of pulses in export earnings and agro-industry development prospects for Myanmar. This paper analyzes the existing pulses value chain in Myanmar and upgrading mechanisms based on the real-world experiences of chain actors in doing beans and pulses trading. The study detects weak trade facilitation, Sino-Indian export market concentration, and pulse produce quality issues as factors impeding the pulses processing industry's development. Creating an unhampered business environment in trading, and facilitating the emergence of a contract farming regime which can pave a way to conform with pulses quality standards, will ultimately improve the value chain system.

Pulses have always used to be integral part of food since the vedic times (Achaya, 1998). Agri-archaeological researches have revealed that pulses have been grown in the Indian sub-continent for more than 6000 years. We find references to most of the pulses, in the scriptures of ancient India, that we cultivate today (Nene, 2000). Pulses constitute a very important source of dietary protein for majority of the Indian people, as they provide a perfect mix of vegetable protein component of high biological value when supplemented with cereals. It is also an excellent feed and fodder for livestock. These crops are also endowed with the ability to improve nutrient supply in soils through addition of organic matter (leaf drop) and nitrogen, by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, carbon sequestration, and soil amelioration. Since pulses have ability to have low water requirement and capability to withstand harsh climate, pulses have remained an integral component of sustainable crop production system in the dry areas. They offer good scope for crop diversification and intensification. This is more significant in view of the impending danger of non-availability of nitrogen as fertilizer from petroleum

Nutrient imbalance is one of the major abiotic constraints limiting productivity of
pulses. Pulses required less fertilizer in comparison to cereals and oilseeds but time and
method of application is important. The inbuilt mechanism of biological N2
fixation enables
pulses to meet 80-90 % of their nitrogen requirements; hence a small dose of 15 - 25 kg N ha1
is sufficient to meet out the requirements of pulses. In the recent years, use of sulphur (20-
30 kg ha-1) and some of the micronutrient such as Zn, B, Mo and Fe have improved
productivity of pulse crops considerably in many pockets. Band placement of phosphatic
fertilizers and use of bio-fertilizers enhances the efficiency of applied as well as native P.
There is urgent need to address environmental issues and other hazards emerging out of
the imbalanced use of nutrients.
Availability of pulses could be increased by horizontal expansion of area and vertical
intensification of productivity. Pulses can be easily included in the prevailing cropping
systems as mixed or intercrops. Large chunk of rice fallows can be brought under pulses
production during rabi season. The productivity of pulses could be enhanced by increasing
quality seed availability, efficient agronomic management and keeping the crops free from
abiotic and biotic stresses. This would eventually lead to the increased availability and
decreased import of pulses in the country.

Wilt/root rot diseases are a major chickpea production
constraint in Ethiopia causing yield losses by reducing
the number of plants. To determine the current status of
disease incidence and distribution, surveys were conducted
in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cropping seasons in major
chickpea growing zones of Ethiopia. Despite recent efforts in
dissemination of improved varieties, low to high incidence
of 0.0–83.4, 0.0–27.6, 1.3–19.8 and 0.0–16.3% and 1.0–81.9,
0.0–25.5, 3.0–13.9 and 1.0–21.5% in East Gojjam, Southwest
Shewa, North Shewa and West Shewa in 2013/2014
and 2014/2015, respectively. Therefore, integrated pest
management strategies should be developed and availed to
farmers.

Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs-based

Most charring experiments are carried out in the muffle furnace in highly controlled conditions and tackle the taphonomic issues of seed shrinkage and distortion caused by carbonisation. This paper presents the results from charring experiments conducted using real fire conditions. The objective of this study is to reproduce the charring processes that occur naturally and so address the issue of preservation biases which occurred in prehistoric contexts of carbonisation. This is particularly important in addressing the possible overrepresentation of rice over other taxa in the archaeological record. Prior charring experiments focus on Old World crops, but in this study the taxa used are East, South and Southeast Asian cereals and pulses. An ethnographic study conducted in Thailand examining the rice processing stages of dehusking and winnowing is also included since differential preservation may also result from crop processing. Archaeological results from sites in Mainland Southeast Asia are then interpreted using the results of the charring experiments and the ethnographic data.

