Security and Defence Studies

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

This presentation captures the historical adaptation of medieval warriors’ methods for security and thwarts toward adversarial attacks on fortifications for protective areas. History can often be a good teacher for modern day designers for security protection because the evolution of human beings has not changed since the beginning of time. Applicable lessons are applied to all aspects of security to include physical, technical, personnel, information and operational security. The article provides examples of the original concept of access controls, vaulted areas, chemical warfare, and the origins of physical security.

The South African Defence Technology and Industrial Sector (SA DTIS) can be considered central to the defence and security complex, economic growth, new technology development and foreign policy of South Africa.  Yet, the SA DTIS is in disrepair due to economic pressure and global defence technology and industrial market dynamics, fuelling perceptions that the SA DTIS (typically the State Owned Enterprises) is an economic, defence and security liability.  Reversing this situation, from a BRICS perspective, requires a detailed understanding of the prevailing strategic defence technology and industrial business environment, policy approaches and strategic business levers used and preferred internationally and amongst the BRICS States to unlock relationship building and capability development thrust.  As such, the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030 called for research on BRICS partnership building. Thus, this thesis focuses on BRICS DTIS bilateral relations, specifically - which strategic business levers are prudent to establish bilateral defence technology and industrial partnerships between South Africa and the BRIC States?  A qualitative research methodology and case study research approach/design, calibrated by a relativist worldview and social constructivist paradigm, was used to render rich description.  Using questionnaires (open-ended inquiry) allowed eighteen DTIS-related experts participation in the study and rigour to the findings of the thesis.
The SA DTIS role in the BRICS DTIS ecosystem is described as being a gateway to the African DTIS market segments and a possible collaboration - and supply chain partner for niche technologies-, product systems- and integration services development.  Bilateral collaboration was found to be the preferred level of inclusion, based on the discretionary and securitised nature of each DTIS.  In the quest for self-sufficiency and/or domination, the strategic motive for bilateral DTIS collaboration is to attain competitive/comparative advantage within a competitive timeframe.  The crystallisation of bilateral DTIS partnerships from multilateral alliances such as BRICS is calibrated significantly by the level of asymmetry between prospective partners, national interest, the quest for foreign policy flexibility and military autonomy, national DTIS policy objectives, technology and products niches, and preference for strategic business levers.  BRICS States were found to all subscribe to liberal (at least a hybrid) DTIS development approach that allows for a dynamic mix of the facets mentioned above. 
Within these dynamics possible drivers of bilateral partnerships are the adoption of an idealist approach and liberal/hybrid DTIS policy, continuous investment in the DTIS and militaries, nurturing Tier 1 and/or 2 industrial capabilities, promoting the use of strategic business levers (joint ventures (JVs), technology transfer, foreign direct investment and mergers and acquisitions), recognising the role of Government in developing the DTIS, overlapping market segments, respect for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), amongst others.  BRICS DTISs share the ambition to be self-sufficient.  Some are ambitious to be dominant also.  These drivers and ambitions provide short- to medium-term SA DTIS collaboration development opportunities in the quest for BRIC self-sufficiency/dominance ambitions.  Bilateral partnerships barriers relates to asymmetry, differences in approaches to arms control and associated governance, funding asymmetries, a gradually deteriorating SA DTIS contrasted by a rapidly developing BRIC DTISs, divergent national policy frameworks, the short-term nature of SA DTIS opportunities, abuses of IPR (typically China) – all problematic considering the current state of the South African economy and its DTIS. 
In the short- to medium-term JVs attracted preference as a strategic business lever for bilateral BRICS DTIS partnerships - primarily with Brazil and India. This said, it should not be assumed that bilateral DTIS partnerships between South Africa and the individual BRIC States will be mutually beneficial, no matter the strategic business levers employed, due to the complexity of international DTIS collaboration. 

Key Words:  BRICS, South African Defence Industry, Defence Industry.

