Salerno

The contribution left by Luigi Staibano to the local history of the Amalfi coast is the main theme of this paper. In the past his works were not appreciated but today we can affirm the value of his micro-historical researches as a container of interesting antropological suggestions about these lands. He was born into a wealthy family of lawyers and he lived between Maiori and Salerno during the second half of 19th century. Staibano was much more than a 'failed historian', he was a man of his time. The century of romanticism and Italian national unification influenced his works. Furthermore, the observation of his family's coat of arm is also an important element in order to understand his behavior and point of view as a member of a certain community.

Qui si propone la prima edizione critica del volume iniziale relativo all’inedita Raccolta di memorie storiche per Maiori di Luigi Staibano. L’intento del presente lavoro è garantire la piena e immediata fruibilità di una fonte storica dimenticata ma preziosa per l’intera Costa d’Amalfi. La Raccolta di memorie ha vissuto un processo editoriale complesso e travagliato che non è stato mai portato a termine dall’autore. Nella presente edizione si tiene conto di queste difficoltà, segnalando i punti critici del testo con aggiunte a piè di pagina. Al volume  precede una parte introduttiva ove vengono raccolte tutte le fonti reperibili sul
profilo dell’autore. La ricerca è stata approfondita e sistematizzata con il recupero di documenti d’archivio riportati in appendice. Nella scheda di presentazione, inoltre, si propone il primo studio araldico sul blasone della famiglia Staibano. Quindi, oltre che sul valore dell’opera, si richiama l’attenzione sull’autore e sulle sue umane contraddizioni.

Pubblicazione realizzata a supporto del concorso internazionale “Edifici mondo: concorso per il recupero del centro antico di Salerno” (Comune di Salerno, Salerno 1997), a cura di Andrea Morpurgo, Bernardo Secchi, Paola Viganò, Laura Mascino, Ufficio di Piano del Comune di Salerno.

La parte collinare del centro storico è caratterizzata da forti pendenze e dalla presenza di numerosi conventi eretti a partire dall'XI secolo, destinati nel tempo ad altri usi e oggi in gran parte abbandonati, definiti "Edifici Mondo" per la loro dimensione e complessità. L'are è inoltre ricca di punti panoramici e frammenti di giardini, tra cui il restaurato giardino della Minerva. Nel 1997 il Comune di Salerno ha bandito un concorso internazionale di idee con tre obiettivi:
1. Formulare ipotesi di restauro e di trasformazione d'uso dei grandi edifici abbandonati, denominati "Edifici Mondo" per la loro dimensione e complessità;
2. Spezzare l'isolamento di questa parte del centro storico e migliorarne l'accessibilità con nuovi impianti di risalita e parcheggi d'interscambio;
3. Ridisegnare lo spazio pubblico, recuperare piazze e punti d'osservazione, aprire percorsi alternativi attraverso cortili e giardini, creare le condizioni per il risanamento del tessuto edilizio minore.

Il Concorso fu vinto dal progetto degli architetti giapponesi Sejima-Nishizawa, con riconoscimenti ai progetti degli architetti Monestiroli e De Las Casas, relativo alla sistemazione della parte alta del Centro Storico con particolare riferimento ad alcuni antichi complessi edilizi (Palazzo S. Massimo, ex Conventi di S. Francesco, S. Pietro a Maiella e S. Giacomo, e Santa Maria della Consolazione, a lungo adibiti a carceri ed in seguito dismessi).