The United Nation declared 2016 as international year of pulses, given its importance in food and nutrition security and source of income and employment to small and marginal farmers’ in developing countries. Historically India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Pulses production in India is about 19 million tonnes, every year India is importing about 3-4 million tonnes of pulses to meet its annual demand of 22-23 million tonnes. Even though there is a significant increase in pulses production in the last decade from 15 million tonnes to 18-19 million tonnes due to the implementation of National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (APPP) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), there is little improvement in production of kharif pulses. There is a lot of scope in expanding area under rice fallows in eastern and southern India and crop diversification from rice-wheat to cereal-pulse based cropping systems in northern India. And increase yield in 50% of the pulses growing districts to atleast 1 ton/ha in the near future. These strategies will help in decreasing demand and supply gaps in pulses in the near future. If we dont take efforts to increase pulses production, India has to import nearly 5-7 million tons by 2025, where world trade of pulses are only 12 million tonnes. That too Indian consumers prefere arhar, moong and urad for which world supply is very limited

A study was conducted in Samba district of kandi belt (water scarce) of J&K during the agriculture year 2016-17 where cultivation of pulses is generally practiced by the farmers for livelihood security. Using multistage sampling technique, a sample of 120 farmers was selected and analysed to reveal that there were three types of channels involved in marketing of the major pulses urd bean, mungbean and gram viz. producer-village trader-wholesalerretailer-consumer (Channel-I), producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer (Channel-II) and producer-consumer (Channel-III). For all the major pulses, marketing efficiency was highest in channel-III (3.11 for uradbean, 6.47 for mungbean and f05.98 for gram) followed by channel-II and channel-I. This suggests that the marketing efficiency in different channels was highest when there was no marketing intermediary involved between producers and consumers and the produce was sold directly from producer to consumer. It was also found that the major marketing constraints involved in marketing of major pulses in the study area were lack of remunerative prices for the produce, unorganized market, high cost of transportation and lack of market information.

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Our monthly magazine 'www.CommodityIndia.com'; is well circulated among the corporate & trading circles and in existence since 15 years. Our magazine contains a good combination of trade related information, government policies, research on the 'economics' of various commodities & critical analysis on the 'policy issues' Since the inception, our magazine has grown at a faster pace because of our strong research base & media presence. Our magazine has a wide circulation through direct subscribers & also through participation in various exhibitions/conferences & trade fairs by establishing exclusive display stall.

The United Nation declared 2016 as international year of pulses, given its importance in food and nutrition security and source of income and employment to small and marginal farmers in developing countries. Historically India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Pulses production in India is about 19 million tonnes, every year India is importing about 3-4 million tonnes of pulses to meet its annual demand of 22-23 million tonnes. Even though there is a significant increase in pulses production in the last decade from 15 million tonnes to 18-19 million tonnes due to the implementation of National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (APPP) and Rastria Krishi Vikas Yojana(RKVY), there is little improvement in production of kharif pulses. There is a lot of scope in expanding area under rice fallows in eastern and southern India and crop diversification from rice-wheat to cereal-pulse based cropping systems in northern India. The paper discusses strategies followed to increase pulses production in the last decade and the way forward to sustain the increased production. There are some isolated success stories like
chickpea revolution in Andhra Pradesh and spring moong/urad in irrigated areas, expansion of area under pigeonpea in eastern India in the last decade. However, for effective upscale of these isolated
success stories, there is a need for an integrated approach through strengthening NFSM and APPP along with policy prescription to strengthen entire value chain from production, procurement and
distribution through public-private partnerships. The two policy instruments, Minimum Support Price and adjustments to tariff rates needs to be used judiciously to bridge the gap between demand
and supply, to provide proper inceptive to farmers to increase production at the same to reduce spikes in open market prices to safeguard consumers