Una mirada única a la política exterior española tras la guerra de Irak

Basándose en el acceso privilegiado a algunos de los actores más importantes de la política exterior española de los últimos tiempos —entre ellos el ex presidente del Gobierno José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero y el ex ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Miguel Ángel Moratinos—, este libro es un relato exhaustivo de las relaciones internacionales de España a partir del año 2000 y supone una nueva perspectiva sobre su desarrollo en materia de seguridad en una época de cambios drásticos.

Tras el fracaso de la guerra de Irak, en 2004 el Gobierno socialista de Rodríguez Zapatero decidió que la seguridad y la prosperidad del país no podían seguir apoyándose en medidas unilaterales y viejas alianzas de la Guerra Fría. En este mundo cambiante, este libro explora el concepto de «multilateralismo eficaz» impulsado por el PSOE, por el cual España abandonó el apoyo incondicional de Estados Unidos y abordó una serie de colaboraciones multilaterales con regiones de todo el mundo.

Exhaustivo y completo, España y la doctrina del multilateralismo eficaz ofrece una nueva historia internacional de la España contemporánea. Demuestra cómo en nuestro país los cambios internos confluyeron con las transformaciones globales y que, en el mundo actual, la diplomacia sigue siendo una herramienta que funciona.

This paper provides a comparative analysis and qualitative assessment of the Czech document called “The Long Term Perspective for Defence 2030”. It outlines a set of criteria and provides a matrix for the measurement to place these documents into boundaries of hierarchy and typology of mission, vision, strategy, conception and plan. It compares the document with 11 other foreign documents. This research sample was analysed in two areas: 1) the purpose and nature of the documents, and 2) the contents of the documents. The Czech document differs from the set of analysed documents in its nature - purpose as well as contents. Its title expresses the ambition to streamline the development of building the system of national defence and the contents cover primarily the development of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. It has a broader nature and according to the selected method of evaluation, it is rather a strategy. The degree of detail in its individual sections differs significantly. The obtained results of comparative analysis reflect different national approaches to preparing strategic documents in the purpose, concept, contents and place in the hierarchy of strategic documents. At the end, the paper outlines several recommendations and suggestions for the document´s amendment, to be prepared as “The Long Term Perspective for Defence 2035”.

The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.

Wie hat sich der Schweizer Sicherheitsbereich seit Ende des Kalten Krieges entwickelt? Wer arbeitet heute mit wem zu welchen Gefahren? Basierend auf einer umfassenden und einzigartigen Datenerhebung kartiert dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung des gesamtschweizerischen Sicherheitsbereichs. Die Darstellung der praktischen Arbeitsteilungen, inneren und äusseren Kooperationen, beruflichen Profile und Werdegänge schafft einen analytisch differenzierten und empirisch fundierten Beitrag zu anhaltenden Diskussionen über die landesweite sicherheitspolitische Steuerung.

There is now available a nonlethal brain-based, scientifically-verified, field-tested, human resource-based technology to create lasting peace. Armed forces and civilian groups worldwide have been and are currently deploying this cost-effective approach known as Invincible Defense Technology (IDT). Militaries use IDT to stop and prevent war, terrorism, crime and to make their homelands secure. IDT has been quietly demonstrated by these groups in particularly conflict-prone regions to be the ultimate approach for conducting operations other than war (OOTW). In defense-related circles IDT is gaining attention as leaders realize this is the ultimate OOTW strategy. The nation that properly deploys IDT becomes invincible, unconquerable, and incapable of being defeated; attaining victory BEFORE war by preventing enemies from ever arising. With IDT so easy to implement and so effective at creating invincibility, why haven't all militaries deployed this strategy? The answer can be found in Dr. Carla Linton Brown's Harvard University doctoral dissertation and subsequent paper published in the Journal of Social Behavior and Personality on attitudes towards Invincible Defense Technology. ,,,Italian airpower advocate General Giulio Douhet's strategy still applies today:  "Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the change in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur." ...We may never know who would be inspired by this document to take action in India as well as other countries worldwide to utilize IDT as an OOTW strategy to creating lasting peace.