Ricostruzione delle vicende politico-amministrative ed economiche legate all'impianto di un mulino-trappeto nei locali già appartenuti al soppresso convento agostiniano di Buccino.
Estratto da Annali Storici di Principato Citra, XIV, 1, 2016, pp. 124-153

Picking up from where John F. Benton left off in his 1985 study announcing the discovery of the *Practica* of Trota of Salerno, the present investigation brings together all known evidence for the writings and precepts of this early 12th-century Salernitan healer, for whom we have no other contemporary evidence beyond these writings themselves.  Using the evidence of the *Practica secundum Trotam* (“Practical Medicine According to Trota”) as well as the compendium *De egritudinum curatione* (a collection of excerpts from the works of seven Salernitan “masters,” including Trota) and the *De curis mulierum* (“On Treatments for Women”) and even an Anglo-Norman text which purports to record the teachings of Trota, I argue that collation of this evidence shows that Trota's oeuvre was probably much larger than previously suspected. Trota’s historicity was already established by Benton, and she can now be clearly distinguished from the textual fiction “Trotula,” which is in reality just the title of an ensemble of the *De curis mulierum* and two other, unrelated texts of likely male authorship. The present study offers further circumstantial evidence about the historic Trota, suggesting that it is possible to place her in the early 12th century. She was to some extent aware of and in dialogue with fellow male practitioners in Salerno, but she remained peripheral to the general trends toward theory and sophisticated pharmacopeia that characterized the work of her male contemporaries. The study includes editions and translations of excerpts of Trota’s authentic works and other *testimonia*.

Now that a fair amount of Anglo-Norman medical literature has been edited (most of it by the Oxford scholar, Tony Hunt), it is possible to give some assessment of the genesis of this unusually early corpus of vernacular medical writing. Like the Anglo-Saxon medical corpus before it, the Anglo-Norman corpus makes a fundamentally Mediterranean system of medicine accessible to readers (and auditors) in the north. In fact, England was one of the biggest markets for southern Italian medicine in the 12th and 13th centuries: of all the Latin medical works circulating in this period, whether new compositions and translations or old classics, England had copies of well over half. Therefore, it becomes of interest to see which of those many works were chosen for translation into the vernacular. Although works of basic therapeutic utility like Roger of Frugardi’s *Chirurgia* and Johannes Platearius’s *Practica brevis* are known in unique copies, the field most represented in Anglo-Norman medical literature is women’s medicine: gynecology and cosmetics. The gynecological texts are all translations of some form or another of the so-called *Trotula* text, which came out of 12th-century Salerno, specifically the *Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum* (Book on Women’s Conditions). Likewise, the two known cosmetics works have clear signs of derivation from southern Italian practices. I hypothesize that these works may have been commissioned by women, who knew of the medical lore coming out of southern Italy through a variety of Norman contacts. Just how new works in “the French of England” interacted with older Anglo-Saxon terminology is an issue still in need of investigation.

Un omaggio musicale alla fama dei Diavoli Rossi di Pianella.
Un chiaro esempio di formazione bandistica ottocentesca che rappresentava una intera comunità con la passione per la bella musica.

Il maestro nacque a Salerno il 17 novembre 1871,
apparteneva ad una famiglia di musicisti. Suo
padre, di origine palermitana, fu allievo del
Maestro Mercante.
Studiò nel Regio Conservatorio di S. Pietro
a Maiella di Napoli con Costantino Palumbo
e Giuseppe Martucci (pianoforte), Camillo
De Nardis e Paolo Serrao (armonia e
composizione). A 18 anni uscì dal R.
Conservatorio e fu dapprima direttore
della Banda del Riformatorio V.E. di
Napoli e successivamente della banda di
Torremaggiore1 (Foggia).
Il 10 marzo 1897 fu chiamato per dirigere la
Banda di Acquaviva delle Fonti, pochi giorni
dopo la partenza rocambolesca del Maestro
Riccardo Costantini per raggiungere Pianella
(1897-1902), come riportato nel libro La
banda musicale di Pianella, origini, successi,
prospettive future (2013).
Fu uno dei più grandi maestri concertatori del
XIX secolo.

In the province of Salerno there are two interesting buildings designed by Roberto Narducci, the Post Office Building in Salerno itself, and the Railway Station in Battipaglia. These two works represent the classicist and the modernist models of his architectural style, and they are an example of the two types of buildings which he designed for the newly established Ministry of Communications. The heavy restoration of both these buildings gives the opportunity to make a point on their realization in the Fascist Age and on their present situation too.