Broad bean or faba bean (Vicia faba) is one of the oldest domesticated pulses. This grain legume from the Fabaceae family is nowadays cultivated in almost all regions of the world. Faba bean attracts a growing attention due to nutritional, agronomic and economical advantages. This legume distinguishes itself by a high protein content and a balanced amino acids profile, except for a low level of methionine and cysteine. It is also a rich source of other beneficial nutrients including dietary fibres, minerals and phenolic compounds. It is less prone to develop off-flavours and has low-fat content and light cotyledon colour, which makes it suitable to incorporate in several food matrices to increase protein content and nutritional value. Faba bean use has been, however, restricted due to the presence of antinutrients, such as enzyme inhibitors, phytates, condensed tannins, oligosaccharides, and the pyrimidine glycosides vicine and convicine. The reduction of faba bean antinutrients thr...

Cultivation of pulses in India has been pushed to less favorable production environment during the last four decades due to decline in their relative profitability for producers. Policies like subsidies on chemical fertilizer and irrigation have raised margin of some crops over pulses. Though subsidies benefit users (farmers) their cost is borne by the society. Thus, real comparison of income or profitability from various production activities from long term and society's perspective should include social cost and benefits. Contribution of pulses to society is not appropriately assessed if it is based solely on market prices of input and outputs. Pulses contribute to society and environment through various means. In the production process, pulses improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. They reduce the need for fertilizers and enhance the arable quality of the soil. The paper compares net income from pulses and other crops at existing market price, economic prices which net out effect of subsidies and in terms of natural resource valuation which take into account effect on natural resources and environment. Pulses are found to be more paying than the competing crops on overall basis though they generate lower income at market prices. Crop shifts in favor of pulses is found to be environment friendly as pulses cultivation involves much lower emission of Green House gases compared to other competing crops.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is a multi-functional crop with important role in the diet as affordable protein source and in sustaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. However, its productivity in Ethiopia of 1.9 t ha-1 is lower than its potential of 5 t ha-1 under well managed conditions, partly due to soil fertility limitations. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate effectiveness of elite rhizobia strains on productivity of chickpea. Four rhizobial inoculant treatments and one control with three chickpea varieties were used. Inoculated plants had significantly (p<0.05) better performance with most of the symbiotic traits, grain yield and yield related traits than non-inoculated treatments. Shoot nitrogen yield was increased in the range of 13.0 – 31.34% by inoculation with strain ICRE-025 over the two test sites. The highest level of N fixation was achieved in genotype ICC-4918 by inoculation with EAL-029 and ICRE-025. Investigations at both test sites demonstrated that inoculation of chickpea varieties with native rhizobial strains were effective and useful for optimized chickpea production.

Punjab is the highest contributor in the cultivation of wheat and paddy but it lags behind in cultivation of pulses. The production of pulses is declining and its variability has increased in the past four decades. The
present study is an attempt to examine the pattern of growth and instability in area, production and productivity of pulses in Punjab. The time series data for the period 1985-86 to 2017-2018 regarding area, production andnyield of pigeon peas, urad bean, peas, mung bean, chickpea, lentil as well as total pulses as a whole has been
used to compute compound growth rates, coefficient of variation, Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDI) and Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) to attain the objectives of the study. The growth rate of area and production of total pulses showed a decline of 6.17 and 5.60 percent per annum, respectively, but showed positive significant change in productivity, i.e., 0.61 percent per annum for pulses during the study period. The declining growth rate of area and production may be due to dominant wheat and paddy monoculture, mechanized farming (which leads to more production of other profitable crops) and the risk associated with pulses in terms of yield and profitability also leads to replacement of area under pulses. Mung bean is the major grown crop in Punjab as it constituted
about 71 percent of area and 68 percent of total pulses production during TE 2017-18. The results of instability shows that almost all the pulses observed more variation in the production and least in the productivity. It is suggested that there is a need to strengthen research and development (R&D) for improving productivity of pulses in state. More focus should be given to the summer crops like mung bean which emerged as a good source of income to the farmers.