It is observed that the biggest problem or complication that the cyber world is facing at present is not of its being a universal domain but being a domain which is still highly unregulated. For a domain which is clearly three decades old, the existing regulations are clearly not sufficient. Cyber space is replete with conflicts, and threatened by a variety of threats caused by different players like unethical hackers/crackers, terrorists and non-state actors, and also by the use of covert cyber capabilities by nation states. However, the global cyber community is more focussed on enhancing and upgrading the technology in use, rather than taking coherent measures to stabilise and secure the domain, in spite of awareness about the growing threat perceptions. This is evident from the fact that new advances and further upgradation in technology are taking place daily and, as a result, new threats are emerging, while safety and security related developments are put on the back burner, and are not so often in the news. Hence, there is an urgent need to rectify this scenario and a pragmatic solution has to be found to regulate cyber space to the extent possible.

"The aim of this monograph is to present the European Defence Agency (EDA), an institution of the European Union, established in July 2004. The author focuses on the description of the Agency as such, analyzes its activities until 2011, as well as presents possible scenarios of its development, especially on the basis of current predictions of future international security environment. This publication is a complex scientific description of the European Defence Agency subject and its transfer on the ground of polish science which until now had no monograph on this matter.

The first chapter characterises EDA, historical context and reasons behind its establishment. Author describes and analyzes Agencies’ legal basis and its functioning, as well as outlines its internal structure. Moreover, he pictures Agency relations with other institutions within the European Union institutional framework and with these outside the EU, having an influence on EDA’s functions and tasks.

Chapter II depicts activities of the European Defence Agency in the years 2004 – 2011. Author characterises Agencies’ and its member state’s struggle with the realization of four main goals for which EDA has been established. He presents its previous successes in the field of creation of military capabilities and points out magnitude of work still to be done.

Third and final chapter tries to anticipate the future of the European Defence Agency. Author illustrates respectively: security challenges for Europe yet to come; future of Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU and implications for the development of defence capabilities; as well as the most important external and internal factors, which will have an influence on EDA in the second decade of XXI century and more distant future.

Conclusions of the monograph allow to place the thesis that European Defence Agency is already an important part of the European defence capabilities creation landscape. Despite uncertain future and dependency on the good will of its member
states, EDA has the potential to become one of the main pillars of European defence."

There is no discussion that adversaries, past and present, have developed creative uses of the "full-spectrum" of warfare, including the use of regular and irregular tactics across all dimensions of war. In the view of many Western analysts it is the non-military tools, such as information, that are seen as the biggest threat in information society today.

From butterfly gardens to photorealistic avatars and mixed-reality fitness, Facebook's rebranding announcement was followed by an hour-long exploration of the tools and experiences that may evolve in the company's vision for the metaverse. Unsurprisingly, this drove a significant uptick in interest, with search results skyrocketing for the term on Google. Metainspired metaverse hype seems to be at an all-time high.

This article presents a critical view on the current situation with Non-Lethal Weapons (NLW). It analyzes a set of official documents in an attempt to empathize the reason behind the existing lack of field operationally useful NLW. On the one hand, it points at the significant necessity for less-lethal capabilities formulated by the official vision on future security environment. On the other, it claims that the definition of requirements from current, developing and future NLW misleads military industrial complex from developing NLW that will answer this emerging necessity. The article argues that the current detrimental situation with NLW is not a result of an enormous technological gap, but rather an outcome of the mis-definition of NLW requirements that fail to correspond with defined future threats.

President Donald Trump suggested creating a new military branch dedicated to space warfare in California on March 14 2018. Today spatial domain is crucial to protect domestic security and expeditionary Armed Forces. Russian Federation approved in 2014 an extraordinary budget to modernize and expand its spatial capabilities in 2020. And China is the third spatial power that is giving very cheap satellite launch services to other countries. Intelligence reports are suggesting that Russia and China are trying to develop lasers that could blast satellites out.