This essay offers the philological background to the edition of the Trotula standardized ensemble that was published (with a facing-page English translation) by University of Pennsylvania Press in 2001.  As demonstrated in full detail here, the Trotula ensemble is actually a grouping of three different texts, each of separate authorship, that were likely produced in the southern Italian town of Salerno in the 12th century.  Each of these three texts—the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum (Book on the Conditions of Women), the De curis mulierum (On Treatments for Women), and the De ornatu mulierum (On Women’s Cosmetics)—circulated independently and each is found in two or more different versions.  By the late 12th century, the three works were combined and then this ensemble went through its own textual development; I identify at least six distinct versions.  The essay surveys all 122 Latin manuscripts of the texts that were known to me at the time.  It also builds on the findings of John F. Benton, who was the first to show that the Renaissance editor of the Trotula thoroughly rearranged the text, erasing any last traces that there were three component works (and three authors).  Hence, the Renaissance edition fixed for the next 400 years a false understanding of these works and their possible associations with a female author.  In a final section of this study, I describe the medieval vernacular translations and Latin re-writings in relation to the Latin tradition.

For fuller information on the Latin Trotula manuscripts, see Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts.  Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” Scriptorium 50 (1996), 137-175.  For the vernacular manuscripts, see Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts.  Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re-Writings,” Scriptorium 51 (1997), 80-104.  For further information on the historic female writer and medical practitioner Trota of Salerno (who is only to be associated with the De curis mulierum text), see Monica H. Green, “Reconstructing the Oeuvre of Trota of Salerno,” in La Scuola medica Salernitana: Gli autori e i testi, ed. Danielle Jacquart and Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Edizione Nazionale ‘La Scuola medica Salernitana’, 1 (Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007), 183-233; and chapter 1 of Monica H. Green, Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

In 2000, I first laid plans for a comprehensive database on Latin medicine in the "long 12th century," the period ca. 1075 to ca. 1225 when medicine in western Europe was transformed by, among other things, the infusion of new medical texts from the Islamicate world. In 2004, during my Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, I started in earnest to collect materials, and in 2009 I created a Blackboard site to gather all these materials on my university's internal server. In 2019, my employing institution at the time decided to terminate their contract with Blackboard, so I had to take down all the materials I collected. I therefore decided to share draft versions of some of these files, so that other users can make use of them until a permanent home for the database is found.

The Articella is the term we use to refer to a collection of introductory Latin texts used to teach medicine. First compiled at the end of the 11th century, in one form or another the collection was used in European universities until the 16th century. Here are its (earliest) component parts (not all components appear in all MSS, nor is the order fixed):
1) Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius), Isagoge (trans. from the Arabic by Constantinus Africanus [CA])
2) Hippocratic Aphorisms (anon. trans. from Greek)
3) Hippocratic Prognostics (trans. CA)
4) Galen, Tegni (anon. trans. from Greek)
5) Philaretus on pulses (anon. trans. from Greek)
6) Theophilus on urines (anon. trans. from Greek)
7) Hippocratic Regimen in Acute Diseases (trans. CA)

Feel free to contact me with any questions: monica.h.green@gmail.com.

ENGLISH 
How a dictatorship arises? How Fascism conquered a province, such as Salerno, where it was almost completely inexistent until the March on Rome? What changes it brought in social and political dynamics? These are the questions at the heart of this book. In Salerno, like in many other places of Southern Italy, Mussolini’s regime was «conformist». It represented, indeed, an adaptation of citizens and ruling class to the new political system after that it had come to power. But the Fascism of Salerno was also other: acting in a stage in which the mass society was more and more developed, it introduced many innovations in the political practice. The black shirts of Salerno, moreover, had to face one of the most prominent national representatives of anti-Fascism, Giovanni Amendola, who exercised a strong hegemony on the province and influenced their action. A further peculiarity was the heterogeneity of the socio-political dynamics, as the province included both industrial areas, where also agriculture was modern, and less developed zones, immersed in a backward rural dimension. These elements make particularly interesting the case of the province of Salerno in order to understand the dynamics which led to the collapse of the liberal system and to the emergence of the dictatorship.