Öz: Türkiye'nin de öncülük ettiği baklagillere dikkat çekmek ve yararları konusunda farkındalık yaratma adına 2016 yılı Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) tarafından " Uluslararası Bakliyat Yılı " ilan edilmiştir. Söz konusu karardan hareketle bu çalışmada mercimek, Ziraat Coğrafyası kapsamında türlü yönleriyle ele alınmış bunun sonucunda da faaliyetle ilgili yapılması gerekenler hakkında önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Türkiye'nin mercimeğin gen merkezi içinde yer alması, aynı şekilde ilk olarak kültüre alındığı sahalardan biri olması tarım tarihi açısından dikkat çekicidir. Türk zirai hayatında önemli değişimlerin yaşandığı bir ürün olan mercimek, ticari ve kültür hayatında da özel ve de önemli bir yere sahiptir. Uzun yıllar dünya mercimek üretiminde ilk sırada yer alan Türkiye, aynı zamanda bu ürünün uluslararası ticaretini de belirleyen bir konumdayken zamanla bu üstünlüğünü yitirmiştir. 2014'e gelindiğinde Türkiye'de baklagil ekim alanlarının % 33 gibi önemli bir kısmı mercimeğe ayrılmasına karşın, ülkemiz mercimek üretiminde dünya genelinde 4. sırada yer almıştır. Abstract: The year of 2016 has been declared as " International Pulse Year " by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to point out the legume family which also Turkey pioneered the cultivation and so as to raise awareness on the subject of the benefits of leguminosae. In this study, with reference to the given decision, the lentil has been discussed for its various sides in the scope of Agricultural Geography and consequently it has been made suggestions about what to do for the activity. In terms of agricultural history it is noteworthy because of the fact that Turkey is located in the gene center of lentil and also for the resason of that Turkey is one of the first cultured field. Lentil as such a product of significant changes in Turkish agricultural life has a special and important place in commercial and cultural life of Turkey. While Turkey has taken place on the top at the world lentil production for many years and at the same time has had determining also the international trade of this product, it has lost its supremacy at the time. By 2014 despite the fact that as the 33 % a significant portion of legume cultivation areas in Turkey has been set apart, the country was ranked at lentil production 4th in the World.

The present study assesses the market integration of chickpea in India from 2003 to 2010. The month end prices of chickpea for twelve markets in north India were used for the study. Out of twelve markets, only three markets are cointegrated, indicating weak integration of chickpea markets in India. However, the terminal markets located in major consuming (Delhi) and export/import locations (Dohad/Gujarat) clearly play an important role in price discovery and influences other domestic markets indicating the relevance of the import prices and large consuming centres on local market prices. Error correction terms indicate that the adjustment process from short-term disequilibrium in prices to long run price equilibrium is very slow. Overall, there is evidence of weak cointegration in the chickpea markets in North India and imports and major consuming centres are playing an important role in price discovery in domestic chickpea markets.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) are the most important grain legumes
covering 21.3% of the total acreage (1.6 million ha) and 24.1% of production (23.2 millon tons) of
all pulse crops in Ethiopia (CSA 2012). They are grown by more than 1.7 million farmers; are major
staple food legumes and are a good source of dietary protein (17 %, 23%). These crops require low
input for production and can maintain and restore soil fertility (can fix up to 60 kg N /ha/year).
Moreover, they are high potential crops for domestic and export markets and considered to be
strategic crops for national food security and agricultural development in the country. Two different
types of seed supply systems, formal and informal (community seed production) are known in
Ethiopia. To date the majority chickpea and lentil producers obtain their seed for planting informally
from own saved seed or through local exchange. The informal seed system for chickpea and lentil
currently operates at the individual farmer or community level and depends on local knowledge of
plant and seed selection, sourcing, retaining and management, as well as local diffusion mechanisms.
It is, therefore, important to continually search for solutions to improve the availability of, access to
and use of quality seed required by farmers. In this paper, we provide an overview of community
seed production and delivery systems of chickpea and lentil operating in the country; review the
initiatives and document best approaches to improve the availability of improved quality seeds to
farmers in order to maximize productivity of these crops in Ethiopia.

Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops of Asian countries. Most of the commercially grown mungbean varieties are green seeded  but a yellow seeded mungbean line has been developed at BARDC very recently which is also a short dutaion line. Its yield is 1200-1300Mt/acre. It requires less amount of turmeric to make its food products and the products are also tasty.Proximate analysis also revealed the fact that it has also reduced level of fat than the green seeded varieties.

Pulses are not only vital ingredient of human diet but they are equally important to the health of humans and agricultural soils as well. The study revealed that the share of area and production of pulses in total food grains production has gone up. The area under total pulses in TE-2003 was worked out to be 7.52% of the total area under food grains in the region, which became almost, double, i.e. 14.48% in TE-2016.Production of pulses went up from 2.99% in TE-2003 to 6.22% in TE-2016 and productivity of pulses has also improved (635.01 Kg/ha to 910.68 Kg/ha) during study period. The Compound growth rates of area and production were found positive in all the states. Though there is a wide gap between consumption and production, on account of low productivity of pulses, they are not able to compete with profitability of cereal crops, thus resulting in decreased area.

Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc.] is minor legume, which belongs to family Fabaceace. It is a potential grain legume having excellent nutritional quality with better resilience property to adapt harsh environment conditions. Seven released varieties and five advanced breeding lines of horsegram were procured from All India Coordinated Research Project – Dryland Agriculture, Vijayapur. The horsegram were analyzed for physical properties i.e., length, breadth, length to breadth, hundred kernel weight, hundred kernel volume and bulk density and functional properties i.e., hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity, swelling index and per cent germination. The physical properties and functional characteristics varied significantly among the varieties. The length ranged from 5.575-6.133 mm, breadth ranged from 3.558-4.132mm and length to breadth ratio ranged from 1.415-1.625 respectively. The bulk density ranged from 1.415 – 1.652 g/ml. The functional characteristics of horsegram varieties ranged viz., hydration capacity (0.024-0.036 g/grain), swelling capacity (0.020-0.040 ml/grain) varied significantly. The germination per cent was highest in DHG01 (94%) and lowest in VHG15 (71.33%).

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major growth limiting factors throughout the world and especially in Pakistan. Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of P levels and tillage depths (cm) on phenology and growth of mungbean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek, cv. NM-54), under irrigated and un-irrigated conditions. Two separate fields were used for irrigated and un-irrigated conditions at New Developmental Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during summer 2012.The experiment in each field was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications. Three tillage depths (45, 30 and 15 cm) were allotted to main plots, while P levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha-1) were allotted to sub plots. The results revealed that P application
at the two higher rates (60 and 90 kg P ha-1) hastened days to flowering (46 days each) and pod formation (55 & 54 days, respectively), increased plant height (73 & 68 cm, respectively), number of leaves plant-1 (19 each) and straw yield (1859& 1992 kg ha-1, respectively). Plots tilled 45 cm deep delayed flowering (48 days) and pod formation (57 days). However, tillage depths had no significant effect on other growth parameters and straw yield. Irrigated plots took more days to flowering (48 days) and pod formation (57 days), produced taller plants (69 cm), more number of leaves plant-1 (18) and straw yield (1889 kg ha-1) when compared with un-irrigated plots. In the light of these results, we concluded that P application at the rate 60 kg P ha-1was considered the most suitable P rate for improving mungbean productivity under irrigated and un-irrigated condition. Deep tillage (45 cm) was considered more beneficial in terms
of higher mungbean productivity under un-irrigated condition, while shallow tillage (15 cm) was better under irrigated
condition in the study area.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is a multi-functional crop with important role in the diet as affordable protein source and in sustaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. However, its productivity in Ethiopia of 1.9 t ha-1 is lower than its potential of 5 t ha-1 under well managed conditions, partly due to soil fertility limitations. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate effectiveness of elite rhizobia strains on productivity of chickpea. Four rhizobial inoculant treatments and one control with three chickpea varieties were used. Inoculated plants had significantly (p&lt;0.05) better performance with most of the symbiotic traits, grain yield and yield related traits than non-inoculated treatments. Shoot nitrogen yield was increased in the range of 13.0 – 31.34% by inoculation with strain ICRE-025 over the two test sites. The highest level of N fixation was achieved in genotype ICC-4918 by inoculation with EAL-029 and ICRE-025. Investigations at both test sites demonst...