The present work proposes an analysis of the principles of security, predictability and international stability from the perspective of the existing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. In the same context, it seeks to analyze the consequences of conflict in its various forms of affectation. Finally, the balance between the existing conflict in the world and its impacts on the international scenario is sought, suggesting possible solutions that could be adopted by the European Union and international organizations. The objective is to contextualize the political crisis, Russian imperialism, the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty, and the suffering caused by the unpredictability of Russia's actions, aiming at a complete understanding of the subject studied. Ukraine is an independent country and has been recognized as a nation since the end of the USSR. Due to its independence, Ukraine began to seek Western values, establish relations with Western countries, aiming for a strategic approach with the European Union, and NATO. Using an empirical methodology, with a bibliographic analysis of the facts, the research focuses on the principles of security, predictability and stability, human rights violations, military power and the consequences of their use in the life of the community. The position of the USA, the European Union, international organizations and main leaders aiming at the defense, security and restoration of peace is questioned to end the conflict.

India is arming and modernizing its military with its land forces receiving equipment in an unprecedented manner while its navy is growingly becoming a blue water navy capable of projecting power way beyond its shores and is rapidly arming its air force to become a strategic force capable of playing an independent role. The international environment is favourable for India, which is further adding impetus towards indigenization and modernization of Indian defence and military capabilities while providing an opportunity for the economy to flourish even more. The paper is an endeavour to analyze, assess, predict and prescribe the potential upshots and outcomes of indigenization, local and licensed manufacturing and joint ventures initiated by India in defence and military sectors – and the likelihood of such choices and actions in becoming a vital strategic and security concern for Pakistan.

The use of drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), both for military and civilian purposes, has increased in India in the past decade. At the same time, counter-drone systems are also being developed to address the threats posed by UAVs. How effective are these counter-drone mechanisms? This brief explores this question, and offers suggestions for India to reduce the growing threat from drones. Any evaluation of the efficacy of anti-drone systems has to be conducted in view of current technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cognitive Global Positioning System avoidance, and hardware sandboxing-and such is the aim of this brief.

This chapter briefly reviews and analyzes the key contributions on organized violence within historical sociology. It explores both the macro-and micro-level studies that have influenced recent debates within the field. The first section looks at war and warfare, the second section analyzes the clandestine political violence, the third section explores the revolutions, and the final section engages with the scholarship on genocides.

Jurnal ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana keterlibatan perempuan dalam aksi terorisme di Indonesia.Perspektif gender dan teori-teori feminisme mengkaji isu terorisme yang biasa dilekatkan dengan sifat kemaskulinan laki-laki serta pergeseran peran sosial perempuan melalui keterlibatannya tersebut. Keterlibatan perempuan dalam aksi terorisme dibuktikan dengankesamaan faktor, motivasi, dan tingkatan komitmen. Terdapat pergeseran peran sosial perempuan, yaitu terlibatnya perempuan dalam aktivitas yang maskulin seperti terorisme. Feminitas perempuan termanfaatkan dan disalahgunakan oleh laki-laki untuk dilibatkan dalam aktivitas menyangkut terorisme yang dijalaninya. Peran perempuan yang termanfaatkan dalam aktivitas tersebut menunjukkan bukti ancaman keamanan nasional dengan keberadaannya yang mempengaruhi komponen-komponen negara.

El Poder no es un fin, sino un medio para la seguridad, la integridad, y en última instancia para la supervivencia. El estudio y reflexión del ámbito marítimo tendrá como producto el entendimiento del potencial económico, social, político y militar que este tiene para el Perú. Su transversalidad regional y espacial lo convierten en un escenario de conexión que genera y transporta el progreso para quienes se enfocan o lo consideran dentro de sus actividades. 20161298_INTERIORES_REVISTA PENSAMIENTO CONJUNTO DE LA ECOFFAA 3 EDIC_MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA_PYG.indd 38 26/12/16 8:48 p.m.