ITALIAN 
Come nasce una dittatura? Come ha fatto il fascismo a conquistare una provincia dove prima della marcia su Roma era quasi inesistente? Quali cambiamenti ha apportato nella società e nelle dinamiche politiche salernitane? Sono queste le domande alle quali cerca di rispondere il presente volume. A Salerno, come in molte altre province meridionali, il regime fu «conformista». Rappresentò, infatti, un adeguamento della popolazione e della classe dirigente al nuovo sistema politico dopo che questo si era affermato. Ma il fascismo salernitano fu anche altro: operando in una fase in cui la società di massa si stava facendo strada sempre di piú, introdusse numerose innovazioni nella prassi politica. Le camicie nere di Salerno, del resto, dovettero confrontarsi con uno dei massimi esponenti nazionali dell’antifascismo, Giovanni Amendola, che esercitava una forte egemonia nella provincia e condizionò la loro azione. Ulteriore peculiarità della realtà salernitana consisteva nella eterogeneità delle dinamiche socio-politiche, giacché al suo interno vi erano sia aree industrializzate e dotate di un’agricoltura specializzata sia territori molto meno progrediti, immersi in un’arretrata dimensione rurale. Questi elementi fanno sì che il caso della provincia di Salerno sia particolarmente interessante per comprendere le dinamiche cha hanno permesso il crollo dello Stato liberale e l’instaurazione della dittatura.

This is a "stub" for the 2017 version. The most recent version was posted in 2023 (https://www.academia.edu/97430512/). See https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen/Trota-and-the-'Trotula';; for all posted materials.

If you need a copy of the 2017 version for reference purposes, please feel free to write me: monica.h.green@gmail.com.

Il seguente contributo intende fornire una sintesi essenziale dello stato delle ricerche di carattere storico, filologico e archeologico relative alla tramandata presenza degli Etruschi nel golfo di Salerno. La documentazione oggi disponibile sembra dimostrare un precoce rapporto tra i Tirreni, insediati anche nel territorio picentino, e le terre a sud del fiume Sele, ambiente solo successivamente interessato dalla nascita delle poleis greche. Questi antichi contatti, percettibili, ad esempio, attraverso le vicende che portano alla nascita di Poseidonia, persistono nella successive fasi storiche della città. Lo studio delle dinamiche sviluppatesi tra le varie componenti etniche, o il confronto di alcuni aspetti culturali e materiali, permettono di osservare, in trasparenza, fenomeni interattivi inediti. Queste ricerche incoraggiano, inoltre, ulteriori attività di indagine interdisciplinare, finalizzate alla comprensione della natura e del grado di intensità della presenza degli Etruschi a mezzogiorno del Sele. A sud del fiume infatti, questi rapporti appaiono suggeriti dalla particolare toponomastica preromana del Vallo di Diano e del Cilento, e possono essere alla base dell'origine stessa del toponimo Cilento, dal nome di una dea etrusca.

The following contribution is intended to provide a summary of the essential state of the research in history, philology and archaeology regarding the presence of the Etruscans in the Gulf of Salerno. The documentation available today seems to show a relationship between early Thyrrenoi, settled in the Picentino, and the lands south of the Sele river, only afterwards affected by the birth of the Greek cities. These early contacts, perceptible, for example, through the events that lead to the birth of Poseidonia, persist in successive historical phases of the city. The study of the dynamics  developed between the various ethnic groups, or the comparison of some cultural aspects and materials, make possible to observe, in transparency, interactive phenomena unpublished. These studies encourage further interdisciplinary investigations, aimed at understanding the nature and degree of intensity of the presence of the Etruscans at south of the Sele river. At south of the river, in fact, these relationships seem suggested by the particular toponomastic of the pre-Roman Vallo di Diano and Cilento, and may underlie the very origins of the name Cilento, from the name of an etruscan goddess.