For the purpose of finding alternative ways to synthetic insecticides to fight against pests that ravage stored pulses, rosemary’s (Rosmarinus officinalis (L)) (Lamiaceae) essential oils have been tested against cowpea weevils (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab)) (Coleoptera, Bruchinae) reared on chickpea (Cicer arietinum (L)) seeds. The chickpea seeds have been infested with ten newly-hatched pairs of cowpea weevils, then fumigated with increasing concentrations of 0, 4, 6, 8 or 10μl of rosemary’s essential oils per liter of air. These essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The compound groups were predominantly monoterpenes (93.06%), 74.93% of which were oxygenated and 18.13% hydrocarbonated. The main components in the oxygenated monoterpenes are eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) (50,42%), camphor (17.73%) and borneol (5.99%), while the 3-carene (12.05%) is the most represented compound in the hydrocarbonated monoterpenes. The remaining constituents represent only 6.94% of essential oils. Rosem...

RESUMEN El libro III del tratado de Galeno titulado Sobre las causas en los pulsos explica las llamadas causas secundarias de alteración en los pulsos, las cuales se clasifican en tres clases, de las que en este libro Galeno describirá dos: las llamadas causas naturales y las causas no naturales. PALABRAS CLAVE: Medicina, Galeno, Esfigmología, Causas secundarias de alteración en los pulsos. GALEN'S DOCTRINE ABOUT THE CAUSES IN THE PULSES. V: THE NATURAL SECUNDARY CAUSES AND THE NON NATURAL ONES ABSTRACT The book III of the Galen's treatise entitled About the Causes in the Pulses explains the so-called secundary causes of alteration in the pulses, which are classified into three classes but in this book Galen will describe only two: the so-labelled natural causes and the non natural ones. KEY WORDS: Medicine, Galen, Sphygmology, Secundary Causes of alteration in the pulses. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El tratado titulado Περὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς σφυγμοῖς αἰτίων, Sobre las causas en los pulsos, se divide en cuatro partes, a cada una de las cuales Galeno las denominó βιβλίον y las numeró con las letras del alfabeto (Α, Β, Γ, Δ). Del contenido de los dos primeros libros (Α y Β) nos hemos ocupado en estudios anteriores, en los que hemos comentado las causas sinécticas (o continentes), es decir, las causas primarias que pueden generar pulsos nuevos (causas primarias generadoras) o pueden alterar pulsos ya existentes (causas primarias alteradoras) 1 :-las causas generadoras, explicadas en el libro primero, afectan a la facultad elaboradora del pulso (entiéndase el corazón) y a los órganos que lo transmiten por todo el cuerpo (entiéndanse las arterias);-las causas alteradoras del pulso son una o varias anomalías que se produ-cen en el cuerpo y que afectan al corazón y a las arterias. En consecuencia, el pulso FORTVNATAE, Nº 29; 2019, PP. 91-106

This presentation classifies, enumerates and itemizes the five elements of polyrhythm, which constitutes the theoretical framework for the polyrhythmic analysis of the traditional genres of Puerto Rico –from the micro to the macrostructure.
The polyrhythmic analysis of the traditional genres of Puerto Rico is based on the tresillo (3+3+2), whose rhythmic cells conforms the phrases, which at the same time conforms the musical forms that are molded by the variation techniques.