The advent of blockchain technology has caused a particular excitement across businesses and governments. Many researchers remain sceptical about the advantages of blockchain for DoD operations, and some point out that the structure of the technology may impede them. The so-called “immutability” of data in a blockchain is guaranteed as long as the network is big enough and the participation is well distributed among the users. But as we shall see, this isn’t always the case, and the defence sector should be aware of it. If a user is infected in a permissionless network (a network which you can join without having to ask for permission), and other users are aware of it, they can easily ignore him and the blocks he is attempting to post. But if data from a permissioned network owner or consortium member is accessed, it will have more severe implications. If the owner or part of the consortium is compromised, so is the network. Blockchain isn’t as invulnerable as is often thought, and we shall delve into its challenges and limits regarding its implementation in the defence sector. In this paper, we will examine how blockchain works and discuss its civilian and military uses. We shall see how numerous departments of defence all over the world are working on implementing blockchain technology for defence and security purposes.

To engage properly with the Somali National Army, to understand it in the hope of improving stability and the lives of over 12 million Somalis, good basic information on its composition and characteristics is necessary. Authoritative accounts on the subject have been scarce for over 25 years. This account seeks to detail the army’s dispositions across southern Somalia, and, more importantly, the brigades’ clan compositions and linkages. Clan ties supersede loyalties to the central government. The army as it stands is a collection of former militias which suffer from ill-discipline and commit crime along with greater atrocities. Estimates of numbers are unreliable, but there might be 13,000 or more fighters in six brigades in the Mogadishu area and five beyond.

KESBAN (Keselamatan dan Pembangunan) is the short acronym in Malay for security and development inspired by Tun Abdul Razak, the second Malaysian Prime Minister in 1971 in engaging the revival of Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) armed struggle in Malaya.  It is a security and development model implemented during the Second Malaysian Emergency (1969-1989).  Sabah is experiencing a similar form of threat backdrop, which embroiled with threats like kidnap-for-ransom (KFR), human, weapon and drug trafficking, as well as influx of illegal immigrants sheltering at ‘water villages’.  This paper is to examine the viability of KESBAN model as a template to unfold eastern Sabah security predicament.  The objectives are; to appraise the effectiveness of ‘Briggs Plan’ on ‘water villages’ residence as a community resettlement program, to determine suitable ‘hearts and minds’ program to win over the community support towards government efforts, and to accounts for the suitability of security and development program in transcending the KFR and smuggling exertions.  This study will approach the research by blending both the qualitative and quantitative methods in its analysis.  It will band together the techniques of interviews, observations, focus group discussions, document analysis and merging the literature reviews, and actual survey as the main scheme of data collection.  This study will accord locals, investors and tourists’ the security assurance in Sabah waters.  The findings of the study will prescribe relevant and applicable action plans to improve Eastern Sabah security predicament for safer and sustainable environment.

ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
What are the key messages of this doctorate thesis? What news is this study bringing in the field of strategic planning? What solutions and applicative values does it offers? Who can make use of conclusions, findings and recommendations of this study?
This thesis, in my view, provides answers to many questions related to the midterm agenda of reforms of the Ministry of Defence and Albanian Armed Forces, such as: What are the changes related to the membership in the Alliance? And beyond membership, what are other future challenges? What is the difference between "de jure" membership and "de facto" integration? What are the benefits and obligations in the field of defence planning? What should be the Level of Ambition of our country in NATO? What to rely on collective defence planning and what other is required to be planned for contribution to the collective defence?
What might be some of the features of the future force compared with the traditional one? How can we use the recommendations of NATO Strategic Concept and NATO NDPP process related to development of capability targets? What is the current system of national strategic defence planning and how it is harmonized with the collective defence system? What are those elements to measure such a progress? What are the driving factors, the tools to be used, and the leading and supporting structures in order to align our planning system with that of the Alliance? Why should we be active and train appropriate strategic planning staffs to handle this process with the required quality?
Key Words:  Strategic Planning; Defence Planning; Force Planning; Operational Planning; Collective Defence, Security Strategy; Military Strategy; Strategic Defence Review; NATO, EU, NDPP, Capability Targets, Force Goals, Capability Based Planning; Security Environment; Level of Ambition; Joint Doctrine; Armed Forces; Niche Capabilities; Reserve Force; STANAG; Planning Situations/ Scenarios; Smart Defence.