Scopo dell’articolo è un riesame del percorso stilistico di Pavanino Panormita, autore di un trittico firmato nella parrocchiale di Santa Maria de Gulia a Castellabate, nel Cilento, e a lungo considerato un seguace dell’anonimo ‘Maestro dell’Incoronazione di Eboli’ a cui, oltre all’opera eponima, è stato attribuito il trittico proveniente dal monastero salernitano di Piantanova e quello della chiesa di Sant’Eustachio a Eboli. L’analisi filologica di queste opere dimostra come tutto il gruppo vada compreso in un’unica parabola artistica, quella di Pavanino che, a dispetto dell’origine siciliana, a partire dall’esordio negli anni sessanta del XV secolo con il trittico salernitano mostra di guardare soprattutto a Giovanni da Gaeta e ad altri comprimari del quattrocento campano come Angiolillo Arcuccio. Nel suo variegato linguaggio si fondono modelli padovani e umbro-marchigiani con influenze iberiche e fiamminghe. Un amalgama che riflette l’atmosfera culturale cosmopolita che dovette caratterizzare Salerno nel corso del XV secolo.

in O. de Cazanove, A. Duplouy (dir.), avec la collaboration de V. Capozzoli, La Lucanie entre deux mers : archéologie et patrimoine, Actes du Colloque international (Paris, 5-7 novembre 2015), Collection du Centre Jean Bérard, 50, Naples 2019, vol. 1, 452 p., vol. 2, 568 p.,ISBN 978-2-38050-020-2  Napoli, pp. 65-79

in MITTEILUNGEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHAEOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS. ROEMISCHE ABTEILUNG, 119, 2013, 169-199
Abstract: A well-known group of Roman sarcophagi was produced between the early Augustan period and the 1st century AD. Alongside these famous sarcophagi, it is important to consider other marble tombs originating in Campania, in locations such as Amalfi, Torre del Garigliano, Teano, San Leucio di Caserta, and Salerno. These new testimonies suggest that urban workshops employed Greek models when making their marble sarcophagi in the 1st century AD. This work of research serves as an extension to the previous state of scholarship, and an attempt to fill the gap in our knowledge about this region.

Keywords: Early Imperial sarcophagi, Campania, Greek sarcophagi, polychrome marble, classical spolia"

This paper focuses upon the Cathedral Chapter of Salerno, from the first attestations (10th-11th century), till the end of the Middle Age. Furthermore, this study deepens into peculiar aspects of the 16th and 17th century, enlightening the phenomenon and the importance of the college of clerics and its effect on the city life of Salerno. Besides, an analysis of the formation and recognition of the chapter's records is offered, together with the role that the college played within the society and the Church of Salerno, eventually pointing to the transformations entailed by the historical transition to the Modern Age.

ENGLISH 
The crisis of the Italian liberal state, following World War I, had special characteristics in the province of Salerno, formed by both relatively modern areas and backward zones. The political system was largely ruled by old notables, but the wake of the war some changes took place. The article analyzes the development of the mass parties, the so-called red biennium and the first steps on the fascist movement. 

ITALIAN 
La crisi dello Stato liberale, seguita alla prima guerra mondiale, ebbe caratteristiche particolari nella provincia di Salerno, formata sia da aree relativamente moderne e sviluppate, sia da aree rurali e arretrate. Il sistema politico era dominato in larga parte dai vecchi notabili, ma in seguito alla guerra si verificarono dei cambiamenti. L’articolo esamina la diffusione dei partiti di massa, il cosiddetto biennio rosso e i primi passi del movimento fascista.

Herewith is the final typescript version of my essay on the medical book in the long 12th century. This essay originally circulated, in draft, under the title "‘Habeo istos libros phisicales’: The Changing Form, Content, and Professional Function of the Medical Book in the Long Twelfth Century." At the editors' request, the title was changed to the more non-descript "Medical Books." The essay surveys, in very broad outlines, what was distinctive about the medical book in the long 12th century, a period that witnessed what can without exaggeration be called a revolution in medicine in the 12th century. I argue that the medical book was *not* distinguished by its form, script, or any other physical characteristic. Rather, it was distinctive because of its specialized content: the vast majority of the 550 manuscripts from the period thus far identified have only medical works as their main content. Importantly, most were not illustrated, as visual imaging had not yet become a key component of medical teaching or practice.

The revised version should be cited thus: Monica H. Green, "Medical Books," in: The European Book in the Twelfth Century, ed. Erik Kwakkel and Rodney Thomson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 277-292, ISBN 9781107136984.

Although this version will not be undergoing any further changes, I welcome comments on it, as this survey is at the heart of my "Medical Manuscripts in the Long 12th Century" project, which seeks to establish the respective roles of Monte Cassino, Salerno, and other (putative) medical centers in transforming Latin medicine throughout Europe to a system largely based on Hippocratic-Galenic medicine as interpreted by centuries of translators, theorists, and practitioners working in the Islamicate world. Please write to me at monica.h.green@gmail.com with questions or comments.

This handout was prepared for our fieldtrip to the Chelsea Physic Garden, one of the three outings we had in conjunction with the 2009 and 2012 NEH Summer Seminars on Health and Disease in the Middle Ages. The *Circa instans* is a pharmaceutical text that examines the origin, types, and properties of various plants and other substances. After the intro, these excerpts describe aloe-wood, mummy (yes, you read that right!), mandrake, and sugar.

Taking MS. BAV, Vat. lat. 5001 as a case study, the article provides preliminary considerations on the ways that historical writings were read in Southern Italy during the Late Middle Ages. The early-fouteenth-century manuscript contains a miscellany of chronicles, charters and texts of other types, all of which were produced in the South between the 8th and the 10th centuries. This miscellany, in particular the chronicles by Erchempertus and that by the Anonymous Salernitanus, were heavily glossed in the 14th century by at least five different readers. The article consists of a short foreword and three chapters. The first part deals with the manuscript itself, with its history and with the manuscript copies of it produced by early-modern Italian scholars. Some of these copies also contain the medieval glosses. They therefore make it possible to recover parts of the glosses that have been lost through the trimming of margins in the Vatican codex. The second section discusses selected glosses by hand D, who was the most assiduous of all the readers and who reveals a particular interest in the city of Salerno. First I examine the glosses that served as a guide to contents (summaries, cross-references), then I consider the glosses concerned with topography of the city, the territory and political order of the region (here the tension between continuity and change is often visible), I round off by discussing the annotations that extract political and moral teaching from accounts of single events. Finally (section three) it is argued that the present case study leads to two conclusions: firstly, that glosses scattered in the margins of historical manuscripts are witnesses of the phenomenon of comment- ing on historical works in the Middle Ages (a fact that continues to be underestimated by the modern scholarship); secondly, that in studies on historical culture of medieval Southern Italy more room should be given to the analysis of individual historical manuscripts and their uses. The article and the entire volume are available free of charge on the website of Reti Medievali.

"Salvatore De Renzi’s mid-19th century, five volume work, Collectio Salernitana ossia documenti inediti, e trattati di medicina appartenenti alla scuola medica salernitana, 5 vols, Naples 1852-1859, has stood for 150 years as the foundation for most understandings of what “Salernitan” medicine was in the 12th century.  Yet that study was based on an essentially random survey of extant manuscripts (MSS) that had come to the notice of De Renzi or his collaborators.  In many instances, no early MSS were known or consulted.  This study presents preliminary results from a survey of all extant MSS dating from the “long” twelfth century (c. 1075-c. 1225) that contain Latin medical texts.  Surveying the 375 MSS identified as of 2008, it is argued that four different corpora can be discerned.  These largely circulated in separate patterns, which suggests that they came out of and reflected different centers of genesis. 