The scope of the research problem encompasses selected issues concerning the content and sense of the elements characterizing the offense of espionage in Polish criminal law. In the legislation currently in force, the offense of espionage is criminalized under Art. 130 § 1-4 of the Criminal Code. The main purpose of the analysis is to perform a substantive criminal examination of the offense of espionage under Polish law, considering a practical case study and an assessment of the legal provisions regarding state security. In order to elaborate the material scope of the research problem and present the conclusions, the paper asks the following research questions: (1) To what extent are the de lege lata legal solutions in Poland effective in counteracting espionage offenses?, (2) What de lege ferenda solutions ought to be proposed to improve effective counteraction of espionage offenses? The paper includes an institutional and legal analysis aided by textual, functional, and historical interpretations, supplemented with the author's conclusions and opinions concerning de lege lata and de lege ferenda solutions. The institutional and legal analysis is supplemented with a case study of espionage activity. The case study helps consider selected legal problems and presents example legal classifications of the described acts associated with espionage activity.

How do states decide where to source arms? Drawing on theories of international relations, we consider the recent fighter aircraft competitions in Brazil and India, and analyze why the U.S.-made aircraft lost to their European rivals. Official statements offered by the Brazilian and Indian governments have cited inferior aircraft performance, technology-sharing issues, and prices. These explanations may be valid, but their main purpose is to direct attention away from the fact that military procurement is, above all, a matter of international politics and policy. Using analytical eclecticism as our guide, we selectively combine constructivist, liberal, and realist theoretical elements to provide a more comprehensive explanation of why Lockheed Martin and Boeing failed to sell fighters to Brazil and India. Related Articles Catalinac, Amy L. 2007. “Theory and Foreign Policy: Explaining Japan's Responses to the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 U.S. War in Iraq.” Politics & Policy 35 (1): 58–100. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00049.x/abstract Quinn, Adam. 2007. “The Great Illusion: Chimeras of Isolationism and Realism in Post-Iraq U.S. Foreign Policy.” Politics & Policy 35 (3): 522–547. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00071.x/abstract Rosen, Amanda M. 2015. “The Wrong Solution at the Right Time: The Failure of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change.” Politics & Policy 43 (1): 30–58. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12105/abstract Related Media So, Vishnu. 2012. “The Story of the Rafale.” NDTV. December 8. Duration: 16 min, 42 sec. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/bigger-higher-faster/the-story-of-the-rafale/257581 Brazil. 2015. “F-X2 e Gripen NG (Tudo Sobre pt. 1).” Noticias Militares. January 10. Duration: 3 min, 38 sec (in Brazilian Portuguese). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8P12stwG1jA Como es que los estados deciden donde proveer armas? Teniendo en vista las teorias de relaciones internacionales, consideramos que los concursos recientes de aviones de guerra en Brasil y la India y analizamos por que los aviones hechos en los EEUU perdieron ante sus rivales europeos. Las posiciones oficiales ofrecidas por los gobiernos brazileno e indio han citado desempeno inferior de las aeronaves y asuntos de compartimiento de tecnologia asi como precios. Estas explicaciones pueden ser validas, pero su principal proposito es desviar la atencion del hecho que la procuracion militar es, sobre todo, un asunto de politica y politicas internacionales. Utilizando como guia al eclecticismo analitico, combinamos de manera selectiva elementos teoricos constructivistas liberales y realistas para proveer una explicacion mas comprensiva de por que Lockheed Martin y Boeing fracasaron en su intento de vender aeronaves de guerra a Brasil e India.

In the midst of massive, rapid and all-encompassing global changes in 21st century, the environment of conflict, nature of warfighting and even the character of warriors are also transforming from sole conventional state-based mode to multiple modes of war. Traditional operational art and design with their origins in Western Europe appear to be too simplistic in comparison to twenty-first century conflicts. Operational art and design, and corresponding campaign planning tools, which are being taught in military courses in modern armies, do not accommodate few contemporary issues like the effect of nuclear deterrence, ubiquitous and unprecedented influence of Internet-based media platforms in war, the capability of non-state actors in waging wars and cyber as the fifth domain of warfare. It seems that conventional operational art and design are incompatible and less relevant with regards to the changing characteristics of future warfare. It necessitates a shift in our thinking about traditional operational art and design.

* Western views of the Russian Armed Forces traditionally hold that Russian military pay is disastrously inadequate.

* But headline figures for Russian military pay scales bear little relation to what servicemen actually earn.

* This is because pay for all servicemen is made up of two parallel basic components, plus a large number of allowances, extras, and increments.

* It is therefore almost always misleading to generalise about Russian military pay.

In the last ten years Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has made a quantum jump in enhancing its early warning network with the induction of Chinese ZDK-03 Karakoram Eagle AWACS (Air borne Warning and Control System) aircraft and the Swedish Saab-2000 AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft. With AWACS having been inducted in the IAF (Indian Air Force) also, any future India-Pakistan conflict will involve an AWACS versus AWACS scenario. This article briefly discusses the induction of ZDK-03 AWACS in PAF inventory and its implications for India.

Im vierten Quartal 2021 nahm zum ersten mal eine Fregatte der neuen Klasse F125 an einem NATO-Manöver teil. Für die Besatzung ALPHA an Bord der SACHSEN-ANHALT stand nicht nur die eigene Ausbildung im Fokus, sondern auch die der Offizieranwärter der Crew VII/2021.

Distintas teorías han pretendido dar cuenta de la naturaleza del Estado, por lo que éste evocaría múltiples significados y asociaciones. Algunas veces, el Estado se ha referido como un aparato institucional compuesto por burocracias, ejércitos, ministerios, legislaturas y partidos políticos, entre otros; en otras ocasiones, significaría algo más amplio, acorde con su referencia a una entidad territorial. En otras circunstancias, aludiría a un carácter legal y simbólico como poder soberano. Sin embargo, definir el Estado solo en términos de cualquiera de estas asociaciones (institucionalidad, soberanía, territorialidad) podría ser un error, tomando en cuenta que su historia no habría sido simplemente un proceso lineal. En efecto, su desarrollo ha sido bastante impredecible, complejo y abierto a una multiplicidad de posibles trayectorias.

Por lo tanto, este capítulo propone revisar la literatura sobre el Estado y la Nación (y, por extensión, la construcción de Estados y naciones), que permitiría comprender mejor los factores de inestabilidad y los desafíos que se plantean a la seguridad y defensa de Colombia. Así mismo, trata de explicar la distinción entre el enfoque institucional y de legitimidad en la construcción del Estado y de la Nación, que tendría implicaciones directas para el diseño de las estrategias orientadas a la salvaguardia de la seguridad multidimensional del Estado.

Formal university and college Intelligence Studies degree programs have experienced a pronounced growth in recent years, exhibiting a richness in diversity and engagement in both institutional type and instructional delivery. At face value American academia seems about to embark on a new era of cooperation and understanding with the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC). But in seeking to determine whether progress in this development is as significant as is hoped in Washington, DC, this study reveals a persisting historical concern and academic bias that constrains the latent collaboration.