These were:  (1) the early medieval corpus:  this includes texts of late antique and early medieval origin, including various epistulae ascribed to Hippocrates, works coming out of late antique North Africa (like Theodorus Priscianus, Vindician, Muscio), and Alexander of Tralles.  These MSS tended to come out of peripheral centers (France, Germany, etc.).  (2) The “eleventh-century Renaissance corpus”:  under this rubric I put both new translations from the Greek (Paul of Aegina, Philaretus, Theophilus) and substantial re-editing of older Latin material (the Dioscorides alphabeticus, the adaptations of the old gynecological corpus as well as the new, abbreviated editions of the Metrodora text, De passionibus mulierum, and Gariopontus’s mid-11th century Passionarius).  MSS including these texts seemed only rarely to incorporate any of the older materials.  (3) The Constantinian corpus: most of Constantine’s corpus enjoyed fairly wide circulation in the 12th century, making it all the more notable that the Salernitans’ embrace of him seems to have been late and slow.  Although readily placed amid other texts of the 11th-century Renaissance, Constantine’s works never seemed to be found with Salernitan texts until the end of the 12th century.  (4) The Salernitan corpus:  I differentiated between theoretical works (under which heading I mostly put the Articella commentaries), which circulate early and broadly, and the works of praxis, which almost universally show up only late in the century and then usually only in N. French and English copies.  Exceptions to this pattern are the Practica of Bartholomeus and the Chirurgia of Roger Frugardi (which, I argue, is indeed associated with Salerno). 

I argue that these findings throw into question the traditional tendency to connect all medical production of the central Middle Ages with Salerno.  Of the 11th-century corpus, only Gariopontus’s and Alfanus’s works are demonstrably Salernitan.  Moreover, I suggested that the still inadequately studied Antidotarium magnum was not necessarily of Salernitan origin but may have come from elsewhere in southern Italy.  Finally, I concluded that other 11th- and 12th-century productions also merited analysis, including the anatomical and cautery series that resurfaced around this time, and such recent works as the ‘Macer floridus’, De viribus herbarum.  I also noted what was not on the list:  any copies of Gerard of Cremona’s (d. 1187) substantial medical output from Toledo, save for one copy of the Urtext of the Liber ad Almansorem (which might not be Gerard’s work) and one copy of Avicenna’s Canon.  A Table was included listing all Salernitan texts whose earliest extant copies or attestations seemed to come from Anglo-Norman areas."

"Apollo in Bronzo da Salerno; Apollo' bronze statue;
Rilievo con nave caudicaria (codicaria)-tipo Isis Geminiana; relief with a scene of discharge from a ship as Is Geminiana;
Statua di Venere con delfino; Venere marble statue;
Vasca con scene di viaggio; a fountain or urn with scenes of travel"

This paper examines three surviving early manuscripts of the 'Isagoge ad Tegni Galieni' (Introduction to Galen’s ‘Tegni’) written in Beneventan, the local script of medieval southern Italy. They have never been considered in relation to one another before, but, as this study demonstrates, they reveal surprising information about the translation processes undertaken by Constantine and his assistants/pupils as they worked the text to a final ‘canonical’ form soon taught in Salerno and subsequent medical schools across Europe. The three manuscripts are Monte Cassino 225, Paris, BnF n.a.l. 1628, and London, Wellcome 801A.

This well-illustrated article represents the first of several forthcoming studies that include a diplomatic edition of the Isagoge based upon these and slightly later, glossed manuscripts from the schools.  A ‘born-digital’ study initiated during pandemic lockdown, this project received early notice from news agencies serving both Oberlin College and Coastal Carolina University.

NAPOLI NOBILISSIMA RIVISTA DI ARTI, FILOLOGIA E STORIA, SETTIMA SERIE, VOLUME III FASCICOLO I , GENNAIO - APRILE 2017, 2018, pp. 20-34

Reutilized Antiquities in Salerno in the Drawings of Foreign Travelers in the Nineteenth Century. The reutilization of pieces from antiquity in the cathedral of Salerno was a favorite subject of interest and study by artists and antiquarians from about 1750 into the early decades of the nineteenth century. The eighteenth-century antiquarian tradition, represented by Abbot Jean-Claude Richard de Saint-Non and Canon
Paolo Antonio Paoli, gave way in the nineteenth century to a more emotional involvement with antiquity in visitors traveling through Campania Felix, that emerges most clearly in albums containing personal memories.
A perfect example is the drawings of sarcofagi in the cathedral done by the French architect François Debret during his stay in Salerno between 1806 and 1807, and others by Aubin-Louis Millin when he stopped there
in 1811, and by pensionnaires Guillaume Abel Blouet, Jean-Baptiste Cicéron Lesueur, and Felix Duban who visited between 1823 and 1826. A note preliminary to the present study deals with documents archived in the National Museum in Naples which, together with the writings of early visitors, bear witness to the renown of reutilized antiquities in Salerno between 1807 and 1826.

Amato di Montecassino nella sua Historia Normannorum (c. 1080) racconta di quaranta normanni che intorno all’anno Mille, di ritorno da un pellegrinaggio a Gerusalemme, combattono per difendere Salerno dai saraceni e vittoriosi ritornano in patria con ricchi doni per invogliare i loro compatrioti a scendere in armi nel meridione; fra preziosi oggetti di artigianato fanno bella mostra i generi alimentari: «cedri, mandorle e noci confette». Questi frutti canditi appartengono a una serie di preparazioni di derivazione araba, tra dolciaria e farmacologia: frutti interi sciroppati (cedri, noci e mandorle immature, datteri e mirabolani, radici di zenzero) o ridotti in pasta (cotognata, persicata, cedrata), confetti di frutta secca e semi aromatici rivestiti a caldo di zucchero (mandorle, semi di anice, di coriandolo), zucchero rosato e violato, penniti (bastoncini di zucchero filato), pasta di mandorle, di noci e di pistacchi, marzapane, torroni, e tanti altri dolcetti di piccole dimensioni che, introdotti nel meridione nel sec. XI attraverso la scuola di Salerno e l’abbazia di Montecassino, si diffondono in tutto il continente fino all’Inghilterra, restando in voga come salubri ghiottonerie nei pranzi rinascimentali, e tuttora presenti a livello regionale o dialettale in tutta Europa.

L’acquedotto salernitano, noto anche come Ponte dei Diavoli, oggi in pieno centro cittadino, per buona parte inglobato tra palazzi e infrastrutture contemporanee, è una delle testimonianze più interessanti della città medievale. Oggetto di studio soprattutto nel dibattito critico sull’introduzione dell’arco ad ogiva in Italia meridionale, è oggi una struttura dalle notevoli potenzialità materiali ed archeologiche; un primo studio più attento alla materia del manufatto ha potuto offrire interessanti spunti di riflessione circa i cambiamenti urbanistici avvenuti in città ad opera dei Normanni (XI-XII sec).

In 2000, I first laid plans for a comprehensive database on Latin medicine in the "long 12th century," the period ca. 1075 to ca. 1225 when medicine in western Europe was transformed by, among other things, the infusion of new medical texts from the Islamicate world. In 2004, during my Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, I started in earnest to collect materials, and in 2009 I created a Blackboard site to gather all these materials on my university's internal server. In 2019, my university decided to terminate their contract with Blackboard, so I have to take down all the materials I collected. I am therefore sharing draft versions of some of these files, so that other users can make use of them until a permanent home for the database is found.